Effect Of Sodium Chloride Salinity Research Articles

Effect of Endophytic Bacteria Bacillus subtilis on Seedling Growth and Root Lignification of Pisum sativum L. under Normal and Sodium Chloride Salt Conditions

The influence of endophytic bacteria Bacillus subtilis (strain 10-4) was studied on the parameters of growth and tolerance as well as the intensity of lignin deposition in the roots of Pisum sativum L. seedlings under conditions of sodium chloride salinity (1% NaCl). It was found that the impact of salinity reduced the germination energy, viability, length of the roots and shoots of seedlings, their wet and dry weight, and also increased the content of proline and the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO). Pretreatment with strain 10-4 had a stimulating effect on seedlings in normal conditions and a protective effect on salinity, which was reflected in the improvement of germination energy and seed viability, root length, and accumulation of their dry mass under saline conditions; however, in terms of shoot growth under stress, there was no significant difference from the control (nonbacterized) variants. At the same time, strain 10-4 promoted earlier formation of lateral roots as well as a decrease in stress-induced LPO and proline content in seedlings, which indicates that cells are protected from oxidative and osmotic damage under saline conditions. Priority data were obtained on the important role of endophytic B. subtilis strain 10-4 in the process of lignification and strengthening of the barrier properties of the cell walls of the roots, which contributes to the reduction of the toxic effect of sodium chloride salinity and the implementation of the protective effect of these bacteria on pea plants.

Effects of sodium chloride salinity on growth and yield of BARI Sunflower-2 (Helianthus annuus L.)

A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effect of seven different NaCl solution treatments, namely 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mM on the growth and yield of BARI Sunflower-2 under sodium chloride stress. Growth parameters such as plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area showed a gradual decrease from50 mM to the highest treatment level. Sodium chloride stress caused a significant reduction in early stage growth parameters (15 Days after treatments (DAT), while at 45 DAT the percentages of various growth parameters compared to the control plant at the highest treatment level (300mM) except leaf area. Seed yield per plant and weight of 100 seeds were reduced, respectively by 27.69 and 28.44%at 300 mM salinity, while at moderate salinity (200 mM) seed yield per plant and weight of 100 seed were 83.28 and 84.12%, respectively, as compared to in compared to those of the control plants. The results obtained in the present study showed that the BARI Sunflower-2 cultivar is a moderately salt tolerant plant.
 Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 11(1 & 2): 13-20, 2022 (June & December)

Effects of Sodium Chloride Salinity on Water Relations and Ion Accumulation in Two Mungbean Varieties Differing in Salinity Tolerance

Salt tolerance in relation to water status and plant nutrients of two mungbean varieties, BARImung 2 (salinity sensitive) and BUmung 2 (salinity tolerant) was evaluated. The seeds were grown in pots and treated with NaCl levels of 0 (control), 100 and 200 mM. Different parameters related to water relations as well as mineral nutritients were measured. The exudation rate and relative water content were decreased but water saturation deficit was increased by salinity in both the varieties. In BARImung 2 plants, the exudation rate and relative water content were lower but water saturation deficit was higher than those in BUmung 2 at both 100 and 200 mM NaCl levels. Salinity also influenced the accumulation of Na, K, Ca and Mg in leaves, stems and roots of the two said mungbean varieties. Sodium accumulation was inceseased in all the plant-parts of both the varieties in the order of stem > root > leaf but in BUmung 2 the accumulation was lower than that of BARImung 2 except in root. Potassium accumulation deceresed in all parts of both the mungbean varieties but that was lower in BUmung 2 than that of BARImung 2. The contents of Ca and Mg in all the plant-parts increased more in BUmung 2 than those of BARImung 2 with the increase of salinity levels. All these results indicated that high salt tolerance in BUmung 2 was associated with its better water status, more or less uniform mineral nutrient (Ca and Mg) distribution in different plantparts than that in BARImung 2.
 Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 45(1): 45-54, June 2019

The effect of sodium chloride salinity on coated and uncoated alfalfa seeds germination

