Effectiveness Of Social Protection Research Articles

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF TARGETING AS A BASIS FOR THE PROVISION OF SOCIAL ASSISTANCE

Introduction. The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that the system of social assistance is always based on the main principle - to support those who are unable to take care of themselves. Summary of the main results of the study. At the current stage of transformation of Ukrainian society, given the progressive differentiation of incomes, the most important task of the social security system is to fight poverty. A well-developed social assistance system is an important element of a modern market economy, as people face certain economic risks and other setbacks throughout their lives that can lead to loss of income. Moreover, poverty and its interrelated phenomena such as disease, crime, and social neglect have an impact on society and economic development. However, it is difficult to define who is poor. This is especially difficult in Ukraine because of the existence of a large shadow economy, underreporting of income, and a rather weak administrative system. The problem is that in recent years, as a result of lawmaking activities, many new legal principles have emerged that guide the legal regulation of the social sphere and outline the general directions of the realization of social rights. Some principles faded away, losing their relevance and ceasing to influence the realization of social rights, while others, on the contrary, having barely appeared in social security legislation, are gaining a stronger position in the system of sectoral principles. One of these principles is the principle of targeting. Targeting is a characteristic tool of anti-poverty and cost-cutting programs. The article formulates the main principles of targeted social assistance for the poor. A brief assessment of the Ukrainian social assistance system is made. Conclusion. The article provides a theoretical overview of the targeting of social assistance as a component of the state's social policy, which in turn will have a positive impact on the effectiveness of social protection. It is important to note that in the current conditions of economic development, the problem of overcoming poverty and ensuring decent living conditions for citizens is a priority task for every state. This goal is achieved by allocating funds to the targeted, least well-off categories of the population. Thus, ideally, all those in need and the poor should receive assistance provided by the laws of Ukraine on the basis of targeted social payments. Targeting is a characteristic tool of anti-poverty programs.

The Effects of Social Protection and Labor Programs on Suicide Mortality: A Comprehensive Longitudinal Study in 81 Low- and Middle-Income Countries Over the Last Two Decades

The Effects of Social Protection and Labor Programs on Suicide Mortality: A Comprehensive Longitudinal Study in 81 Low- and Middle-Income Countries Over the Last Two Decades

Informality and Pension Reforms in Bolivia: The Case of Renta Dignidad

How social protection programmes affect work choices is a question that has been at the centre of labour economics research for decades. More recently, a scant literature has focused on the effects of social protection on work choices and informal employment in the context of low and middle-income countries. This paper contributes to this scant literature by examining the effect of Bolivia’s Renta Dignidad, a universal non-contributory old age pension that covers all Bolivians aged 60 years and older. We exploit the discontinuity introduced by the age eligibility criteria of the programme and the timing of the announcement of the programme, to implement a difference-in-differences approach. Overall, we find that Renta Dignidad has no detrimental effects on labour force participation and the intensity of labor of adult members of beneficiary households. Instead, we find that the pension reduces the intensity of work for girls aged 12–18 living with a pensioner, which indicates a positive effect on intra-household time allocation. In terms of work choices, Renta Dignidad reduces the probability of holding a salaried job in rural areas by about 8 percentage points, which denotes a shift from formal to informal employment.

The Effects of Social Protection and Social Cohesion on the Acceptability of Climate Change Mitigation Policies: What Do We (Not) Know in the Context of Low- and Middle-Income Countries?

Significant climate change mitigation policies are urgently needed to achieve emissions reduction targets. This paper shows that social protection and social cohesion play a critical role in making climate policies more acceptable to citizens by summarizing existing streams of research focusing on industrialized countries. Further, the empirical analysis explores whether these relationships also hold for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which are increasingly implementing climate change mitigation policies. The results show that vertical and horizontal trust increase acceptability in all countries. However, preferences for social protection have a positive effect only in industrialized ones. This may suggest a contrast between social and environmental goals in LMICs, where social goals are prioritized. The analysis also revealed a significant interaction between social cohesion and social protection. The paper concludes by discussing the existing research gap as to LMICs and outlines policy options to overcome the conflict between social and environmental goals.

