Effects Of Regular Exercise Training Research Articles

Effects of Obesity and Exercise on Hepatic and Pancreatic Lipid Content and Glucose Metabolism: PET Studies in Twins Discordant for BMI.

Obesity and sedentarism are associated with increased liver and pancreatic fat content (LFC and PFC, respectively) as well as impaired organ metabolism. Exercise training is known to decrease organ ectopic fat but its effects on organ metabolism are unclear. Genetic background affects susceptibility to obesity and the response to training. We studied the effects of regular exercise training on LFC, PFC, and metabolism in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for BMI. We recruited 12 BMI-discordant monozygotic twin pairs (age 40.4, SD 4.5 years; BMI 32.9, SD 7.6, 8 female pairs). Ten pairs completed six months of training intervention. We measured hepatic insulin-stimulated glucose uptake using [18F]FDG-PET and fat content using magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after the intervention. At baseline LFC, PFC, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GT), and hepatic glucose uptake were significantly higher in the heavier twins compared to the leaner co-twins (p = 0.018, p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). Response to training in liver glucose uptake and GT differed between the twins (Time*group p = 0.04 and p = 0.004, respectively). Liver glucose uptake tended to decrease, and GT decreased only in the heavier twins (p = 0.032). In BMI-discordant twins, heavier twins showed higher LFC and PFC, which may underlie the observed increase in liver glucose uptake and GT. These alterations were mitigated by exercise. The small number of participants makes the results preliminary, and future research with a larger pool of participants is warranted.

Bone marrow metabolism is affected by body weight and response to exercise training varies according to anatomical location.

High body weight is a protective factor against osteoporosis, but obesity also suppresses bone metabolism and whole-body insulin sensitivity. However, the impact of body weight and regular training on bone marrow (BM) glucose metabolism is unclear. We studied the effects of regular exercise training on bone and BM metabolism in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for body weight. We recruited 12 monozygotic twin pairs (mean ± SD age 40.4 ± 4.5 years; body mass index 32.9 ± 7.6, mean difference between co-twins 7.6 kg/m2 ; eight female pairs). Ten pairs completed the 6-month long training intervention. We measured lumbar vertebral and femoral BM insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) using 18 F-FDG positron emission tomography, lumbar spine bone mineral density and bone turnover markers. At baseline, heavier co-twins had higher lumbar vertebral BM GU (p < .001) and lower bone turnover markers (all p < .01) compared with leaner co-twins but there was no significant difference in femoral BM GU, or bone mineral density. Training improved whole-body insulin sensitivity, aerobic capacity (both p < .05) and femoral BM GU (p = .008). The training response in lumbar vertebral BM GU was different between the groups (time × group, p = .02), as GU tended to decrease in heavier co-twins (p = .06) while there was no change in leaner co-twins. In this study, regular exercise training increases femoral BM GU regardless of weight and genetics. Interestingly, lumbar vertebral BM GU is higher in participants with higher body weight, and training counteracts this effect in heavier co-twins even without reduction in weight. These data suggest that BM metabolism is altered by physical activity.

Effect of regular exercise training on platelet function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy individuals: A systematic review

IntroductionRegular exercise training is essential in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet the beneficial effects of exercise remain only partly explained. Platelets play a key role in CVD and may be affected by regular exercise training. We aimed to systematically summarise studies investigating the effect of regular exercise training on platelet function in patients with CVD and in healthy individuals. MethodsStudies were identified by PubMed, Embase and Web of Science May 16, 2022. We selected studies investigating markers of platelet function in relation to regular exercise training in patients with CVD and in healthy individuals. Regular exercise was defined as exercise training for four weeks or more. ResultsOf the included studies, 11 investigated patients with CVD and 29 were on healthy individuals. Studies were heterogeneous regarding design, study population and methodology, and the results were ambiguous. In total, 52 different markers of platelet function were investigated with platelet aggregation, soluble P-selectin, and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) as the most frequently examined. When evaluating between-group changes after regular exercise, two studies found a reduced platelet aggregation in the exercise group whilst three studies did not find a difference between groups. With respect to TXB2, three studies reported a reduction and two studies an increase in the exercise group. There were no between-group differences in the seven studies examining soluble P-selectin. ConclusionRegular exercise training has no clear impact on platelet function in patients with CVD or healthy individuals. Prospero registrationCRD42022350539.