In this study, a pod experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of sodium chloride salinity on germination of coated and uncoated seeds of alfalfa seeds under controlled greenhouse conditions at Konya in May 2013. The experimental design was a split-split plot with salinity treatments as main plots, coated and uncoated seeds subplots. Pots were irrigated with tap water (0.3 dS m-1) or (3.0, 6.0 or 9.0 dS m-1). As result of study, seed germination was significantly affected by irrigation water salinity at the initial stage of germination. For coated and uncoated seed, the final seed germination exceeded 79.00% except at the salt concentrations higher than 3.0 dSm-1 where germination percentage statically decreased down. The highest germination rate index (GRI, 14.29%), germination index (GI, 998.75), and coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG, 16.97) values were obtained from the coated seeds irrigated with the tap water while the lowest GRI (1.79%), GI (138.75), and CVG (12.57) values were obtained from the uncoated seeds irrigated with salt concentration of electrical conductivity (EC) of 12.0 dS m-1. Earlier germinations were recorded for coated seeds as indicated by lower value of mean germination time (MGT) and time of 50% germination (T50).

Cytokinins contribute to realization of nitric oxide growth-stimulating and protective effects on wheat plants

We investigated effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), the donor of nitric oxide (NO), on the growth and hormonal system of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) in normal conditions and after salt stress (2% NaCl). During germination of seeds treated with SNP (50–500 μM), we obtained the SNP concentration (200 μM) optimal for stimulation of seedling growth estimated by increase in seed germination capacity and seedlings' linear sizes and their fresh and dry biomass. A comparative analysis of SNP (200 μM) effects, after seed germination in the medium with SNP or pretreatment of 3-day-old seedlings, showed SNP ability to increase the wheat plant resistance to subsequent effects of sodium chloride salinity at both treatment methods. Protective SNP effects appeared in the reduction of stress inhibitory action on seedling growth rates and significant reduction in the level of lipid peroxidation and exosmosis of electrolytes. An important contribution to realization of the growth-stimulating and protective effects of NO is associated with its ability to influence the state of the hormonal system of wheat plants due to an increase in the concentration of hormones of a cytokinin nature under normal conditions and the prevention of a decrease in their level under stress.

Exogenous methyl jasmonate regulates cytokinin content by modulating cytokinin oxidase activity in wheat seedlings under salinity

The treatment of 4-days-old wheat seedlings with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in concentration optimal for their growth (0.1μM) resulted in a rapid transient almost two-fold increase in the level of cytokinins (CKs). MeJA-induced accumulation of CKs was due to inhibition of both cytokinin oxidase (CKX) (cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase, EC 1.5.99.12) gene expression and activity of this enzyme. Pretreatment of wheat seedlings with MeJA decreased the growth-retarding effect of sodium chloride salinity and accelerated growth recovery after withdrawal of NaCl from the incubation medium. We speculate that this protective effect of the hormone might be due to MeJA's ability to prevent the salinity-induced decline in CK concentration that was caused by inhibition of gene expression and activity of CKX in wheat seedlings. The data might indicate an important role for endogenous cytokinins in the implementation of growth-promoting and protective effects of exogenous MeJA application on wheat plants.

Differential response of parent and advanced mutant lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Tabasi) genotypes in antioxidant activity to salinity stress at seedling stage

Effect of sodium chloride salinity was studied in advanced mutant lines T-65-7-1 and T-67-60 (tolerant) and their wild type Tabasi (moderately tolerant) wheat genotypes under control and level of salinity (EC 6 ds m -1 ) at seedling stage. Salinity treatment decreased the contents of chlorophyll (CHL), carotenoids (CAR), α-Tocopherol (TOC) as well as enzyme activities including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbic acid (AA), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), and glutathione reductase (GR), whereas increased the contents of superoxide ion (O2 -), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), thiobarbituric acid reactive material (TBARM) (measuring of lipid peroxidation) in wild type Tabasi cultivar. Salinity tolerant mutant line T-67-60 showed more enzymatic activities (CAT, SOD, ASA, APOX, GR) as well as CHL, CAR and TOC contents than T-65-7-1 mutant line and Tabasi cultivar. Interestingly, the contents of O2 -, H2O2 and TBARM in T-67-60 line showed less increased than T-65-7-1 line and Tabasi cultivar by salinity treatment. Base on these results the tolerance of T-67-60 mutant line to salinity, justified by intensified enzyme activities to control oxidative damage via quench ROS levels.

