Effect Of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Research Articles

Evaluation of anti-Toxoplasma effects of solid lipid nanoparticles carrying Cinnamon zeylanicum and Moringa oleifera oil extracts

BackgroundThe fabrication of anti-Toxoplasma drugs with less side effects and desirable efficacy is one of the important research goals facing with toxoplasmosis. This study aimed to determine the anti-Toxoplasma effects of Cinnamon zeylanicum (CZ), Moringa oleifera (MO) oil encapsulated into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs).MethodsVero cells were cultured with serial concentrations (1 mg/mL to 100 µg/mL) of CZ-SLNs and MO-SLNs in DMEM culture medium. The morphological, physical, and chemical features of nanoparticles were calculated. The cell viability assays and anti-T. gondii effects of CZ-SLNs and MO-SLNs were evaluated. The CC50 and IC50 indices of SLNs-enveloped extracts were calculated.ResultsThe particle sizes of MO-SLNs and CZ-SLNs were 411.5 and 365 nm, while PDI indices were 0.53 and 0.7, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that both MO-SLNs and CZ-SLNs were smoothed spherical nanoparticles with rounded edges. The cytotoxicity assay showed the CC50 value of MO-SLNs at concentrations of ˃10 mg/mL. In addition, 60% of T. gondii-infected Vero cells remained alive at the concentrations ≤ 1 mg/ml, while the MO-SLNs killed at least 90% of T. gondii tachyzoites with an IC50 > 1 µg/ml. The cytotoxicity of CZ-SLNs extract showed the CC50 at the concentration 0.1 mg/mL. More than 50% of Vero cells, infected with T. gondii tachyzoites, survived at a concentration less than 0.1 mg/mL (IC50 ˂ 0.1 mg/mL), while the CZ-SLNs killed at least 85% of T. gondii tachyzoites in all concentrations.ConclusionThe current results represented that the use of SLNs as a nano-carrier for M. oleifera and C. zeylanicum could kill T. gondii tachyzoites with low cytotoxicity, suggesting the effectiveness of these nano-emulsions along with the chemical agents in the treatment of Toxoplasma.

Hyaluronic acid-solid lipid nano transporter serum preparation for enhancing topical tretinoin delivery: skin safety study and visual assessment of skin.

The use of nanosized particles is becoming more popular for the topical treatment of skin conditions. In this research work, we created and investigated the effects of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing hyaluronic acid and tretinoin. Solvent emulsification diffusion method was used to prepare the SLN formulation and characterized for their physicochemical properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm that hyaluronic acid and tretinoin were incorporated in the SLN. Furthermore, X-ray diffractogram, thermal analysis including DSC and TGA and in vitro dissolution, permeation tests were also performed along with microbial assessment. Clinical studies in human were performed to evaluate the effect of the SLN on skin wrinkles. The SLN was 750 ± 31.29nm in size, with a zeta potential of 13.07 ± 0.75mV and a narrow polydispersity index of 0.24 ± 0.12. The entrapment efficiency of tretinoin was found to be 90.07 4.79%. Clinical studies in healthy human volunteers demonstrated that 90% of the tested individuals had improved skin conditions (reduction in wrinkles), by at least one grade after 4weeks of treatment. Regarding the development on SLN, it was found that the internal phase concentration did not considerably affect the physicochemical and microbiological properties. Therefore, Hyaluronic acid has potential for the development of SLN applicable to cosmetic formulations, especially for skin. These findings show that the developed SLN have potential for use as cosmetics in the future.

Anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of rose hip oil-solid lipid nanoparticles.