The effect of regular exercise training on gene expression of Autophagy related protein 5 (ATG5) and Autophagy related protein 7 (ATG7) of white adipose tissue of mice with a high-fat diet

هدف: مطالعات نشان داده­اند که آتوفاژی (فرایند خود تجزیه­ای وابسته به لیزوزوم) در بافت چربی افراد چاق دارای تغذیه پرچرب افزایش تنظیمی می­یابد. پروتئین­های مرتبط به آتوفاژی یعنی ATG5و ATG7 در مراحل اولیه فرایند آتوفاژی نقش کلیدی ایفا می­کنند. از طرف دیگر نشان داده شده است که تمرینات ورزشی ، بدعملکردی یا بدسازگاری بافت چربی، که در افراد چاق بروز مییابد، را از طریق سازوکارهای سلولی مختلف اصلاح می­کنند. از این رو، این سوال مطرح می­شود که آیا تمرینات ورزشی می­تواند بیش تنظیمی آتوفاژی، که در بافت چربی افراد چاق و دارای تغذیه پرچرب بروز می­یابد، را تعدیل نماید. بنابراین، هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی اثر تمرین منظم ورزشی بر بیان ژن­های 5GTA و 7GTA در بافت چربی سفید موشهای دارای تغذیه پرچرب است. مواد و روشها: 12 سر موش سوری نر نژاد 6/LB57C با سن تقریبی چهار هفته و با وزن تقریبی 12 گرم از مرکز مطالعات تجربی و مقایسه‌ای دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران خریداری شدند. این موش­ها به صورت تصادفی در سه گروه؛ کنترل (هفت سر)، تغذیه پرچرب (هفت سر) و تمرین ورزشی –تغذیه پرچرب (هفت سر) جای گرفتند. موشهای گروه تغذیه پرچرب، بهمدت 21 هفته رژیم غذایی پرچرب (24 درصد) دریافت کردند. موش­های گروه­ تمرین ورزشی-تغذیه پرچرب، علاوه بر اینکه رژیم غذایی پرچرب دریافت می­کردند، بهمدت شش هفته، تحت تمرین استقامتی تداومی بر روی نوارگردان قرار گرفتند. پس از پایان مداخله پژوهش، موش­ها بی­هوش شدند و بافت چربی احشائی منطقه اپیدیدیمال برای اندازه­گیری آزمایشگاهی با جراحی خارج شد. برای اندازه­گیری بیان نسبی ژن های یعنی 5GTA و 7GTA از روش RCP-emiT laeR استفاده شد. داده های پژوهش از طریق آزمون تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی تحلیل آماری شدند. نتایج: داده­های این پژوهش نشان داد که بیان mRNAی ژن­های ATG5 و ATG7 در بافت چربی گروه تغذیه پرچرب در مقایسه با گروه کنترل بیش از دو برابر بیشتر بود (p<0.05). همچنین بیان mRNA ی این ژنها در گروه تغذیه پرچرب-تمرین ورزشی در قیاس با گروه کنترل بیشتر بود (10.0>p). مهم­تر اینکه بیان ژن 7GTA در گروه تغذیه پرچرب-تمرین ورزشی در قیاس با گروه تغذیه پرچرب 5/1 برابر بیشتر بود (50.0>p). با این حال، بیان ژن 5GTA در گروه تغذیه پرچرب-تمرین ورزشی در قیاس با گروه تغذیه پرچرب تفاوت معنی دار نداشت (50.0<p). نتیجه­گیری: نتایج این پژوهش دلالت بر این دارد که تغذیه پرچرب در طولانی مدت موجب افزایش بیان ژنهای عوامل دخیل در مرحله اولیه فرایند آتوفاژی (یعنی 5GTA و 7GTA) در بافت چربی سفید می­شود و تمرین منظم ورزشی، افزایش بیان ژن 7GTA ناشی از تغذیه پرچرب را تقویت می­کند، اما این تمرین، میزان بیان افزایش یافته 5GTA ناشی از تغذیه پرچرب را تغییر نمی­دهد. بر این اساس می­توان استدلال کرد که توام شدن تمرین ورزشی و تغذیه پرچرب موجب تحریک بیشتر سازوکار آتوفاژی در بافت چربی سفید میشود که احتمالاً سازگاری مثبتی در جهت نمو بافت چربی باشد.