Influence of salt stress on phosphorus metabolism in the roots and leaves of one month old Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC seedlings

A sand culture experiment was designed to study the effect of sodium chloride salinity on phosphorus metabolism in the roots and leaves of one month old Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC seedlings. It was found that the P level in the roots as well as leaves was decreased with increasing level of salinity in rooting medium. However, the activities of enzymes acid phosphatase and AT Pase were increased in both the parts of seedlings grown in saline conditions. The activities of alkaline phosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphatase were found to be decreased in the root and leaves of seedlings grown under saline conditions.

Studies on the sensitivity of some species and cultivars of lawn grasses on salinity with sodium chloride during the seed germination and first year of growth

Abstract In the years 2005 - 2006 studies were conducted in a growth chamber and a vegetation hall which compared tolerance to NaCl salinity of seeds and plants of some lawn grasses. The effect of sodium chloride salinity on the germination of 4 species of grasses i.e. Lolium perenne cv. ‘Info’, Festuca rubra cv. ‘Audio’, Agrostis capillaris cv. ‘Niwa’, Poa pratensis cv. ‘Alicja’ and 4 cultivars of Lolium prenne - ‘Nira’, ‘Stadion’, ‘Ronija’, ‘Darius’ was studied. The grass seeds germinated in Petri dishes, in darkness, at the temperature of 24°C. Besides the control, 3 levels of salinity were used in the studies: 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl. The obtained results demonstrated that the growing level of salinity in the environment significantly decreased the germinating speed, the number of the produced roots, the length of the longest root, and the length of the coleoptile in the seedlings of all studied grass species. Lolium perenne seeds tolerated salinity the best, and next - in a diminishing sequence - those were the seeds of Festuca rubra, Agrostis capillaris and Poa pratensis. However, the obtained data showed that tolerance to salinity of the analyzed cultivars of Lolium prenne decreased in the following sequence ‘Ronija’ > ‘Stadion’ > ‘Nira’ > ‘Darius’. In a vegetation hall tolerance to NaCl salinity of these 4 cultivars of Lolium perenne in the first year growth was compared. The plants grew in pots of 2 dm3 filled with a mixture of universal earth and river sand (3:1 / v:v) with the soil moisture of 70% and 3 levels of salinity: 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl. The obtained results demonstrated that in all studied cultivars the increase of the salinity level caused a significant decrease of the yield of the leaf dry weight from the successive grass crops, and an increase of the content of sodium, chloride and free proline in them. The greatest tolerance to NaCl salinity in the group of the studied cultivars was shown by ‘Ronija’, medium tolerance - by ‘Darius’ and ‘Stadion’, and the lowest one - by ‘Nira’. This resulted from the degree of accumulation of Na+ and Cl- ions and proline in those conditions. The cultivars with higher tolerance accumulated fewer osmotically active compounds in the leaves.

The effects of sodium chloride-salinity upon growth, nodulation, and root nodule structure of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae effective strain 248 were irrigated with nitrogen-free medium supplemented with 0, 25, 50 or 75 mM NaCl. The inhibitory effect of salinity on the growth of pea plants treated with 25 mM NaCl occurred 6 weeks post inoculation. In case of 75 mM NaCl treatment, the same effect was observed 2 weeks post inoculation. In contrast to investigations described in the literature our results clearly indicated that 25 mM NaCl stimulated nodule formation, however, in contrast to control nodules (the medium without NaCl), the nodules were considerably smaller. Remaining variants of salt treatment reduced plant growth, nodulation, and total nodule volume calculated per plant. Microscopic observations showed that salinity: (1) caused the loss of turgor of the nodule peripheral cells, (2) changed nodule zonation, (3) stimulated infection thread enlargement and expansion, (4) caused disturbances in bacterial release from the infection threads, and (5) induced synthesis of electron dense material (EDM) and its deposition in vacuoles. It was also found that cisternae of RER were involved in the formation of special cytoplasmic compartments responsible for synthesis of EDM. Autofluorescence study revealed that salinity increased accumulation of phenolics in pea nodules, as well.

