Effects Of Retraining Research Articles

A questionnaire on troubles about communication and informed consent and the effects of retraining for Aichi prefecture emergency life-saving technicians retraining program attenders

A questionnaire on troubles about communication and informed consent and the effects of retraining for Aichi prefecture emergency life-saving technicians retraining program attenders

Virtual conferences for professional training and retraining

The aim of the study is to optimize the structure of training to ensure the formation of professional skills. The task is the definition of e-learning tools that should be used to ensure the effectiveness of professional training and retraining. The object of the study are especially implementation of competence-based approach in higher education, the subject of study – the use of LMS tools during trainings and business games for the masters of economics. The study is experimental and was conducted in the disciplines which form a cycle of continuous mathematical training. Virtual learning environments, which are used in the educational process are Moodle and Google Classroom. It was shown the effectiveness of visual conference for the formation of professional skills not only students full-time study, but also for professionals undergoing training or retraining. Further research in this area should be associated with the development of the system of assessment of independent work of the student and his work during a visual conference.

Longevity of attentional bias modification effects for food cues in overweight and obese individuals

Accumulating evidence shows that overweight individuals exhibit an attentional bias for food and that this bias can be modified. This study investigated the longevity of such modification effects. Using a dot probe paradigm, a community sample of overweight and obese women (N = 104) was trained to direct attention towards (‘attend’) or away from (‘avoid’) food pictures. Participants completed five weekly training sessions. Attentional bias was measured before and after training, at 24 h and one-week follow-up. To increase generalisability, at each of the post-training and follow-up assessments, participants were shown a mix of old and new food pictures. They also completed another implicit bias measure, i.e. a word stem task. Attentional bias for food increased in the ‘attend’ group and decreased in the ‘avoid’ group. These retraining effects were maintained at 24 h and one-week follow-up, and extended to new food pictures. Participants in the ‘avoid’ group also produced relatively fewer food words on the word stem task than those in the ‘attend’ group. Results are consistent with predictions of cognitive-motivational models that attentional biases are malleable. They further suggest that attentional bias modification, which targets the implicit processes that underlie the heightened food responsivity in overweight individuals, could help combat pathological (over)eating.

Mixed effectiveness of rTMS and retraining in the treatment of focal hand dystonia

Though the pathophysiology of dystonia remains uncertain, two primary factors implicated in the development of dystonic symptoms are excessive cortical excitability and impaired sensorimotor processing. The aim of this study was to determine the functional efficacy of an intervention combining repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and sensorimotor retraining. A randomized, single-subject, multiple baseline design with crossover was used to examine participants with focal hand dystonia (FHD) (n = 9). Intervention: 5 days rTMS + sensorimotor retraining (SMR) vs. Five days rTMS + control therapy (CTL) (which included stretching and massage). The rTMS was applied to the premotor cortex at 1 Hz at 80% resting motor threshold for 1200 pulses. For sensorimotor retraining, a subset of the Learning-based Sensorimotor Training program was followed. Each session in both groups consisted of rTMS followed immediately by 30 min of the therapy intervention (SMR or CTL). Contrary to our hypothesis, group analyses revealed no additional benefit from the SMR training vs. CTL. When analyzed across group however, there was significant improvement from the first baseline assessment in several measures, including tests of sensory ability and self-rated changes. The patient rated improvements were accompanied by a moderate effect size suggesting clinical meaningfulness. These results provide encouragement for further investigation of rTMS in FHD with a need to optimize a secondary intervention and determine likely responders vs. non-responders.

Effectiveness of cognitive retraining for patients with MCI, ftd, and pd: An indian study

Effectiveness of cognitive retraining for patients with MCI, ftd, and pd: An indian study

The Effect of Attribution Retraining on the Academic Achievement of High School Students in Mathematics

This research explored the effect of attribution retraining on high school students’ academic performance in mathematics. The purpose of the study was to modify students’ attributions regarding their achievement in mathematics and to teach them adaptive styles of attributions. Sixty-seven students from grades 10 and 11 conducted the Attribution Questionnaire as a pre-test. Twenty-two students were chosen for the experimental group based on their low score on the questionnaire. The control group which had been selected from the other 45 students was formed by matching their results in mathematics with that of the experimental group. Both the experimental and control groups were equal in number (n=22). The study used a pretest-posttest control group design with matching. Although, random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups was not performed, the research design is a form of quasi-experimental one. The results demonstrated the positive effect of attribution retraining on students’ academic achievement in mathematics and their attribution styles. In adopting adaptive attributions, students in the experimental group were able to view their success as a result of effort and ability rather than luck and task difficulty. It is recommended that the training applied in this research be implemented in developmental guidance programs.