Нуждаемость семей с детьми-инвалидами в социальном обслуживании в период пандемии COVID-19

the establishment of needs is an essential part of the work of social work specialists, a starting point for determining programs for helping families with children with disabilities. During the quarantine period, the prerequisites for revising many of the usual methods and technologies of social work developed by COVID-19. The object of the study is to establish the need of citizens for social assistance and social services in the new conditions, the goal is to develop recommendations for identifying the need of families with children with disabilities in order to increase the effectiveness of social protection and social services in the new conditions. Research methods included analysis of statistical and demographic data, official documents, an online survey of families with children with disabilities, conducted during the period of quarantine restrictions, as well as an expert survey of social workers and heads of social service organizations in the metropolitan region. The authors analyzed changes in the identification of need and proposed changes in technologies and approaches to the provision of social services. The application of the obtained data can be both in social work practice and in research work.

Effects of social protection and occupational pensions in Kerala: A study from Kasaragod district

Old age social security plays a pivotal role in welfare state and one of the major components of it is pension. The developed countries generally provide pension to those who contribute for pension whereas in majority of the developing countries pensions are provided in a discretionary manner which reduces the coverage of pension. Pensions are essential to ensuring rights, dignity and income security for older persons. The right to income security in old age, as grounded in human rights instruments and international labour standards, includes the right to an adequate pension. However, nearly half of all people over pensionable age do not receive a pension and many are not adequate. As a result, majority of world’ solder women and men have no income security, have no right to retire and have to continue working as long as they can. The main purposes are mitigating longevity risks, poverty and inter intra-generation inequality. The present study analyzed the social protection and occupational pension schemes and its effectiveness in the rural households of Kerala. Keywords: Effects, Social protection, Occupational pensions, Rural households, Kerala.

Child Poverty Amongst Young Carers in the UK: Prevalence and Trends in the Wake of the Financial Crisis, Economic Downturn and Onset of Austerity

The article provides the first estimates of prevalence and trends in child poverty amongst young carers aged 5–19 in the UK using specialized income data from the Family Resources Survey / the Households Below Average Income Survey. Looking across four key indicators, we find that child poverty rates were higher amongst young carers than other children based on 3 years pooled data for 2013/14–2015/16. The differences in the prevalence of child poverty amongst young carers and other children are statistically significant in relation to two indicators (anchored low income before housing costs, and a combined measure of low income and material deprivation). Young carers also appear to have fared worse than other children in terms of trends in child poverty outcomes over the period that coincided with the financial crisis, economic downturn and onset of austerity. Amongst young carers, there was a statistically significant increase in relative low income after housing costs of nine percentage points (from 24 to 33%) between 2005/07 and 2013/15. This compares with a two percentage point decline amongst other children. Multivariate findings confirm that trends in child poverty outcomes amongst young carers were highly differentiated from those of other children and that the association between child poverty and young caring status strengthened over the period under observation. Multivariate analysis further suggests that the increases in child poverty rates amongst young carers were not driven by purely “compositional” factors relating to demographic characteristics of the households in which young carers live and that labour market factors are particularly important in explaining the trends that are observed. Overall, the findings from the study raise concerns that young carers were disproportionately impacted by the patterns of stagnating real income and declining income from employment that characterized the period following the financial crisis, economic downturn and onset of austerity, whilst underlining the importance of housing costs as a factor in child poverty amongst young carers, and raising important questions regarding the ongoing effectiveness of social protection for this group.

Effects of social protection on tuberculosis treatment outcomes in low or middle-income and in high-burden countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a poverty infectious disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Evidences suggest that social protection strategies (SPS) can improve TB treatment outcomes. This study aimed to synthesize such evidences through systematic literature review and meta-analysis. We searched for studies conducted in low- or middle-income and in high TB-burden countries, published during 1995-2016. The review was performed by searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and LILACS. We included only studies that investigated the effects of SPS on TB treatment outcomes. We retained 25 studies for qualitative synthesis. Meta-analyses were performed with 9 randomized controlled trials, including a total of 1,687 participants. Pooled results showed that SPS was associated with TB treatment success (RR = 1.09; 95%CI: 1.03-1.14), cure of TB patients (RR = 1.11; 95%CI: 1.01-1.22) and with reduction in risk of TB treatment default (RR = 0.63; 95%CI: 0.45-0.89). We did not detect effects of SPS on the outcomes treatment failure and death. These findings revealed that SPS might improve TB treatment outcomes in lower-middle-income economies or countries with high burden of this disease. However, the overall quality of evidences regarding these effect estimates is low and further well-conducted randomized studies are needed.