Toxoplasma gondii is a highly prevalent pathogen, reported from almost all geographical regions of the world. Current anti-T. gondii drugs are not effective enough in immunocompromised patients, encephalitis, chorioretinitis, and congenital toxoplasmosis. Therefore, the prescription of these drugs has been limited. Rose hip oil (RhO) is a natural plant compound, which shows antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. In the current study, the anti-T. gondii and cell toxicity effects of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded by RhO (RhO-SLNs) were evaluated. Emulsification sonicated-homogenization method was used to prepare SLNs. RhO-SLNs were characterized, and their anti-T. gondii and cell toxicity effects were evaluated using invitro analyses. The particle size and the zeta potential of the nanoparticles were 152.09 nm and -15.3 mV nm, respectively. The entrapment efficiency percentage was 79.1%. In the present study, the inhibitory concentration (IC)50 against T. gondii was >1 μg/mL (p-value <.0001). The cell toxicity assay showed cytotoxicity concentration (CC)50 >10 mg/mL (p-value = .017). In addition, at least 75% of T. gondii-infected Vero cells remained alive at concentrations >10 mg/mL. The concentration of 1 mg/mL showed highest anti-Toxoplasma activity and lowest cell toxicity against the Vero cell. Our findings suggest that carrying natural plant compounds with SLNs could be considered an effective option for treatment strategies against T. gondii infections.

Application of Cinnamaldehyde Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Strawberry Preservation

Strawberries are a popular food. However, the growth and reproduction of microorganisms on the surface of strawberries change their quality and may cause food poisoning. We compared the effects of solid lipid nanoparticles containing cinnamaldehyde (SLN-CA) and unencapsulated cinnamaldehyde on the freshness of strawberries stored for seven days. The impacts of SLN-CA at different concentrations on strawberry firmness, weight loss, rate of fruit rot, and sensory quality were investigated at 25 °C. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities and malonaldehyde (MDA) and vitamin C contents of strawberry cell homogenates were measured during storage. The experimental results showed that SLN-CA treatment can effectively reduce the probability of decay in strawberries without causing excessive weight loss. SLN-CA can reduce softening, maintain a high level of SOD activity in cells, reduce the accumulation of MDA and consumption of organic acids, and improve the sensory characteristics of strawberries and thereby their shelf life. Therefore, SLN-CA is a promising preservation method to increase the shelf life and safety of strawberries.

Synthesis and evaluation of the effects of solid lipid nanoparticles of ivermectin and ivermectin on cuprizone-induced demyelination via targeting the TRPA1/NF-kB/GFAP signaling pathway.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and its cause is unknown. Several environmental and genetic factors may have roles in the pathogenesis of MS. The synthesis of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for ivermectin (IVM) loading was performed to increase its efficiency and bioavailability and evaluate its ability in improving the behavioral and histopathological changes induced by cuprizone (CPZ) in the male C57BL/6 mice. Four groups of 7 adult C57BL/6 mice including control (normal diet), CPZ, IVM, and nano-IVM groups were chosen. After synthesis of nano-ivermectin, demyelination was induced by adding 0.2% CPZ to animal feed for 6 weeks. IVM and nano-IVM (1 mg/kg/day, IP) were given for the final 14 days of the study. At last, behavioral tests, histochemical assays, and immunohistochemistry of TRPA1, NF-kB p65, and GFAP were done. The time of immobility of mice in the IVM and nano-IVM groups was reduced compared to the CPZ group. Histopathological examination revealed demyelination in the CPZ group, which was ameliorated by IVM and nano-IVM administration. In IVM and nano-IVM groups corpus callosum levels of TRPA1, NF-kB p65, and GFAP were decreased compared to the CPZ group. In the IVM and nano-IVM groups, the levels of MBP were significantly higher than in the CPZ group. The results evidenced that IVM and nano-IVM administration is capable of reducing demyelination in mice.

Improved uptake and bioavailability of cinnamaldehyde via solid lipid nanoparticles for oral delivery

Objective The purpose of this experiment was to explore the effect of Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) on improving the oral absorption and bioavailability of cinnamaldehyde (CA). Methods CA-SLNs were prepared by high-pressure homogenization and characterized by particle size, entrapment efficiency, and morphology, thermal behavior and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). In vitro characteristics of release, stability experiments, cytotoxicity, uptake and transport across Caco-2 cell monolayer of CA-SLNs were studied as well. In addition, CA-SLNs underwent pharmacokinetic and gastrointestinal mucosal irritation studies in rats. Results CA-SLNs exhibited a spherical shape with a particle size of 44.57 ± 0.27 nm, zeta potential of −27.66 ± 1.9 mV and entrapment efficiency of 83.63% ± 2.16%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and ATR-FTIR confirmed that CA was well encapsulated. In vitro release of CA-SLNs displayed that most of the drug (90.77% ± 5%) was released in the phosphate buffer, and only a small amount of drug (18.55% ± 5%) was released in the HCl buffer. CA-SLNs were taken up by an energy-dependent, endocytic mechanism mediated by caveolae mediated endocytosis across Caco-2 cells. The CA permeation through Caco-2 cell was facilitated by CA-SLNs. The outcome of the gastrointestinal irritation test demonstrated that CA-SLNs had no irritation to the rats’ intestines. Compared with CA dispersions, incorporation of SLNs increased the oral bioavailability of CA more than 1.69-fold. Conclusions It was concluded that CA-SLNs improved the absorption across Caco-2 cell model and improved the oral administration bioavailability of CA in rats.

