Effects Of Social Class Research Articles

Social Classes Reflected By The Main Characters In Kevin Kwan’s “Crazy Rich Asians” Novel

The aim of this study is to analyze the disparity of social class and the causes and effects of social class among two main characters in Kevin Kwan’s “Crazy Rich Asians” novel (2013). To analyze the issue, Weber’s theory of social class (1998) were used. The research methodology used in this study was a qualitative method. By using this method, it means a qualitative approach is used to describe the social phenomenon, life experiences and situations to give the meanings and also to explore the behavior, perspectives, experiences, and feeling of people in the form of an essay. Based on the analysis, some aspects that relate to the disparity and causes and effects of social class. Those are the types of social class disparity reflected by these two characters, the cause of social class between the two main characters and the effect that caused by its disparity of social class. The result of this study showed that these disparities can be lifestyle, ways of thinking and in choosing a partner. Also, social class can be caused by heredity and family background, the effects are someone who has a social class that is considered low, will be ostracized, or even terrorized.Keyword : Qualitative Method, Social Class, Weber Theory.

Not just ‘the left behind’? Exploring the effects of subjective social status on Brexit-related preferences

ABSTRACT It has recently been argued that subjective status – the way individuals feel about their worth in society – deserves greater prominence in accounts of political preferences including anti-immigration sentiment and Brexit. In this paper, we give a detailed empirical account of the relationship between Subjective Social Status (SSS) and Brexit-related preferences, using data collected online in the autumn of 2017 (N = 3600). We find limited evidence that ‘objective’ dimensions of status translate into preferences via SSS. Rather, most of the effect of education and social class on political preferences is direct (or via another unmeasured mechanism). We propose that SSS has a role in norm compliance and demonstrate that high SSS among the university-educated and among those with high-status social ties is associated with a higher probability of voting leave in the referendum, as well as higher levels of anti-immigrant sentiment. Thus, we conclude that if SSS has a role in shaping populist preferences, it is more complex than has been assumed. It exerts an effect in the opposite direction to the expected one among the privileged, and does not appear to explain the preferences of the ‘left behind’.

Home educational contexts of Asian American children: Disentangling the effects of structural and cultural factors

Asian Americans excel across educational measures relative to other racial/ethnic groups and their educational advantage is already sizable at kindergarten entry. Although much research has focused on the educational achievement gap between Asian Americans and other groups, little is known about the home educational contexts of these children. Informed by an integrative framework that accounts for the effects of cultural orientation, social class, and minority status on home contexts, the study examined a broad array of home environment dimensions faced by children of Asian American mothers (e.g., educational expectations and emphasis on education, educational materials and learning activities at home, parent–child relationships, and organized activities outside the home) and compared these with the home contexts of children of White, Hispanic, and Black mothers, drawing from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010–2011 (ECLS-K: 2011). Propensity score matching techniques revealed that differences between Asian and non-Asian American children's home dimensions were largely explained by socioeconomic status (SES). Asian American parents’ educational expectations were higher than those of Whites, but comparable to those of non-White parents with similar SES levels. Asian Americans were significantly more likely than others to expose their children to extracurricular and family activities outside the home. Asian American homes, especially those with foreign-born mothers, were more likely than their SES-equivalent peers to consider schools in residential decisions. Findings of this study are framed within the persistent discussions – and sometimes contradictory conclusions – about how cultural vis-à-vis structural factors affect the home context of Asian American children.

"소비자의 사회적계층이 명품패션공유서비스 이용의도에 미치는 영향 : 소비절제 세 가지 유형의 매개효과, 중고제품에 대한 평소 태도의 조절효과를 중심으로 "

"소비자의 사회적계층이 명품패션공유서비스 이용의도에 미치는 영향 : 소비절제 세 가지 유형의 매개효과, 중고제품에 대한 평소 태도의 조절효과를 중심으로 "

Linking social class inequalities, labor market status, and fertility: An empirical investigation of second births.

I outline a theoretical background for interpreting the effects of social class on fertility, based on social class and welfare regime theory. Social class differentials lead to different levels of economic wellbeing and security, compatibility of employment and childcare roles, and of gender equality. I hypothesize that class-specific combinations of these variables result in different incentives for and constraints on family formation, and thus different fertility levels. I use the Spanish sample of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions for the years 2004-2015 and event history analysis techniques to analyze second-birth probabilities. A substantial positive effect of social class on second birth probabilities was found. The results also indicated that the mechanisms concerning the effects of class do not work in a monotonic way, and that specific combinations of mechanisms are relevant for each social group. Overall, the analyses showed that social class is not only key to understand intracountry differentials in fertility but also useful to understand the functioning of the welfare regime and its relationship to overall levels of fertility.