Immunoprotecting Effects of Exercise Program against Ovarian Cancer: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Simple SummaryThe impact of exercise on the immune system is pleiotropic, and our knowledge about how exercise-triggered mechanisms affect cancer risk and progression is incomplete. Although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the protective effect of exercise against cancer, there is a lack of experimental evidence in cancer survivors, which is related to immunity. In addition, no specific mechanism has been proposed for exercise-induced suppression of cancer cells through improving innate immunity in ovarian cancer survivors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of regular exercise training on physical fitness, including body composition and innate immunocytes, in ovarian cancer survivors.Exercise is known to help the immune function of cancer survivors after cancer cell removal, but there is little information about the effect of exercise on ovarian cancer survivors. We conducted this study to investigate the effects of exercise training on the physical fitness and innate immunity of ovarian cancer survivors (OCS). Twenty-seven OCS between forty-two and sixty-one years of age volunteered for this study. The participants were divided into a control group (COG, n = 15) and an exercise group (EXG, n = 12). The mean (SD) age was 51.07 (5.67) years, and the mean post-operation period was 45.96 (5.88) months. EXG participated in regular exercise training 6 days a week for 12 weeks. Body weight, fat mass, and body mass index of EXE were significantly decreased compared with those of COG. The muscle mass in EXE was increased compared to that of COG. Physical fitness factors showed positive changes in EXG compared to COG. We found that exercise training enhanced lymphocyte and neutrophil counts of leucocytes and total natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cell counts of lymphocytes through improved body composition and physical fitness after 12 weeks. Moreover, we found that improved innate immune cells through the exercise program were achieved through an increase in NKG2D+NK receptors and a decrease in KIR2DL3+NK receptors in OCS.

Short‐term exercise‐induced protection of cardiovascular function and health: why and how fast does the heart benefit from exercise?

Regular exercise training has potent and powerful protective effects against the development of cardiovascular disease. These cardioprotective effects of regular exercise training are partly explained through the effects of exercise on traditional cardiovascular risk factors and improvement in cardiac and vascular health, which take several weeks to months to develop. This review focuses on the observation that single bouts of exercise may also possess an underrecognized, clinically useful form of immediate cardioprotection. Studies, performed in both animals and humans, demonstrate that single or short‐term exercise‐induced protection (SEP) attenuates the magnitude of cardiac and/or vascular damage in response to prolonged ischaemia and reperfusion injury. This review highlights preclinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that SEP activates multiple pathways to confer immediate protection against ischaemic events, reduce the severity of potentially lethal ischaemic myocardial injury, and therefore act as a physiological first line of defence against injury. Given the fact that the extent of SEP could be modulated by exercise‐related and subject‐related factors, it is important to recognize and consider these factors to optimize future clinical implications of SEP. This review also summarizes potential effector signalling pathways (i.e. communication between exercising muscles to vascular/cardiac tissue) and intracellular pathways (i.e. reducing tissue damage) that ultimately confer protection against cardiac and vascular injury. Finally, we discuss potential future directions for designing adequate human and animal studies that will support developing effective SEP strategies for the (multi‐)diseased and aged individual.Key points Single or short‐term exercise‐induced protection (SEP) attenuates the magnitude of cardiac and/or vascular damage in response to prolonged ischaemia and reperfusion injury (IR injury).SEP activates multiple pathways to confer cardiac protection, which develops remotely at the site of the activated muscle by release of circulating molecules, which transfer towards activation of intramyocardial signalling that promotes cell survival during episodes of IR injury.SEP represents an attractive intervention in aged individuals and in those with co‐morbidities. The immediate protection, low cost and simplicity to increase the ‘dose’ of SEP offers unique opportunities in the clinical applications of SEP.

Interactions between insulin and exercise.

The interaction between insulin and exercise is an example of balancing and modifying the effects of two opposing metabolic regulatory forces under varying conditions. While insulin is secreted after food intake and is the primary hormone increasing glucose storage as glycogen and fatty acid storage as triglycerides, exercise is a condition where fuel stores need to be mobilized and oxidized. Thus, during physical activity the fuel storage effects of insulin need to be suppressed. This is done primarily by inhibiting insulin secretion during exercise as well as activating local and systemic fuel mobilizing processes. In contrast, following exercise there is a need for refilling the fuel depots mobilized during exercise, particularly the glycogen stores in muscle. This process is facilitated by an increase in insulin sensitivity of the muscles previously engaged in physical activity which directs glucose to glycogen resynthesis. In physically trained individuals, insulin sensitivity is also higher than in untrained individuals due to adaptations in the vasculature, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In this paper, we review the interactions between insulin and exercise during and after exercise, as well as the effects of regular exercise training on insulin action.

Remedial role of exercise training to deep-fried oil-induced metabolic and histological changes in Wistar rats.

