Effects Of Salinity Changes Research Articles

Some Calculations on Multicomponent Transport with Cation Exchange in Aquifers

AbstractMulticomponent transport with cation exchange induces a separation of cations during displacement of waters in aquifers. The spatial separation is due to different retardations of the various cations which originate from differences in selectivity of the exchange complex. The composition patterns are complex, and calculated mostly with numerical models. However, a basic notion of features such as salinity fronts, chromatographic sequence, and front type is useful for general understanding of the processes. These aspects have not obtained the level of generality in hydrochemical studies that they deserve, and are introduced and applied in the paper. Demonstrated are: (1) the calculation of a multicomponent exchange complex from solution composition with the law of mass action; (2) the front type (broadening, indifferent, sharpening) that develops in relation to the slope of the sorption isotherm; (3) the calculation of a chromatographic pattern for the case of sharp fronts; (4) the effects of salinity changes on solution composition. All these features are illustrated with examples and then applied to calculate and compare water compositions in an observation well from two field studies, one of a salt‐water injection which displays the salinity effects very clearly in accordance with theory, and one of a fresh‐water injection for which the complete sequence of three ions Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ can be calculated simply with a quadratic equation.

Effect of salinity on the uptake of cadmium by the brine shrimp Arternia franciscana

The effect of salinity on cadmium uptake by brine shrimp Artemla franciscana was studied in chemically defined saltwater solutions. Shrimp were acclimated to different salinities and exposed to the metal in solutions of differing salinity and composition. Within each acclimation group, the cadnlium uptake decreased with Increasing salin~ty of exposure. Most of this varlation was expla~ned by changes in the activity of the free metal ion. Among the acclimation groups, uptake increased with increasing salinity of acclimation. Most of this variation was explained by changes in the permeability of the shrimp. Uptake was not influenced by changes in the osmolarity or the concentration of any of the major cations in the solution. The integration of both chemlcal and biological effects of changes in salinity explains almost all variation in cadmium uptake by brine shrimp.

The Effect of Salinity Changes upon the Physiology of Eulittoral Green Macroalgae from Antarctica and Southern Chile. I. Cell Viability, Growth, Photosynthesis and Dark Respiration

Summary The salinity tolerance of the eulittoral green macroalgae Ulothrix implexa , Ulothrix subflaccida , Enteromorpha bulbosa and Acrosiphonia arcta from Antarctica was determined. Cell viability, growth, photosynthesis and dark respiration were used as criteria. A Subantarctic-cold temperate Ulva rigida from southern Chile was also included in this study. Cells of U. implexa , E. bulbosa and A. arcta showed considerably broader salinity tolerance than cells of U. subflaccida and U. rigida . All investigated species grew well under a wide range of salt treatments. With the exception of U. implexa , growth rates of all other species were inhibited at the lowest salinity tested. After incubation under extreme hypersaline conditions all species responded with a strong reduction in growth. The photosynthesis and dark respiration responses were similar to those of growth. These very plastic physiological properties under different salinities are similar between Antarctic and temperate plants. The successful spreading of green macroalgae in the eulittoral zone of all continents including cold Antarctica and cold-temperate southern Chile may thus be explained.

The Effect of Salinity Changes Upon the Physiology of Eulittoral Green Macroalgae from Antarctica and Southern Chile: II INTRACELLULAR INORGANIC IONS AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

The Effect of Salinity Changes Upon the Physiology of Eulittoral Green Macroalgae from Antarctica and Southern Chile: II INTRACELLULAR INORGANIC IONS AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

The Effect of Salinity Changes on the Activity of α-Galactosidase of the Red Algae Gracilaria sordida and G. tenuistipitata

Article The Effect of Salinity Changes on the Activity of α-Galactosidase of the Red Algae Gracilaria sordida and G. tenuistipitata was published on January 1, 1990 in the journal Botanica Marina (volume 33, issue 5).