흉곽확장저항운동이 뇌졸중 환자의 흉곽가동범위와 최대흡기압에 미치는 영향

PURPOSE: This study compared the effects of chest expansion resistance exercise (CERE) and breathing retraining (BRT) on stroke patients' chest expansion and maximal inspiratory pressure(MIP), thereby intending to present an effective intervention method for enhancing their respiratory functions. METHODS: The subjects were 30 stroke patients and randomly and equally assigned to a CERE group (10), a BRT group (10), and a control group (10). The intervention was applied to each group five times per week, 30 minutes per each time, for six weeks. A tapeline was used to measure upper and lower chest expansion and MIP prior to and after the intervention and the results were compared. RESULTS: After the intervention, the upper and lower chest expansion was considerable in the CERE group (p<.01), significant in the BRT group (p<.05) but was not significant in the control group (p>.05). According to the post-hoc test result, the upper and lower chest of the CERE group and the BRT group significantly expanded compared to that of the control group (p<.05) and the upper and lower chest of the CERE group statistically significantly expanded relative to that of the BRT group (p<.05). According to the MIP evaluation result, the CERE group saw considerable improvement (p<.01) and the BRT group underwent significant changes (p<.05), but there were no significant changes in the control group (p>.05). The post-hoc test result was that the CERE group and the BRT group saw significant improvement compared to the control group (p<.05) and the CERE group experienced statistically significant enhancement relative to the BRT group (p<.05). CONCLUSION: As an intervention for respiratory function improvement, CERE is considered effective for strengthening respiratory muscles and promoting chest expansion through manual resistance by a therapist.

Effects of attribution retraining on the perceived career barriers of undergraduate nursing students

Background/purposeTo evaluate the effects of attribution retraining on the perceived career barriers of undergraduate nursing students and to foster positive attributional styles. MethodsNinety-four undergraduate nursing students were recruited and randomly divided into two groups: the attribution retraining group and the control group. All students were assessed by the perceived career barriers inventory before and after the eight-week study. ResultsAttribution retraining significantly influenced the students' perceived career barriers. The mean scores of vocational knowledge, professional knowledge, and social ability of the experimental group were significantly reduced compared to the control group (p < 0.05). ConclusionAttribution retraining provides opportunities for improving the undergraduate nursing students' vocational knowledge, professional knowledge, and social ability. Attribution retraining should be encouraged in undergraduate nursing programs in order to reduce the nursing shortage in mainland China.

Lack of attentional retraining effects in cigarette smokers attempting cessation: A proof of concept double-blind randomised controlled trial

BackgroundObservational studies have shown that attentional bias for smoking-related cues is associated with increased craving and relapse. Laboratory experiments have shown that manipulating attentional bias may change craving. Interventions to reduce attentional bias could reduce relapse in smokers seeking to quit. We report a clinical trial of attentional retraining in treatment-seeking smokers. MethodsThis was a double-blind randomised controlled trial that took place in UK smoking cessation clinics. Smokers interested in quitting were randomised to five weekly sessions of attentional retraining (N=60) or placebo training (N=58) using a modified visual probe task from one week prior to quit day. Both groups received 21mg nicotine patches (from quit day onwards) and behavioural support. Primary outcomes included change in attentional bias reaction times four weeks after quit day on the visual probe task and craving measured weekly using the Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale. Secondary outcomes were changes in withdrawal symptoms, time to first lapse and prolonged abstinence. ResultsNo attentional bias towards smoking cues was found in the sample at baseline (mean difference=3ms, 95% CI=−2, 9). Post-training bias was not significantly lower in the retraining group compared with the placebo group (mean difference=−9ms, 95% CI=−20, 2). There was no difference between groups in change in craving (p=0.89) and prolonged abstinence at four weeks (risk ratio=1.00, 95% CI=0.70, 1.43). ConclusionsTaken with one other trial, there appears to be no effect from clinic-based attentional retraining using the visual probe task. Attentional retraining conducted out of clinic may prove more effective. Clinical trial registrationUK Clinical Trials ISRCTN 54375405.