Financing social protection floors: Considerations of fiscal space

AbstractThe effectiveness of social protection in combating poverty and vulnerability, cushioning shocks, attenuating inequality, and supporting long‐term growth is well‐established, but effective social protection systems have long been seen as an unaffordable luxury in many developing and low‐income countries. The social protection floor concept aims at providing a guaranteed minimum of social protection at a reasonable cost, even in resource‐constrained circumstances, serving as a platform for the gradual implementation of a full social protection system. Introducing and maintaining or extending the floor requires the mobilization of fiscal space, both immediately and in the future. The article argues that efforts to generate fiscal space must carefully consider issues of predictability, as well as the impact of present funding choices on fiscal and debt sustainability, macroeconomic stability, inequality, poverty reduction and growth, and hence on future fiscal space. It examines from this perspective some of the implications of generating fiscal space through additional domestic resource mobilization, expenditure reallocation or efficiency gains, reduction of debt service, or external funding. The article also presents some evidence of a wide range of recent interventions that have been financed at reasonable cost on a sustainable basis in countries at different levels of income and development, using both own resources and external funds.

Decent Work and Domestic Workers in South Africa

The majority of domestic workers in South Africa are (black African) women. As long as women do not have the freedom to make their labour market choices, it cannot be said that they are empowered. Ideally, a move away from vulnerable employment into wage and salaried work would contribute towards the empowerment of women. However, the move from the agricultural sector to the services sector in private households hides the limited nature of women's empowerment. This article examines to what degree domestic workers in South Africa are afforded decent work institutionally. To this end, it considers four main challenges. First, the employment deficit: this means that people cannot find work or business opportunities in the formal economy. Second, the representational deficit: due to being unorganized, informal economy workers are excluded from (or under-represented in) social dialogue institutions and processes. Third, the rights deficit: workers' rights relating to freedom of association, collective bargaining, absence of forced labour, and discrimination are insufficient or non-existent. Fourth, the social protection deficit: clearly even though the workers in the domestic sector and informal economy are most in need of social protection, they are unable to access formal social protection schemes due to membership and contribution issues. It has been argued that when attempting to give meaning to the Decent Work Agenda, one may have regard to four strategic objectives, namely, promoting and realizing standards and fundamental principles and rights at work, creating opportunities for women (and men) to secure decent employment and income, enhancing the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all, and strengthening tripartism and social dialogue. This paper analyses and critically evaluates how these strategic objectives have been pursued with respect to domestic workers and to what extent they have been achieved.

The effectiveness of social protection laws/institutions In the age of 'precarious work' and the social-integrative job creation strategies

The effectiveness of social protection laws/institutions In the age of 'precarious work' and the social-integrative job creation strategies

Safety Nets and Opportunity Ladders: Addressing Vulnerability and Enhancing Productivity in South Asia

As patterns of poverty and vulnerability in South Asia change, households have to balance immediate needs and long–term goals. For the poor, these choices, and the costs of precautionary measures, are particularly acute and call for suitable government policies. While policy–makers face a number of trade–offs between promotion, prevention and protection goals, careful design can maximise the potential to reconcile these objectives. A review of experience suggests a number of lessons regarding the relative benefits of targeted and universal programmes; the need to differentiate microfinance products for different groups amongst the poor; ways of basing the self–targeting of public works on rights rather than stigma; and the influence of political processes (such as decentralisation) for the overall effectiveness of social protection.

Social protection: An obstacle to employment?

This article examines the ambivalent effect of social security on employment. First, an international comparison looks at protection from layoff by the employer, wage floors as defined in social and employment legislation, and levels of wage‐related costs and their effect on employment. Simulations for western Germany are then used to analyse the effects on the labour market of lowering social security contributions. The conclusion which emerges is that the effects of social protection on employment are determined both by the way it is organized – and thus ultimately how much it costs – and by the way it is funded, i.e. who picks up the bill for social security.