Effects of salinity changes on zinc uptake and regulation by the decapod crustaceans Palaemon elegans and Palaemonetes varians

Effects of salinity changes on zinc uptake and regulation by the decapod crustaceans Palaemon elegans and Palaemonetes varians

Physiological Responses to Salt Stress of Two Ecologically Different Cladophora Species

The effects of changes in external salt concentration upon Cladophora rupestris (L.) Kutz and C. glomerata (L.) Kutz have been studied. Net photosynthesis and dark respiration during salinity treatment (0 —102%0) were used as indirect measures of salinity tolerance. C. rupestris showed a broad salt tolerance compared with a very restricted tolerance in C. glomerata. The effect of salinity change on thallus ion contents was also investigated. Levels of Na+, K+, Cl~, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were measured following salinity treatment. Cladophora rupestris was found to maintain intracellular ionic balance over a much wider range of salinities than C. glomerata.

The effect of various salinities on whole and dissected preparations of Crassostrea virginica

1. 1. All experiments were performed on whole animal or isolated preparations of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. 2. 2. Whole preparations showed a linear decline in the transport of particles when the salinities were changed. Dissected preparations exhibited a transport rate which declined more precipitously. 3. 3. The dissected preparation demonstrated a decrease in serotonin and DOPA decarboxylase activities. This was further exacerbated in the presence of PTZ (an intracellular calcium releasor) and salyrgan (a calcium-pump inactivator) perfusates. 4. 4. These experiments support the hypothesis that the effect of salinity change on transport of particles is in fact an effect of the change in calcium ion concentration.

Ecological studies of a fouling bryozoan Bugula neritina. IV. The effect of low salinity on the early growth of a bryozoan Bugula neritina in the sea and laboratory.

Colonies attached to glass slides were suspended in the sea. They were also immersed in low salinity waters once for one or two hours or repeatedly for one, two or six hours once a day to examine the effects of salinity changes on growth. The effect was also examined with a culture method in beakers using water of various salinity (33.7, 31.0, 27.9, 24.1 and 18.1‰), with colonies on glass slides with Rhodomonas as food.Exposure to fresh water for even a short time caused severe damage to the animal, but salinities higher than 9‰ were not injurious for their further growth. Colonies repeatedly exposed to seawater lower than 20‰ will not grow to be a mature colony. If the seawater has a salinity higher than 25‰ they might grow to a mature stage and in salinities higher than 30‰ they grow well.

Effects of salinity, pH, and temperature on the spores and sporelings ofDictyopteris australis, an alginophyte

Effects of changes in salinity, pH, and temperature on tetraspores and sporelings ofDictyopteris australis were investigated under laboratory conditions, The spores and sporelings showed a narrow range of tolerance to salinity (30.0‰ to 32.2‰). The spores did not germinate beyond this range. Growth of the sporelings was almost the same at salinities 30.6‰ and 32.2‰, but mortality was higher at 32.2‰. The alga showed a tolerance to pH from 7.5 to 8.4. However, growth of the viable sporelings was maximum at pH 8.2. The optimal temperature for survival and growth of the sporelings of the alga is 23°C. Temperatures above 28°C and below 18°C were found to be highly detrimental.

THE INFLUENCE OF INORGANIC IONS AND ACCLIMATION SALINITY ON HEMOCYANIN-OXYGEN BINDING IN THE BLUE CRABCALLINECTES SAPIDUS

The effects of salinity changes on the oxygen binding properties of hemocyanin have been examined in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. Oxygen affinity increases measurably with increases in Ca+2, Mg+2 or Na+ but, within the physiological range, not K+. Unlike its large and specific influence on other arthropod hemocyanins, Cl- has little or no effect. Ca+2, alone and in physiological concentrations, restores oxygen affinity to the level observed in a complete physiological saline. Ca+2 also restores the Bohr shift to the physiological level. Physiological variation in inorganic ions (or pH) does not affect the cooperativity of oxygen binding.Physiological variation in Ca+2 explains only a minor fraction of the actual change in oxygen affinity that accompanies acclimation to a new salinity. The aclimation, which occurs within 8 days, requires a non-dialyzable factor in the blood. The non-dialyzability of the factor and the previous reports of a large increase in blood protein levels at low salinity might ...