Six weeks' aerobic retraining after two weeks' immobilization restores leg lean mass and aerobic capacity but does not fully rehabilitate leg strength in young and older men.

To determine the effect of aerobic retraining as rehabilitation after short-term leg immobilization on leg strength, leg work capacity, leg lean mass, leg muscle fibre type composition and leg capillary supply, in young and older men.Subjects and design: Seventeen young (23 ± 1 years) and 15 older (68 ± 1 [standard error of the mean; SEM] years) men had one leg immobilized for 2 weeks, followed by 6 weeks' bicycle endurance retraining. Maximal voluntary contraction, leg work capacity (Wmax), and leg lean mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry were measured at inclusion, after immobilization and after 3 and 6 weeks' retraining. Muscle biopsies were evaluated for fibre type, fibre area, and capillarization. Immobilization decreased maximal voluntary contraction (-28 ± 6% and -23 ± 3%); Wmax (-13 ± 5% and -9 ± 4%) and leg lean mass (only in young, -485 ± 105g) in young and older men, respectively. Six weeks' retraining increased maximal voluntary contraction (34 ± 8% and 17 ± 6%), Wmax (33 ± 5% and 20 ± 5%) and leg lean mass (only in young 669 ± 69 g) in young and older men, respectively, compared with the immobilized value. Short-term leg immobilization had marked effects on leg strength, and work capacity and 6 weeks' retraining was sufficient to increase, but not completely rehabilitate, muscle strength, and to rehabilitate aerobic work capacity and leg lean mass (in the young men).

Sustained effects of attentional re-training on chocolate consumption

Background and objectivesAccumulating evidence shows that cognitive bias modification produces immediate changes in attentional bias for, and consumption of, rewarding substances including food. This study examined the longevity of these attentional bias modification effects. MethodsA modified dot probe paradigm was used to determine whether alterations in biased attentional processing of food cues, and subsequent effects on consumption, were maintained at 24-h and one-week follow-up. One hundred and forty-nine undergraduate women were trained to direct their attention toward (‘attend’) or away from (‘avoid’) food cues (i.e., pictures of chocolate). Within each group, half received a single training session, the other half completed 5 weekly training sessions. ResultsAttentional bias for chocolate cues increased in the ‘attend’ group, and decreased in the ‘avoid’ group immediately post training. Participants in the ‘avoid’ group also ate disproportionately less of a chocolate food product in a so-called taste test than did those in the ‘attend’ group. Importantly, the observed re-training effects were maintained 24 h later and also one week later, but only following multiple training sessions. LimitationsThere are a number of limitations that could be addressed in future research: (a) the inclusion of a no-training control group, (b) the inclusion of a suspicion probe to detect awareness of the purpose of the taste test, and (c) the use of different tasks to assess and re-train attentional bias. ConclusionsThe results showed sustained effects of attentional re-training on attentional bias and consumption. They further demonstrate the importance of administering multiple re-training sessions in attentional bias modification protocols.

The Effect of Reduced Physical Activity and Retraining on Blood Lipids and Body Composition in Young and Older Adult Men.

We studied the effect of physical inactivity and subsequent retraining on cardiovascular risk factors in 17 young (Y; 23.4 ± 0.5 years) and 15 older adult (O; 68.1 ± 1.1 years) men who underwent 14 days of one leg immobilization followed by six weeks of training. Body weight remained unchanged. Daily physical activity decreased by 31 ± 9% (Y) and 37 ± 9% (O) (p < .001). Maximal oxygen uptake decreased with inactivity (Y) and always increased with training. Visceral fat mass decreased (p < .05) with training. Concentrations of lipids in blood were always highest in the older adults. FFA and glycerol increased with reduced activity (p < .05), but reverted with training. Training resulted in increases in HDL-C (p < .05) and a decrease in LDL-C and TC:HDL-C ratio (p < .05). A minor reduction in daily physical activity for two weeks increased blood lipids in both young and older men. Six weeks of training improved blood lipids along with loss of visceral fat.