Physical activity barriers according to social stratification in Europe.

ObjectivesTo analyse relationships of social stratification on physical activity (PA) prevalence and barriers in the European population.MethodsData were retrieved from Eurobarometer 88.4, a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2017 with 28,031 over 15-year-old inhabitants of the European Union. PA prevalence was calculated along with the probability to be physically inactive by social stratification. Logistic regressions were run in the inactive population to show the social class effect on each barrier adjusted by sociodemographic factors employing a propensity score matched method.ResultsLow social class presented higher inactivity prevalence (43.11%), whilst the high social class reported the lowest prevalence (23.30%). Also, the low (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.47–0.58) and middle (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.64–0.79) social classes were less likely to be active compared to high social class. In the inactive population, the low social class had mostly higher odds to report each barrier.ConclusionsSocial class is a relevant factor for low PA, with more barriers in the lower social classes. Public health institutions should implement strategies on more influential PA barriers and disadvantaged social groups.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00038-020-01488-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Social class, teachers, and medicalisation lag: a qualitative investigation of teachers' discussions of ADHD with parents and the effect of neighbourhood-level social class

ABSTRACT While medical sociologists have explored how teachers aid the medicalisation process of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), there is a paucity of work investigating the role of neighbourhood-level social class. This paper has two main aims. First, to explore how teachers discuss ADHD with parents, and second, to understand how these discussions differ based upon neighbourhood-level social class. To achieve these aims, I utilise grounded theory and interviews with thirty-four elementary school teachers. Emergent themes describe the following process: (a) reifying biological causation of ADHD, (b) evidence gathering, and (c) furtive diagnosis. Findings suggest teachers in upper-class areas skipped steps in the process or easily managed each step while discussing ADHD with parents. Teachers in lower-class areas were met with barriers that affected the likelihood of children receiving a furtive diagnosis from teachers, thus reducing the likelihood of meeting with a medical professional and receiving medical intervention. Findings explain disparities in medication use for ADHD by neighbourhood-level social class and help to explain the social reproduction of social class. By building on the literature regarding cultural capital and mental health literacy, I conceptualise ‘medicalisation lag’ as integral to the medicalisation process and to the social reproduction of social class.

Assimilating and Differentiating: The Curvilinear Effect of Social Class on Green Consumption

AbstractBuilding on optimal distinctiveness theory, this research examines the effects of social class on green consumption. Across six studies, we find a curvilinear effect of social class on green consumption, with the middle class having greater propensity for green consumption compared to the lower and upper classes. This effect can be explained by tension between need for assimilation (NFA) and need for differentiation (NFD) that varies among the three social classes in establishing their optimally distinctive identities. The lower class has a dominant NFA, the upper class has a dominant NFD, and the middle class has dual motivation for assimilation and differentiation. Concomitantly, green consumption has the dual function of assimilation and differentiation. The middle class perceives green consumption as simultaneously assimilating and differentiating, which satisfies their dual motivation and enhances their propensity for green consumption. By contrast, the lower class perceives the differentiation function of green consumption as contradicting their dominant NFA, and the upper class perceives the assimilation function as contradicting their dominant NFD, which lower both their propensities for green consumption. Furthermore, these effects are moderated by consumers’ power distance belief. These novel findings have significant theoretical and practical implications on building a more sustainable society.

Educational Expansion and Inequality of Access to University: The Effects and Changes in the Effects of Social Class and Academic Achievement

Educational Expansion and Inequality of Access to University: The Effects and Changes in the Effects of Social Class and Academic Achievement

Social Class in Organizations: Organizational and Societal Consequences of the Managerial Elite

Organizational scholars studying managers of large companies have long theorized that the managerial class is dominated by elites of upper social class background. Organizations remain reflections of the class system in the societies they are situated in, and tend to advantage those of higher social class backgrounds. If organizations are perpetuating societal inequality by favoring those from higher social class background and positioning them to dictate organizational and societal outcomes, it is important to understand ways to reduce inequality by increasing social class diversity of the managerial elite, and theorize on the implications of this diversity for business and society. Considering the recognition of a need for increased opportunity and equality in organizations, and the Academy of Management’s overarching goal of broadening the vision of management research, the goal of this symposium is to bring together a group of scholars on the forefront of social class research on organizations to understand the influence of social class on the managerial elite. This symposium seeks to explore the effect of social class in attaining access to the most influential managerial positions in organizations, the conditions in which there may be greater diversity of social class backgrounds in the managerial elite, and how the managerial elite, as a cohesive unit, can affect firm strategic actions, and societal outcomes through political and social activity.