Exercise training is a well-known lifestyle to maintain good health. The present study was conducted to explore the effect of regular exercise training (for 15min) on biochemical, physiological, and histological changes in fried oil intake (5g/kg body weight, for 5weeks) with or without raw oil supplementation. Liver disease and heart muscle injury were accounted for by significant (p<.05) increase in liver and heart biomarker enzymes in serum. Creatinine and urea level were also significantly increased in the fried oil-fed group as a sign of kidney injury. But all the biological markers including triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was decreased significantly (p<.05) in the exercise-trained rat group. These metabolic changes were substantiated by the histological study of respective organs. Therefore, people should avoid repeatedly deep-fried oil consumption rather than fresh ones though regular exercise training has been found to resolve these metabolic abnormalities. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Exercise training is a common practice to reduce the onset of some metabolic abnormalities for example cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic kidney disease, and also prevents various cell and tissue damages. Repeated frying of vegetable oil not only reduces its nutritional value but also produce free fatty acids and other toxic compounds. The present study revealed that repeatedly heated vegetable oil consumption causes injuries in the heart, liver, kidney, and small intestine by the oxidative products. As a result, the level of biomarkers of these responsive organs was found to be elevated. But regular exercise training ameliorated these detrimental effects. So, in terms of public health concern, regular exercise is one of the best ways to keep the body fit especially those who are consuming deep-fried oil.

Effect of Exercise on Cardiovascular Function Following Spinal Cord Injury: A REVIEW.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with a reduced level of physical activity, deterioration of patient body composition, metabolic profile, quality of life, and psychological functioning. As a result, risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases and CVD-related death occurs at an earlier age than in individuals without SCI. Regular participation in exercise has been shown to exert beneficial effects also in patients with SCI. In this review, we analyze and discuss the effects of regular exercise training in SCI on cardiovascular function, autonomic function of the cardiovascular system, arterial stiffness, metabolism, inflammation, and gene expression.

Effect of Physical Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity and the Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors of Patients with T2DM: A Systematic Review

Introduction: This study was undertaken to verify effect of regular exercise training on insulin sensitivity and the modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, and to determine if there was any effect from the different regular exercises. Methods: A database search using PRISMA examined articles from Scopus, ScienceDirect and ProQuest. The inclusion criteria were that the article used a randomized controlled trial within the last 10 years, that the respondents were people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and that only physical exercise was the intervention involved. In total, 1,303 articles were screened and 16 articles were included that fit the criteria of inclusion in this systematic review. Results: Based on the review of the 15 articles, the findings show that regular exercise training has some benefits related to glycemic control. It can reduce insulin resistance, plasma insulin, fasting blood glucose, postpandrial blood glucose and hbA1c. . Moreover, physical exercise has other benefits for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, such as an increased peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) and decreased c-reactive protein (CRP) level. Conclusion: Regular exercise training has benefits for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and it can allow them to achieve of optimal glycemic control by improving insulin resistance and decreasing the cardiovascular risk factors. Physical exercise such as combined exercises (aerobic and resistance exercise) or a single exercise such as aerobic exercise can be recommended to improve insulin sensitivity and the modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in patients with T2DM.

Early intervention exercise training does not delay prostate cancer progression in Pten−/− mice

There is convincing evidence that men with advanced prostate cancer experience improved quality of life as a result of exercise therapy, although there is limited preclinical, and no clinical, data to directly support the notion that exercise training improves prostate cancer prognosis or outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of regular exercise training on the early stages of prostate cancer progression, as well as assessing whether alterations to prostate cancer metabolism are induced by exercise. Mice with prostate-specific deletion of Pten (Pten-/- ) remained sedentary or underwent 6 weeks of endurance exercise training or high-intensity exercise training involving treadmill running. At the conclusion of the training period, the prostate lobes were excised. A portion of fresh tissue was used to assess glucose, glutamine, and fatty acid metabolism by radiometric techniques and a second portion was fixed for histopathology. Despite the implementation of an effective exercise regime, as confirmed by improvements in running capacity, neither prostate mass, cell proliferation or the incidence of high-grade prostate intraepithelial hyperplasia or noninvasive carcinoma in situ were significantly different between groups. Similarly, neither glucose uptake, oxidation and de novo lipogenesis, glutamine oxidation, or fatty acid uptake, oxidation and storage into various lipids were significantly different in prostate tissue obtained from untrained and exercise trained mice. These results show that 6 weeks of moderate or high-intensity exercise training does not alter substrate metabolism in the prostate or slow the progression of Pten-null prostate cancer. These results question whether exercise is a useful therapy to prevent or delay prostate cancer progression.