PROBABILISTIC APPROACH TO DOMAIN SELECTION FOR INTEGRATING THE NORMAL’S FIELD IN 3D RECONSTRUCTION

The method of integrating normal’s field is improved by using the proposed algorithm for breaking local areas based on Schwartz equations. It was proposed local criteria of splitting normal’s onto local areas, which is crucial for the next step of building the sequence chain. The process of classification in case of reducing the training set to select regions of integration is investigated. The reason for the effect of retraining is conditioned with a minimal number of errors on the training sample. It is shown that stratification of algorithms by mistakes and increasing their similarities reduce the likelihood of the retraining. Proposed approaches are implemented as a software and are suitable for the broad class of real surfaces.

Effect of exercise and gait retraining on knee adduction moment in people with knee osteoarthritis

The knee adduction moment represents the medial knee joint load, and greater value is associated with higher load. In people with knee osteoarthritis, it is important to apply proper treatment with the least side effects to reduce knee adduction moment and, consequently, reduce medial knee joint load. This reduction may slow the progression of knee osteoarthritis. The research team performed a literature search of electronic databases. The search keywords were as follows: knee osteoarthritis, knee adduction moment, exercise program, exercise therapy, gait retraining, gait modification and knee joint loading. In total, 12 studies were selected, according to the selection criteria. Findings from previous studies illustrated that exercise and gait retraining programs could alter knee adduction moment in people with knee osteoarthritis. These treatments are noninvasive and nonpharmacological which so far have no or few side effects, as well as being low cost. The results of this review revealed that gait retraining programs were helpful in reducing the knee adduction moment. In contrast, not all the exercise programs were beneficial in reducing knee adduction moment. Future studies are needed to indicate best clinical exercise and gait retraining programs, which are most effective in reducing knee adduction moment in people with knee osteoarthritis.

Effects of Multi-Component Exercise and Retraining after Detraining on Functional Fitness and Cognitive Function in Elder People with Mild Dementia

Background: With rapid growth in the number of older Koreans and prevalence of dementia, exercise has been emphasized as first, second and third prevention of dementia. A few study, however, investigate effects of detraining and retraining in demented elders. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 24 week exercise followed by 12 week detraining and retraining on physical and cognitive function in demented seniors.

Biased attentional processing of food cues and modification in obese individuals.

This paper reports two experiments designed to investigate and modify biased attentional processing of food cues in obesity. Experiment 1: Experiment 1 used a dot probe task to show a food-related attentional bias in 58 obese women, relative to a comparison sample of normal weight controls. Experiment 2: Experiment 2 examined whether this bias can be modified. Using a modified dot probe task, 96 obese women were trained to attend to, or to avoid, food pictures. Attentional bias for food increased in the attend group, and decreased in the avoid group. The attentional retraining effects generalized to an independent measure of biased information processing, such that participants in the avoid group produced relatively fewer food than animal words on a subsequent word stem completion task than those in the attend group. The results extend the application of attentional bias modification from anxiety and addiction to obesity. They also offer potential scope for tackling pathological (over)eating.

Breathing exercises for dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome in children.