Photoprotective effect of solid lipid nanoparticles of rutin against UVB radiation damage on skin biopsies and tissue-engineered skin

Purpose: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing rutin were prepared to enhance their photochemopreventive effect on the skin. Methods: SLNs were produced by the hot melt microemulsion technique. Two three-dimensional skin models: ex vivo skin explants and 3D tissue engineering skin were used to evaluate the photochemopreventive effect of topical formulations containing rutin SLNs, against UVB radiation, inducing sunburn cells, caspase-3, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, lipid peroxidation and metalloproteinase formation. Results: The rutin SLNs presented average size of 74.22 ± 2.77 nm, polydispersion index of 0.16 ± 0.04, encapsulation efficiency of 98.90 ± 0.25%, and zeta potential of -53.0 ± 1.61 mV. The rutin SLNs were able to efficiently protect against UVB-induced in the analyzed parameters in both skin models. Furthermore, the rutin SLNs inhibited lipid peroxidation and metalloproteinase formation. Conclusion: These results support the use of rutin SLNs as skin photochemopreventive agents for topical application to the skin.

Experimental study of resveratrol-solid lipid nanoparticles in promotion of osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

To investigate the effect of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) on enhancing the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro by resveratrol (Res), and provide a method for the treatment of bone homeostasis disorders. Res-SLNs were prepared by high-temperature emulsification and low-temperature solidification method, and then the 2nd-3rd generation BMSCs from Sprague Dawley rat were co-cultured with different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20 μmol/L) of Res and Res-SLNs. The effects of Res and Res-SLNs on the cell viability of BMSCs were detected by cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) and live/dead cell staining; the effects of Res and Res-SLNs on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs were detected by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red S (ARS) staining after osteogenic differentiation induction, and the optimal concentration of Res-SLNs for gene detection was determined. Anti-osteocalcin (OCN) immunofluorescence staining and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were used to detect the effect of Res and Res-SLNs on osteoblast-related genes (ALP and OCN) of BMSCs. Live/dead cell staining showed that there was no significant difference in the number of dead cells between Res and Res-SLNs groups; CCK-8 detection showed that the activity of BMSCs in Res group was significantly reduced at the concentration of 20 μmol/L (P<0.05), while Res-SLNs activity was not affected by Res concentration (P>0.05). After osteogenic differentiation, the staining intensity of ALP and ARS in both groups was dose-dependent. The percentage of ALP positive staining area and the percentage of mineralized nodule area in Res group and Res-SLNs group reached the maximum at the concentrations of 10 μmol/L and 1 μmol/L, respectively (P<0.05), and then decreased gradually; the most effective concentration of Res-SLNs was 1 μmol/L. The expression of OCN and the relative expression of ALP and OCN mRNA in Res-SLNs group were significantly higher than those in Res group (P<0.05). Encapsulation of SLNs can improve the effect of Res on promoting osteogenesis, and achieve the best effect of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs at a lower concentration, which is expected to be used in the treatment of bone homeostasis imbalance diseases.

Inhalation of dimethyl fumarate-encapsulated solid lipid nanoparticles attenuate clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and pulmonary inflammatory dysfunction in mice.