The Effect of Sodium Chloride Salinity on the Growth, Water Status and Ion Content of Phragmites communis Trin

The present study deal with the physiological behavior of Phragmites communis under salt stress. The effects of salinity on growth, dry weight partitioning, water status and ion content were studied on seedlings of P. communis fed with nutrient solutions containing 0 to 600 mM NaCl. The plants grew best when irrigated with distilled water; biomass production and Relative Growth Rate (RGR) decreased with increasing salinity. Nevertheless, plants were able to produce and allocate dried matter to all their organs even at the highest salt level (600 mM NaCl). The leaves showed the lowest growth activity. Increasing salinity was accompanied by a decrease in seedling water content; aerial parts were more dehydrated than roots. Examination of the K+/Na+ selectivity revealed that salt tolerance of reed plants may be due to its capacity to limit Na+ transport and to enhance K+ transport into aerial parts resulting in a high K/Na ratio. Our results suggest an exclusive behavior towards Na+ as shown by the decreasing Na+ gradients from leaves to roots. It is concluded that Na+ exclusion mechanism appeared to be operative and contributes to salt tolerance of Phragmites.

Effect of Sodium Chloride Salinity on Growth and Ion Accumulation in Some Halophytes

Effects of salinity on biomass production, water content, and ion accumulation pattern in Atriplex amnicola P. G. Wilson, Atriplex calotheca L., Atriplex hortensis L., Chenopodium album L., Salsola kali L., and Suaeda nudiflora Moq. (all Chenopodiaceae) have been studied. The plants survived and exhibited no toxicity symptoms up to 6000 mg L−1 NaCl treatment. Ion composition was variable in plants grown under different salinity treatments. Salinity, except in Suaeda nudiflora where the least biomass was produced in control, affected all other species negatively, and they produced the least biomass at high salinity treatment. Shoot water content of Suaeda nudiflora and Chenopodium album increased significantly in response to salinity. Among all the species examined here, maximum sodium (Na+) accumulation was recorded for Suaeda nudiflora, and it increased with the increasing salinity. This study concluded that among all the species tested, Suaeda nudiflora was most suitable plant for bioremediation of salt‐contaminated soils.

Participation of Plant Hormones in Growth Resumption of Wheat Shoots Following Short-Term NaCl Treatment

The effects of sodium-chloride salinity on the leaf elongation rate, transpiration rate, cell sap osmolality, and phytohormone content in 7-day-old shoots of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) were studied. Leaf growth was suppressed under the salinity stress and resumed 1 h after NaCl removal. The resumption of leaf growth coincided with a decrease in the transpiration rate due to the rapid ABA accumulation in the differentiation leaf zone. The increased IAA concentration in the growing leaf zone promoted the formation of the attraction signal. The authors concluded that the changes in phytohormonal status in wheat plants occurred already following short-term (up to 1 h) salinity and were directed to the maintenance of plant growth under these conditions.

Response of Vicia faba plants to the interactive effect of sodium chloride salinity and salicylic acid treatment

The leaf area, fresh and dry matter, and water content in the roots and shoots of broad bean were significantly reduced with a rise in salinity. The protein components in the roots and shoots decreased in response to salinity, whereas the proline content significantly increased. The sodium content in both roots and shoots increased with increasing salinity, whereas potassium and calcium decreased. Salinity induced an increase in total amino acids and ammonia. Spraying with salicylic acid (SA) increased the three growth parameters, stimulated the synthesis of protein at all salinities, retarded the accumulation of proline, retarded the accumulation of Na+and increased the content of K+and Ca2+. The total content of amino acids was about 1.6-fold the untreated control and there was a drastic increase in the content of threonine and serine. The electrophoretic pattern of SA-treated seedlings showed 21 polypeptides compared to 12 in the salt-treated ones. Salinity plus SA resulted in the disappearance of 4 polypeptides. In addition, two peptides with molecular masses of 99 and 102 kDa appeared in the gel in both NaCl-treated seedlings and NaCl+SA-treated seedlings.