The effect of social class on periodontal condition and treatment needs of 13-15 year old students in Mosul city - Ninevah : Iraq

This study was carried out on 900 intermediate school students aged 13-15 years from high, middle and low socioeconomic classes in the center city of Mosul in order to determine the prevalence of periodontal disease and treatment need with the three different socioeconomic levels. The CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs) was used to asses the periodontal condition and treatment needs. The results showed that the disease was prevalent in 97.6% of the sample, with a slight higher percentage of students with healthy gingiva in high social class group compared to middle and low class (4%, 2% and 1.3%) respectively, but with no statistically significant difference between them. The result indicated that there was statistically significant difference in the mean number of healthy Sextants in the three groups (1.78, 1.32 and 0.91) for high, middle and low class respectively. Results also revealed a significant a healthier gingiva in females compared to males (1.55 for females and 1.12 for males). The periodontal treatment needs for the students were massive with no significant difference between the three socioeconomic level, while there are statistically significant differences between males and females,as more tales need prophylactic scaling and polishing compared to females.

Life-course social class is associated with later-life diabetes prevalence in women: evidence from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing

This study aimed to investigate the independent and synergistic effects of childhood and adult social class, as well as the effect of social mobility, on type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk in later life. Cross-sectional data from The Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA) (n = 4,998), a nationally representative probability sample of adults aged 50 and older, were analysed. Prevalent diabetes was defined using subjective (self-reported doctor’s diagnosis) and objective data (medications usage and glycated haemoglobin testing). Social class was classified as a three-level variable based on fathers’ occupation in childhood and respondents’ primary occupation in adulthood. A five-level social mobility variable was created from cross-classification of childhood and adulthood social class. Logistic regression was employed to assess the relationship between social class variables and T2D. Mean (SD) age of the sample was 63.8y (9.9) and 46.4% were male. Incidence of T2D was 11.6% of men and 7.7% of women. Some 57.4% of the sample were classified as Manual social class in childhood. Compared to those in Professional/Managerial occupations, belonging to the Manual social class in childhood was associated with an increased risk of T2D in men (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.36, 95% CI: 0.88, 2.10) and women (OR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.21, 3.85). This association was attenuated in women when controlled for adulthood social class (OR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.00–3.37), suggesting that the effect of childhood social class may be modified by improving social circumstance over the life course.

여가정체성, 여가제약, 여가참여의 구조관계에 미치는 사회계층 조절효과

Understanding the importance of addressing the issue of social stratification in the pervasive and growing disparity between the affluent and the poor, the present study examined the influence of social class on the relationships between leisure identity, leisure constraints and participation. The results of invariance testing demonstrated that the significant moderating effect of social class is present in the intensity of the associations between leisure identity, leisure constraints and participation. That is, the extent to which leisure identity and leisure constraints interact to stimulate leisure participation vary by social class. The findings were discussed in light of previous work on constraints and the psychological perspective on social class.

The working class and early retirement in Denmark: individual push factors

AbstractPrevious research finds that members of the working class have a higher risk of early retirement compared to professionals because they are pushed into early retirement. This indicates that not all workers can respond to incentives to extend their working life. Yet, little previous work has been conducted to quantify systematically the extent to which push factors explain why members of the working class have a higher risk of early retirement compared to professionals. Using longitudinal data on Danish workers, the results suggest that members of the working class have an increased risk of early retirement compared to professionals, but poor health, previous spells of unemployment and low job quality mediate a large part of this effect. Among men, the push factors mediate 57 and 86 per cent of the effect of social class on early retirement for skilled manual and unskilled manual workers, respectively. Among women, the push factors mediate 43 and 55 per cent of the effect of social class on early retirement for skilled manual and unskilled manual workers, respectively. Overly physical work demands is the most important mediator, which explains between 23 and 31 per cent of the total effect of belonging to the working class on early retirement. Moreover, the magnitudes of the indirect effects of the push factors depend on the particular pathway into retirement.

A brighter future: The effect of social class on responses to future debt

The present study serves as an exploratory investigation of the role of social class in responses to the threat of future debt. Previous work has shown that individuals of high and low subjective social class differ in the ways that they respond to a broad range of threats and uncertainties about the future. Across three studies, we found that lower social class individuals expect more future debt and suffer greater attendant stress than higher class individuals (Study 1). We found that experimental manipulations of debt salience increased stress for lower class and not for higher class individuals (Studies 2-3). Likewise, we found that higher class individuals experienced higher affect balance and perceptions of personal control when the possibility of future debt was made salient, specifically as a function of decreased fatalism about future debt (Study 3). These three studies reveal yet another situation in which individuals of lower and higher social class respond differently to threat, and serve as an important step toward understanding the psychological ramifications of rising debt in the United States.