The FDA-approved Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) as an oral drug for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) treatment based on its immunomodulatory activities. However, it also caused severe adverse effects mainly related to the gastrointestinal system. Investigated the potential effects of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing DMF, administered by inhalation on the clinical signs, central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory response, and lung function changes in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE was induced using MOG35-55 peptide in female C57BL/6J mice and the mice were treated via inhalation with DMF-encapsulated SLN (CTRL/SLN/DMF and EAE/SLN/DMF), empty SLN (CTRL/SLN and EAE/SLN), or saline solution (CTRL/saline and EAE/saline), every 72 h during 21 days. After 21 days post-induction, EAE mice treated with DMF-loaded SLN, when compared with EAE/saline and EAE/SLN, showed decreased clinical score and weight loss, reduction in brain and spinal cord injury and inflammation, also related to the increased influx of Foxp3+ cells into the spinal cord and lung tissues. Moreover, our data revealed that EAE mice showed signs of respiratory disease, marked by increased vascular permeability, leukocyte influx, production of TNF-α and IL-17, perivascular and peribronchial inflammation, with pulmonary mechanical dysfunction associated with loss of respiratory volumes and elasticity, which DMF-encapsulated reverted in SLN nebulization. Our study suggests that inhalation of DMF-encapsulated SLN is an effective therapeutic protocol that reduces not only the CNS inflammatory process and disability progression, characteristic of EAE disease, but also protects mice from lung inflammation and pulmonary dysfunction.

GC/MS Profiling and Biological Traits of Eucalyptus globulus L. Essential Oil Exposed to Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN)

Nanotechnology has contributed to the development of new botanical formulations based on essential oils (EOs), which are safe for human health and the environment. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) on the chemical and biological efficacies of Eucalyptus globulus EO (EGEO). Chemical composition was quantified by chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Also, the cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and antifungal efficacies of the EGEO and EGEO-loaded SLN were assessed against eight cell lines, eight bacterial strains, and two fungi strains, respectively. SLN significantly increased the EGEO yield and the level of phytoconstituents. GC/MS analysis of EGEO chemical composition exposed 35 components in EGEO accounting for 99.4 and 86.9 % of EGEO-loaded SLN, respectively. In EGEO and EGEO-loaded SLN samples, the major components were 1,8-Cineol (68.1 and 74.3 %, respectively) and α-pinene (15.0 and 17.3 %, respectively). The nanoparticles significantly decreased the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of EGEO. The nano-lipo encapsulation significantly enhanced the cytotoxic effect of EGEO. Therefore, nanocapsules may be regarded as an interesting strategy for improving EOs stability and biological efficacy.

Use of nontarget organism Chironomus sancticaroli to study the toxic effects of nanoatrazine.

Atrazine was banned by the European Union in 2004, but is still used in many countries. Agricultural research employing nanotechnology has been developed in order to reduce the impacts to the environment and nontarget organisms. Nanoatrazine was developed as a carrier system and have been considered efficient in weed control. However, its toxicity must be verified with nontarget organisms. In this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate ecotoxicological effects of solid lipid nanoparticles (empty and loaded with atrazine) and atrazine on Chironomus sancticaroli larvae, evaluating the endpoints: mortality, mentum deformity, development rate and biochemical biomarkers. The contaminant concentrations used were 2, 470, 950, and 1900 μg L-1 in acute (96 h) and 2 μg L-1 in subchronic (10 days) bioassays. An environmentally relevant concentration of atrazine (2 μg L-1) presented toxic and lethal effects towards the larvae. The nanoparticles loaded with atrazine showed toxic effects similar to free atrazine, causing mortality and biochemical alterations on the larvae. The nanoparticle without atrazine caused biochemical alterations and mortality, indicating a possible toxic effect of the formulation on the larvae. In the acute bioassay, most concentrations of nanoparticles loaded with atrazine were not dose dependent for the endpoint mortality. Only the atrazine concentration of 470 μg L-1 was statistically significant to endpoint mentum deformity. The atrazine and nanoparticles (with and without atrazine) did not affect larval development. The results indicate that Chironomus sancticaroli was sensitive to monitor nanoatrazine, presenting potential to be used in studies of toxicity of nanopesticides.