Dysfunctional breathing is described as chronic or recurrent changes in breathing pattern causing respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms. It is an umbrella term that encompasses hyperventilation syndrome and vocal cord dysfunction. Dysfunctional breathing affects 10% of the general population. Symptoms include dyspnoea, chest tightness, sighing and chest pain which arise secondary to alterations in respiratory pattern and rate. Little is known about dysfunctional breathing in children. Preliminary data suggest 5.3% or more of children with asthma have dysfunctional breathing and that, unlike in adults, it is associated with poorer asthma control. It is not known what proportion of the general paediatric population is affected. Breathing training is recommended as a first-line treatment for adults with dysfunctional breathing (with or without asthma) but no similar recommendations are available for the management of children. As such, breathing retraining is adapted from adult regimens based on the age and ability of the child. To determine whether breathing retraining in children with dysfunctional breathing has beneficial effects as measured by quality of life indices.To determine whether there are any adverse effects of breathing retraining in young people with dysfunctional breathing. We identified trials for consideration using both electronic and manual search strategies. We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE. We searched the National Research Register (NRR) Archive, Health Services Research Projects in Progress (HSRProj), Current Controlled Trials register (incorporating the metaRegister of Controlled Trials and the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) to identify research in progress and unpublished research. The latest search was undertaken in October 2013. We planned to include randomised, quasi-randomised or cluster-randomised controlled trials. We excluded observational studies, case studies and studies utilising a cross-over design. The cross-over design was considered inappropriate due to the purported long-lasting effects of breathing retraining. Children up to the age of 18 years with a clinical diagnosis of dysfunctional breathing were eligible for inclusion. We planned to include children with a primary diagnosis of asthma with the intention of undertaking a subgroup analysis. Children with symptoms secondary to cardiac or metabolic disease were excluded.We considered any type of breathing retraining exercise for inclusion in this review, such as breathing control, diaphragmatic breathing, yoga breathing, Buteyko breathing, biofeedback-guided breathing modification and yawn/sigh suppression. We considered programmes where exercises were either supervised (by parents or a health professional, or both) or unsupervised. We also considered relaxation techniques and acute episode management as long as it was clear that breathing exercises were a component of the intervention.Any intervention without breathing exercises or where breathing exercises were not key to the intervention were excluded. We planned that two authors (NJB and MJ) would extract data independently using a standardised form. Any discrepancies would be resolved by consensus. Where agreement could not be reached a third review author (MLE) would have considered the paper. We identified 264 potential trials and reviews from the search. Following removal of duplicates, we screened 224 papers based on title and abstract. We retrieved six full-text papers and further evaluated them but they did not meet the inclusion criteria. There were, therefore, no studies suitable for inclusion in this review. The results of this systematic review cannot inform clinical practice as no suitable trials were identified for inclusion. Therefore, it is currently unknown whether these interventions offer any added value in this patient group or whether specific types of breathing exercise demonstrate superiority over others. Given that breathing exercises are frequently used to treat dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome, there is an urgent need for well-designed clinical trials in this area. Future trials should conform to the CONSORT statement for standards of reporting and use validated outcome measures. Trial reports should also ensure full disclosure of data for all important clinical outcomes.

Effects of short-term disuse and retraining at young and old age: Neural and muscular factors

Effects of short-term disuse and retraining at young and old age: Neural and muscular factors

Effect of Running Retraining on Pain, Function, and Lower-Extremity Biomechanics in a Female Runner With Iliotibial Band Syndrome

Iliotibial-band syndrome (ITBS) is a common overuse running injury. There is inconclusive evidence to support current management strategies, and few advances have been made in the past few years. New management approaches should thus be developed and evaluated. To assess the effects of a real-time running-retraining program on lower-extremity biomechanics, pain while running, and function. Single-subject experimental study. University motion-analysis laboratory. Female recreational runner with ITBS. Nine real-time running-retraining sessions were implemented based on the biomechanical alterations of the participant's symptomatic lower limb, including pelvic and knee movement in the transverse plane, as well as foot movement in the frontal plane. Real-time visual feedback of the pelvic-rotation angle was provided during the running-retraining sessions. 3-dimensional lower-extremity running kinematics, pain on a verbal analog scale while running on a treadmill, and the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS). Pelvic external rotation decreased, although the aim was to increase pelvic external rotation and knee rotation. The foot-progression angle improved after the intervention and at 1-mo follow-up. There was a 12.5% improvement in running time, and the pain score while running improved by 50% postintervention; these improvements were maintained at 1-mo follow-up. The mean LEFS score, indicative of function, improved by 8.75% and by 10% at the end of the intervention and at 1-mo follow-up, respectively. The real-time running-retraining program improved pain while running, as well as function, and was effective in addressing the lower-limb biomechanical alterations of the knee and foot in a female runner with ITBS. The application, effectiveness, and feasibility of real-time training should be addressed in larger studies in the future.

Effects of Breathing Retraining on behavior in emergency

Effects of Breathing Retraining on behavior in emergency