Salinity and temperature tolerance of juvenileMesopodopsis orientalis: laboratory studies

Separate and combined effects of changes in salinity and water temperature on the survival of laboratory hatched juvenileMesopodsis orientalis were investifated. Full strength seawater (35‰) was not favorable to juvenile survival. Salinities down to 10% seawater were tolerated when subjected to sudden exposure, but salinity acclimation increased juvenile ability to tolerate even fresh water. Water temperatures tolerated by the animals ranged from 12°C to 33°C. Salinities of 30% to 60% seawater and water temperatures of 22°C to 28°C were most favorable to the juveniles. Experimental results were compared with field observations and a relationship between the salinity and temperature of seawater and abundance of juveniles in May to June, and November to January in Bombay coastal waters (west coast of India) was established. Seawater of reduced salinity was found to be a major factor for occurrence of juvenileM. orientalis in abundance.

The effects of salinity changes on respiration in the sandy-beach whelk Bullia digitalis (dillwyn)

1. 1. O 2 consumption of suspended Bullia digitalis decreases markedly in response to both elevated and lowered salinities. 2. 2. This decrease in O 2 uptake is accompanied by a decrease in activity. 3. 3. Changes in salinity initiate a cessation of the normal respiratory current through the siphon, thus protecting the pallial organs from osmotic stress. 4. 4. It is probable that this results in partial anaerobiosis.

The gill arch of the mullet, Mugil cephalus. II. Modification in surface ultrastructure and Na,K‐ATPase content during adaptation to various salinities

AbstractThe effect of salinity changes on the surface ultrastructure and Na, K‐ATPase content of the gill filament of mullent was determined using scanning electron microscopy and 3H‐ouabain binding. The number of ouabain binding sites/mg wet weight of tissue increased with increasing salinity. Mullet adapted to fresh water, or to salinities of 10, 26 and 45 g salt/liter exhibited ouabain binding capacities of about 1, 2, 4 and 5 pmoles ouabain bound/mg wet weight of tissue. Ouabain binding was strongly effected by ATP and KCI, whereas bound 3H‐ouabain was uneffected by the addition of unlabelled ouabain. Similarly, epithelial pores on the filament surfaces exhibited ultrastructural features which were indicative of the various salinities to which the fish were adapted. In fresh water, the pores were broad (average diameter 3‐6 μ) and shallow, and a cellular mass protruded from the pores above the epithelial surface. In 10 g salt/liter, the pores averaged 1–5 μ in diameter, were slightly deeper, and contained obvious, protruding cellular extensions. In 45 g salt/liter, the pores were narrower (average diameter 1–3 μ), considerably deeper, and exhibited fewer, less obvious cellular extensions in their interior. Because the pores likely represent the apical pits of ion secreting chloride cells and because the Na, K‐ATPase has been localized in chloride cells, these observations likely represent two different manifestations of the same process, adaption of chloride cells for osmotic regulation.

Entrainment of the locomotor rhythm ofCarcinusby cycles of salinity change

It is well known that intertidal animals exhibit temporal patterning of behaviour in which locomotor activity occurs at particular times of day and state of tide. Naylor & Atkinson (1976) postulate that such behavioural rhythms are partially controlled by endogenous timing processes which determine the approximate periodicity of a rhythm, as expressed in constant conditions in the laboratory, and that these circadian and circatidal rhythms are entrained by environmental variables which in nature synchronize the expression of behavioural rhythmicity at adaptively appropriate times. Several tidal variables, such as temperature, pressure, light and wave action, have been shown to synchronize and entrain endogenous rhythms (Palmer, 1974; Naylor & Atkinson, 1976) but so far there appears to be little evidence of entrainment of tidal rhythmicity in coastal animals by variations in salinity. A tidal rhythm ofresponsivenessto water of reduced salinity has been demonstrated by Arnold (1970) in the cirral activity ofBalanus balanoides(L.), but entrainment by this response inBalanushas not been tested. In any event the tidal rhythm of cirral activity inBalanus balanoideson the shore is not expressed in barnacles kept in constant conditions in the laboratory (Southward & Crisp, 1965) and therefore appears to be largely controlled by exogenous factors. It therefore seemed worthwhile to investigate the effects of salinity changes upon the locomotor rhythm ofCarcinus maenas(L.), the control of which by internal factors (Arechiga, Huberman & Naylor, 1974) and some external factors (Naylor & Atkinson, 1972) is well documented.