Case studies of enhanced pharmacodynamic activity of poorly oral bioavailable drugs via solid lipid nanoparticles

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) considered as an alternative vehicle for the enhanced oral absorption of drugs, and also to enhance therapeutic effectiveness after oral administration. Pharmacodynamic activity of drug is mainly describes the pharmacological and therapeutic activity of drug to the biological system. Lipid nanoparticles especially SLNs made of physiological inert lipid molecules and helps the lymphatic transport. Numerous literatures is available on the effect of SLNs and other colloidal carrier systems on the pharmacokinetic activity of poorly bioavailable drugs, to improve their oral absorption and also respective mechanisms for the improved oral bioavailability. However, very few literatures is reported on the pharmacodynamic activity and the effect of dose on the pharmacodynamic activity. Therefore, the current review is mainly dealing with the effect of SLNs on the pharmacodynamic activity discussed. Keywords: Oral absorption, solid lipid nanoparticles, lymphatic transport, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics.

Solid lipid nanoparticles loading with curcumin and dexanabinol to treat major depressive disorder.

Dexanabinol (HU-211) is an artificially synthesized cannabinoid derivative that exerts neuroprotective effects through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Curcumin exhibits antidepressant effects in the treatment of major depressive disorder. To investigate the antidepressant effects of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with both curcumin and dexanabinol, and the underlying mechanisms associated with this combination, we established wild-type (CBR1+/+) and cannabinoid receptor 1 (CBR1) knockout (CBR1-/-) mouse models of major depressive disorder, through the intraperitoneal injection of corticosterone, for 3 successive days, followed by treatment with intraperitoneal injections of solid lipid nanoparticles loading with curcumin (20 mg/kg) and dexanabinol (0.85 mg/kg), for 2 successive days. Our results revealed that solid lipid nanoparticle loading with curcumin and dexanabinol increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of the mature neuronal markers neuronal nuclei, mitogen-activated protein 2, and neuron-specific beta-tubulin III, promoted the release of dopamine and norepinephrine, and increased the mRNA expression of CBR1 and the downstream genes Rasgef1c and Egr1, and simultaneously improved rat locomotor function. However, solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with curcumin and dexanabinol had no antidepressant effects on the CBR1-/- mouse models of major depressive disorder. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, China (approval No. 2017-DW-020) on May 24, 2017.

Docetaxel-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles prevent tumor growth and lung metastasis of 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells

BackgroundMetastasis causes the most breast cancer-related deaths in women. Here, we investigated the antitumor effect of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN-DTX) when used in the treatment of metastatic breast tumors using 4T1-bearing BALB/c mice.ResultsSolid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were produced using the high-energy method. Compritol 888 ATO was selected as the lipid matrix, and Pluronic F127 and Span 80 as the surfactants to stabilize nanoparticle dispersion. The particles had high stability for at least 120 days. The SLNs’ dispersion size was 128 nm, their polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.2, and they showed a negative zeta potential. SLNs had high docetaxel (DTX) entrapment efficiency (86%), 2% of drug loading and showed a controlled drug-release profile. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of SLN-DTX against 4T1 cells was more than 100 times lower than that of free DTX after 24 h treatment. In the cellular uptake test, SLN-DTX was taken into the cells significantly more than free DTX. The accumulation in the G2-M phase was significantly higher in cells treated with SLN-DTX (73.7%) than in cells treated with free DTX (23.0%), which induced subsequent apoptosis. TEM analysis revealed that SLN-DTX internalization is mediated by endocytosis, and fluorescence microscopy showed DTX induced microtubule damage. In vivo studies showed that SLN-DTX compared to free docetaxel exhibited higher antitumor efficacy by reducing tumor volume (p < 0.0001) and also prevented spontaneous lung metastasis in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. Histological studies of lungs confirmed that treatment with SLN-DTX was able to prevent tumor. IL-6 serum levels, ki-67 and BCL-2 expression were analyzed and showed a remarkably strong reduction when used in a combined treatment.ConclusionsThese results indicate that DTX-loaded SLNs may be a promising carrier to treat breast cancer and in metastasis prevention.

Moisturizing effects of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) using deionized and magnetized water by in vivo and in vitro methods.