Social class and interpersonal trust: Partner's warmth, external threats and interpretations of trust betrayal

AbstractThe present research investigated the effects of social class on interpersonal trust. In a series of experiments, we showed how the contextualist socio‐cognitive tendencies of the lower class and the solipsistic tendencies of the upper class were reflected in their trusting attitudes and behaviors. In Study 1 (N = 491), upper class individuals expressed the same levels of trust towards all partners, while lower class individuals adjusted their trust choices to the affect‐rich information about their interaction partner and trusted warm partners more than cold partners. The results of Study 2 (N = 210) showed that when threatened, lower class individuals had generally less trusting attitudes, while upper class members were equally trusting as in a neutral situation. Study 3 (N = 200) revealed that upper class individuals explained a betrayal of their trust with dispositional factors to a higher degree than lower class individuals. We discuss how these differences contribute to perpetuating the disadvantage of the lower class.

Condição de Classe e Desempenho Educacional no Brasil

Resumo: O objetivo do artigo é analisar o impacto da condição de classe dos estudantes brasileiros da educação básica nos seus desempenhos educacionais. Os fundamentos teóricos da pesquisa remetem ao conceito de classe social de Pierre Bourdieu. A partir de uma abordagem quantitativa, utilizamos a base de dados do Sistema de Avaliação da Educação Básica (Saeb), realizado em 2013. As técnicas analíticas mobilizadas foram a estatística descritiva, a análise de correspondência e a regressão linear múltipla. Os resultados empíricos demonstraram a persistência dos efeitos da classe social na conformação dos rendimentos acadêmicos, ainda que coexistindo com os impactos das variáveis de escolarização, de trajetória individual e de caráter pedagógico.

Meritocratic Narratives as Cultural Orientations: Explaining Child-Rearing Practices in China

Concerted cultivation practices are not only explained by parents’ objective resources, but also by parents’ cultural orientations, which are associated with social class. While cultural orientations of parenting styles in Western societies have been studied, the role of beliefs in social reproduction in other parts of the world is still under-researched. The aim of this study was to understand whether social class and meritocratic beliefs of Chinese parents affect their parenting style with regard to children’s education and learning. Our findings suggest that both meritocratic beliefs and social class have a positive effect on concerted cultivation practices. The effect of parents’ meritocratic beliefs on parenting style is stronger than the effect of social class for boys and urban schools. In addition, meritocratic beliefs reduce class differentials in rural schools, but increase them in urban schools. We discuss the effectiveness of meritocratic beliefs promoting child-rearing practices regardless of the social origin.

Contact Heterogeneity as a Mediator of the Relationship between Social Class and Altruistic Giving

Research on the relationship between social class and altruistic giving has provided inconsistent evidence. Using the dictator game, in which one participant is endowed with a certain amount of money and has to allocate this amount between herself and another individual, several studies found that higher-class actors have a lower tendency toward altruistic giving than lower-class actors; other studies found the opposite pattern. We show that social class has a positive effect on altruistic giving in the dictator game with a sizeable sample of residents of the United States using both an objective measure of social class—that is, a composite of income, education, and occupational prestige—and a subjective measure. Shedding more light on the mechanisms underlying the positive effect of social class, it is demonstrated that class affects altruistic giving not so much by differences in empathic concern but by differences in the marginal utility of money and contact heterogeneity. It is argued that the latter effect can be derived from Collins’s theory of interaction rituals and class cultures.

PENGARUH GAYA HIDUP, KONSEP DIRI, KELAS SOSIAL DAN HARGA TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN KONSUMEN BERKUNJUNG KE KEDAI KOPI (Studi Kasus Pada Kedai Kopi XYZ di Samarinda)

Coffee has been becoming a popular commodity in Indonesia. The shift of people’s lifestyles and preferences have been creating new trend in business. Coffee shops are now almost everywhere in urban areas. Marketers need to study variables affecting customer purchase/visit decision to coffee shop so they can come up with maketing programs suit to target market. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of lifestyle, self concept, social class and price simultanously and partially on customer visit decision to coffee shop. Data collected with self-administered questionnaire distributed to 73 customers of a coffee shop in Samarinda City. Sample was collected using accidental sampling technique. Multiple linear regression in SPSS Version 22 used to analyze the data and it is revealed that social class and self concept positively and significantly affect customer purchase/visit decision. On the other hand, price found negatively and significantly affect customer purchase/visit decision to coffee shop XYZ. Whie lifestyle negatively but insignificanty affects purchase/visit decision. The results of this study suggest marketeres to use different marketing programs to different target markets.