Chemical composition and physiological properties of fucoids under conditions of reduced salinity

Thallus segments of Fucus serratus L. and F. vesiculosus L. (Phaeophyceae, Fucales) were transferred into seawater media with a salinity range from 32.65 to 2.25‰ and maintained for at least 2 weeks. Several parameters of chemical composition as well as rates of photosynthetic and respiratory oxygen exchange, 14C-assimilate patterns, and release of 14C-assimilates into the culture medium have been investigated. Compared to controls, in both species dry weight, ash, chloride, and mannitol contents distinctly decline proportionally to reduction of salinity in the incubation media, whereas content of total N (in terms of protein content) remarkably increase. Respiratory O2-consumption is markedly increased at lower salinities, whereas rate of photosynthetic O2-evolution shows some depression. Relatively little effects of salinity changes are observed in distribution of photosynthetically assimilated 14C among the major groups of photosynthates. Release of 14C-assimilates into the incubation medium never exceeds 2% of total 14C-uptake, but is stimulated in media of reduced salt content. The results are discussed with emphasis on phenomena of long-term adaptation and osmoregulation in the marine fucoid species.

Effects of salinity changes on growth and metabolism of the marine centric diatom Cyclotella cryptica

Cyclotella cryptica grows well over a wide range of salinities and can therefore be considered a euryhaline species. The content of chlorophylls a and c of this diatom varies little in the medium salinity range but declines markedly in long-term experiments at both the high and low salinity extremes.Transfer of cells from low to high salinities causes a stress condition evidenced by a lag phase in growth, probably resulting from temporary plasmolysis and decreased photosynthetic and protein synthesis capacities. These stress conditions are also associated with rapid accumulation of free amino acids, including proline, either from photoassimilated carbon or from heterotrophic assimilation of glucose in the dark. Transfer of cells back to low salinity conditions results in rapid decreases in these amino acids.

The influence of salinity on a tropical estuarine shipworm Nausitora hedleyi Schepman (Bivalvia - Teredinidae)

Species belonging to the genus Nausitora (Bivalvia - Teredinidae) are generally confined to brackish waters. In the Cochin backwaters, a tidal estuary on the southwest coast of India, this genus is represented by the species N. hedleyi Schepman. Fresh settlement of the species in the area is noticed only during the period of low salinity, though the species of found to exist, throughout the year. Tests conducted to ascertain the effect of salinity changes on the activity of the borer showed that though it can endure a wide range, the optimum salinity range for early development was from 11.24–14.54%.

The general biology of Verruca stroemia (O. F. Müller). IV. Effect of salinity and temperature on survival, behaviour, and osmotic relations

The effect of changes in salinity and temperatures on the survival and osmotic behaviour of Verruca stroemia (O.F. Müller) have been investigated. The species is an ‘osmoconformer’ over a wide range of salinities, but the haemolymph is maintained slightly hypertonic to the medium. The species survives over a wide range of salinities. The ecological implications of the observations are discussed.

FUNGI OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY AND ITS TRIBUTARIES. III. THE DISTRIBUTION OF WOOD‐INHABITING ASCOMYCETES AND FUNGI IMPERFECTI OF THE PATUXENT RIVER

The effects of changes in salinity and temperature on the distribution of wood‐inhabiting Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti in the Patuxent River were studied. Forty‐one species of Ascomycetes and 83 species of Fungi Imperfecti were collected; Pyrenomycetes and dematiaceous Hyphomycetes predominated. Salinity was the most important factor affecting the distribution of fungi, and the major change in species composition occurred where freshwater and saltwater mix. The ratio of Ascomycetes to Fungi Imperfecti increased with increasing salinity, while the number of species collected generally decreased. Triadelphia heterospora Shearer and Crane was collected only at low temperatures and appears to be the only regularly occurring species whose distribution was affected by temperature. The interaction of temperature and salinity did not affect the distribution of four species that occurred regularly at wide ranges of temperature and salinity. Species composition differed between two limnetic stations, one above and the other below the discharge points of two sewage treatment plants.