Objective(s):The present study aimed to determine and compare moisturizing and occlusion effects of different solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) using magnetized water and deionized water.Materials and Methods:SLN formulations were prepared using various lipids, including Tripalmitin, Compritol®, Precirol®, and emulsifiers including Poloxamer and Tween 80. NLC formulations were also prepared with oleic acid and the same solid lipids. Two types of formulations were prepared; first with deionized water and then with magnetized water. Formulations were prepared using high shear homogenization and ultrasound methods. The products were analyzed by PSA (particle size analyzer), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), and TEM (transmission electron microscopy). The moisturizing effect of formulations was determined by in vivo and in vitro methods. Results:Findings of the assessments demonstrated that in products prepared with magnetized water, 5% SLN Precirol® had the most moisturizing effect in vivo and 5% SLN Compritol® had the most moisturizing effect in vitro. The use of magnetized water in formulations can improve the effectiveness and increase the stability of moisturizing products.Conclusion:In this study, all products prepared with magnetized water showed more stability, smaller size, and more moisturizing effects compared with products prepared with deionized water.

Doxycycline-encapsulated solid lipid nanoparticles for the enhanced antibacterial potential to treat the chronic brucellosis and preventing its relapse: in vivo study.

BackgroundBrucellosis is one of the most important infection of diseases. Due to its large period of treatment and survival ability of bacteria inside the macrophages, relapse of this disease is the main challenge, especially, after the treatment.ObjectiveThe current study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial effect of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with doxycycline on the Brucella melitensis in in vivo conditions.MethodsThe double emulsion synthesized doxycycline-encapsulated solid lipid nanoparticles (DOX-SLN) was characterized using DLS and FE-SEM. The efficacy of the DOX-SLN on the acute and chronic Wistar rat infected brucellosis was investigated. The pathological assessments were made on the spleen and liver in the treated rates.ResultsThe in vivo experimental results demonstrated that the treated rats with DOX-SLN had significantly decreased the B. melitensis CFUs in their spleen and liver compared to that of the treated rates with free doxycycline and untreated ones. The pathologic results indicate that the improvement trend of spleen and liver tissues in rats treated by DOX-SLN was satisfactory.ConclusionAccording to in vivo results, the DOX-SLN has better effects on the treatment of chronic brucellosis. Therefore, DOX-SLN is recommended to treat the brucellosis and avoid its relapse.

Effects of the solid lipid nanoparticle of carvacrol on rodents with lung injury from smoke inhalation.

The aim of this present study was to evaluate the effect of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing carvacrol over the lung damage of airway smoke inhalation. The study was conducted with 30 rats subjected to smoke inhalation and divided into 5 groups such as, normal control, negative control, oxygen group, SLN alone, and SLN+CARV group. The animals were sacrificed 24h after the induction of inhalation injury further, the tissues of larynx, trachea, and lungs were collected for the histological, hematological, myeloperoxidase, and malondialdehyde analysis. The obtained results showed that treatment with CARV+SLN minimized the inhalation injury, since it reduced malondialdehyde significantly, when compared to the negative control group and minimized the histological changes which proves the absence of pulmonary emphysema and exudate in laryngeal and tracheal lumen in the CARV+SLN-treated group. Meanwhile, the presence of lesion with chronic characteristics was observed in the negative control and oxygen groups. It is suggested that the SLN containing carvacrol minimized oxidative stress and histological damages generated from smoke inhalation in rodents.

Inhibitory effects of solid lipid nanoparticles of rhynchophylline on proliferation of rat vasculars mooth muscle cells induced by TGF-β1