Effect of Sodium Chloride Salinity on Seedling Emergence in Chickpea

Although laboratory (Petri dish) germination as an estimate of seed viability is a standard practice, it may not give an accurate prediction of seedling emergence in the field, especially when saline irrigation water is used. Experiments were conducted to investigate seedling emergence in two chickpea cultivars (ILC 482 and Barka local) in response to varied salinity levels and sowing depths. Seeds were sown in potted soil at a depth of 2, 4 or 6 cm. The salinity treatments were 4.6, 8.4 and 12.2 dS m–1. Tap water (0.8 dS m–1) served as the control. Depth of sowing had a significant effect on seedling emergence. Seeds sown 6 cm deep showed the lowest seedling emergence. Similarly, salinity had an adverse effect on seedling emergence. The lowest seedling emergence percentages were obtained at the highest salinity treatment (12.2 dS m–1). The interaction between salinity treatment and seeding depth was significant. Hypocotyl injury was implicated as a possible cause of poor seedling emergence in chickpea under saline water irrigation and was less severe when pre‐germinated seeds were used. ILC 482 appeared to be more tolerant to salinity than Barka local, suggesting that breeding programmes involving regional exchange of germplasm may be helpful.

Effect of Sodium Chloride Salinity on Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Effect of Sodium Chloride Salinity on Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Effects of sodium chloride salinity on root growth and respiration in oak seedlings

La biomasse racinaire et aerienne de semis de chene est reduite apres 9 j d'arrosage avec une solution nutritive contenant 50 ou 250 mM de NaCl. Les traitements salins moderes et eleves alterent fortement l'elongation des racines. Au contraire, la respiration specifique des racines reste inchangee pour le traitement salin modere, alors qu'elle est reduite de 62 % apres 9 j d'arrosage avec une solution nutritive contenant 250 mM de NaCl. Le contenu en Na + augmente dans tous les tissus lorsque la concentration en NaCl augmente dans la solution nutritive. Les contenus des feuilles et des tiges en Na + sont plus faibles que celui des racines a 50 mM de NaCl alors qu'ils sont similaires a 250 mM. Cette faible translocation du sodium dans les parties aeriennes des chenes moderement stresses a probablement un cout energetique compense par une augmentation de la respiration de maintenance. Pour une salinite plus forte (250 mM), la respiration racinaire est fortement inhibee. Ceci explique peut-etre l'incapacite des chenes fortement stresses a s'opposer a une translocation de Na + dans les parties aeriennes. Une augmentation du cout respiratoire des processus d'entretien, des transports ioniques actifs et/ou du metabolisme associe a la croissance, est donc susceptible d'expliquer le maintien d'une intensite respiratoire racinaire inchangee alors que la croissance des racines est inhibee.

Combined effect of salinity and hypoxia in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat-Thinopyrum amphiploids

The effects of sodium chloride salinity and hypoxia were studied in eight wheat lines and three wheat-Thinopyrum amphiploids in vermiculite-gravel culture. The lines were treated with either 100 or 150 mol m−3 NaCl with and without hypoxia. Saline hypoxic conditions significantly reduced the vegetative growth, water use, grain and straw yields for all wheat varieties except the amphiploids, whereas NaCl or hypoxia alone had less pronounced effects. In addition, saline hypoxic stress reduced K+ concentration and increased significantly the Na+ and Cl− concentrations in cell sap expressed from leaves. There was more Na+ and Cl− accumulation in wheats than the amphiploids in hypoxic conditions at 150 mol m−3 NaCl. Of the wheats, Pato was the most sensitive at all stress levels while aTriticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring ×Thinopyrum elongatum amphiploid was the most tolerant of the three amphiploids.

Effect of sodium chloride salinity on cation equilibria in grapevine

Abstract The addition of various sodium chloride (NaCl) doses (2–150 meq/L) to a balanced standard nutrient solution brought about an increase in the sodium (Na) content of all the vegetative organs of grapevine. The Na ‐ potassium (K) antagonism was shown by the decrease in K content, even at low NaCl doses. The calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents of the various plant organs were also decreased as the NaCl content of the nutrient solution was increased. The cationic sums for the various plant organs remained constant, with the exception of the highest NaCl dose which was lethal after two months.

Effect of sodium chloride salinity on free amino acids of soil streptomycetes

Summary Actinomycetes were isolated from a number of saline and non-saline salheya soils. From these isolates two species of streptomycetes were selected to assess their physiological response to salinity. In one species the intracellular concentrations of the free amino acid pool increased in response to salt stress, the neutral free amino acids alanine and γ-aminobutyrate accumulated as salinity increased in contrast to the accumulation of free amino acids, having been found in the another one. Accumulation of free amino acids by streptomycetes under salt stress suggests a response typical of procaryotes although the specific amino acids involved differ from those associated with other gram positive bacteria.