Objective To observe the effect of Rhy-SLN on the proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) induced by TGF-β1, and explore the mechanism. Methods The primary culture of rat thoracic aortic vascular smooth muscle cells was studied by tissue block culture method. The cells were divided into the control group, TGF-β1 group, TGF-β1+ the high, medium and low dosage groups of Rhy-SLN. In addition to the control group, the cells of the other groups were involved in the intervention of TGF-β1 of 20 g/L, and the high, medium and low dosage groups of Rhy-SLN cells were involved in the intervention of 25, 50, 100 mg/L of the hook teng solid lipid nanoparticles. After 24 hours of culture, MTT assay was used to detect cell proliferation inhibition rate in each group, and the cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. The expression of c-myc and c-Fos protein in each group was detected by Western blot method. Results Compared with the TGF-β1 group, the absorbance value (0.457 ± 0.046 vs. 0.975 ± 0.049) of TGF-β1+ rhy-sln high dose group significantly decreased (P<0.01); the number of S phase cells (15.87% ± 2.47%, 15.23% ± 1.69%, 17.02% ± 2.87% vs. 38.58% ± 2.68%) of TGF-β1+ rhy-sln in each dose group significantly decreased (P<0.01); The c-myc (48.65 ± 3.65, 50.69 ± 4.16, 55.29 ± 3.67 vs. 68.21 ± 3.25) and c-Fos (38.78 ± 4.25, 43.56 ± 3.69, 46.58 ± 3.57 vs. 66.54 ± 4.09) of the TGF-β1+ rhy-sln each dose group significantly decreased (P<0.01). Conclusions The Rhy-SLN can inhibit the proliferation of VSMC in rats induced by TGF-β1.Its mechanism is related to the conversion of G0/G1 phase to the S phase and the expression of the reduction of c-myc and c-fos protein. Key words: Rhynchophylline; Solid lipid nanoparticles; Transforming growth factor beta; Proto-oncogene proteins c-fos; Proto-oncogene proteins c-myc; Muscle, smooth, vascular; Cell proliferation; Rat

Effect of solid lipid nanoparticles coating on shelf life of refrigerated fresh-cut guava

The objective of this work was to study the effect of applying coatings with solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) on shelf life of fresh-cut guava. The SLN were prepared by hot homogenization method employing candeuba wax as solid lipid to obtain a submicronic size system. The film-forming dispersion contained xanthan gum as SLN support. The film-forming dispersion was evaluated by its particle size (PS), polydispersion index (PDI) and zeta potential (ζ). The film-forming dispersions were prepared with 3 g L-1 of xanthan gum, 5 g L-1 of glycerol as plasticizer and SLN at different concentrations. The SLN concentrations tested were 5 and 10 g L-1. The guavas packaged were stored by 22 days at 7°C and 85% of RH. The coatings were applied by dipping and the changes in pH, soluble solid content, firmness and browning index were measured. The differences between treatment were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (alpha=0.05). The particle size of the SLN was of 245 nm, IPD of 0.16 and ζ of -35 mV, indicative of a stable system. The changes in pH (3.5-4.5) and SSC (10-11) did not show a statistically significant effect (p≤0.05) as function of SLN concentration. The firmness (5-15 N) and browning index (50-80 on a 0 to 100 scale) presented effect with respect to the SLN concentration and storage time (p≤0.05). The best results were by samples coated with the film-forming dispersion with 5 g L-1 of SLN. The use of coatings with solid lipid nanoparticles reduced the browning index and firmness loss of guava showing that SLN have a high potential for use in fresh cut fruit preservation.

Preparation and in vitro evaluation of vaginal formulations including siRNA and paclitaxel-loaded SLNs for cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is one of the most life threatening types of cancer among women and is generally resistant to chemotherapy. The objective of this study was to prepare a vaginal suppository containing a chemotherapeutic agent and a genetic material that can be applied locally for cervical cancer. Paclitaxel was selected as the chemotherapeutic agent and siRNA which inhibits BCL-2 oncogene was selected as the genetic material. Bcl-2 siRNA, paclitaxel and paclitaxel/Bcl-2 siRNA combination were incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and were dispersed separately in vaginal suppositories prepared with PEG 6000. Physicochemical properties of SLNs, their cytotoxicities on HeLa cell lines and also the effect of SLNs on the total protein amount of the cells were examined followed by the investigation of release rates of the active materials from the SLNs prepared. Average diameters of all SLNs prepared were below 180nm with a positive zeta potential value between +22.20 and +48.16mV at the pH range of 4.2 and 7.4. The release of Bcl-2 siRNA from SLNs incorporated Bcl-2 siRNA and the release of paclitaxel (PTX) from PTX incorporated SLNs were completed within 12h and 36h. SLNs incorporating Bcl-2 siRNA and paclitaxel/Bcl-2 siRNA were found to be more toxic when compared to paclitaxel incorporated SLN and placebo SLN. The disintegration of the vaginal suppositories as well as the release of the SLNs was completed within 2 h.This study indicates that vaginal suppository containing SLNs can bring the advantages of the simultaneous delivery of paclitaxel and siRNA via vaginal route with no help from professionals.