P1269EXERCISE TRAINING FOR IMPROVING SLEEP QUALITY IN PATIENTS WITH END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Abstract Background and Aims Sleep disorders are commonly experienced by patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) which influence the quality of life severely and may cause high risk of cardiovascular events. People with ESKD may constrain the use of neuroleptic medications which can lead to dependence if used in the longer-term. As non-pharmacological intervention, exercise training was suggested as based therapy to improve the quality of life. We conducted a systematic review to assess the efficacy of exercise training for improving sleep quality in dialysis patients with ESKD. Method Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of regular exercise training on sleep quality in patients with ESKD were included. Searching was conducted in CENTRAL, EMBASE, PUBMED, CINAHL, WEB OF SCIENCE, and 3 Chinese databases (CBM, CNKI, WANFANG), date from inception to May 2019. Risk of bias was assessed. The quality and strength of evidence were evaluated by GRADE framework. Study selection, data extraction and methodological quality assessment were performed independently by two researchers. Results were reported as mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). This systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO (CRD42019141630). Results Twelve RCTs were included, which involving 753 participants. Methodological quality of studies and strength of evidence were assessed from low to moderate. Eleven trials included patients who receiving regular hemodialysis (HD) and one trial included patients that receiving either regular HD or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The major type of exercise was aerobic training during hemodialysis session (7 RCTs), followed by intradialytic resistance exercise, intradialytic mixed training, and interdialytic aerobic exercise. Most studies set exercise 3 times per week with moderate intensity, lasting 20∼60 minutes per session, and treatment duration for 2∼6 months. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire, Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQoL-SF) questionnaire, University of Massachusetts Weekly Sleep Questionnaire (UMass WSQ), visual analogue scale (VAS), and sleep fragmentation index (SFI) based on patient-reported outcomes were measured for testing sleep quality. By measuring with PSQI questionnaire (scale 0-21, lower is better), the sleep quality was improved with regular exercise comparing with usual care (5 RCTs, 296 participants, MD -4.92, 95%CI -6.54 to -3.30, I2=88%, moderate certainty evidence). The result was similar with KDQoL-SF questionnaire (4 items assessing sleep quality, higher is better) (3 RCTs, 328 participants, MD 8.75, 95%CI 2.06 to 15.43, I2=54%, low certainty evidence). However, there was no significant different in sleep diary by measuring with UMass WSQ (2 RCTs, 46 participants, MD -0.48, 95%CI -4.05 to 3.09, I2=59%, low certainty evidence). There was only one study measured with VAS and SFI, so we didn’t analyze it into meta-analysis. Conclusion Regular exercise appeared to be beneficial to improve sleep quality in patients with dialysis, especially intradialytic aerobic training. Given the growing challenge of pharmacological dependence, there is necessary to design high quality RCTs for non-pharmacological interventions such as exercise training.

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TRAINING ON AGING-RELATED NAD+/SIRT1 PATHWAY IN MIDDLE-AGED AND AGED MICE

Background and objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of regular exercise training on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/sirtuin 1 (NAD+/SIRT1) signaling protein levels in skeletal muscles of middle-aged and old-aged mice. Material and methods Experimental animals were 40 male C57BL/6 mice out of which 20 were 38-week-old (middle-aged) and the other 20 were 58-week-old (aged). They were divided into four groups: middle-aged control (MC), middle-aged exercise (ME), aged control (AC), and aged exercise (AE) groups (n = 10, each group). ME and AE groups performed exercise training five times weekly for 8 weeks using animal treadmill, after which gastrocnemius muscles were excised and analyzed. Results After 8 weeks of intervention, protein levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), SIRT1, forkhead box protein 1 (FOXO1), and NAD+ levels were significantly lower in AC group than in MC group (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, AMPK, SIRT1, FOXO1, NAD+, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1&alpha;) levels were significantly higher in ME and AE groups that exercised for 8 weeks than in MC and AC groups that did not exercise (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that aging and exercise training have opposite effects on the NAD+/SIRT1 pathway in gastrocnemius muscles and that exercise training can be effective in up-regulation of the aging-related NAD+/SIRT1 pathway.

Effect of regular exercise training on heart rate variability parameters: A cross-sectional study

Backgrounds: Sedentary lifestyle has given rise to a huge problem of lifestyle diseases which are affecting our day-to-day living and work. Exercises alter cardiac autonomic functions of the body. Heart rate variability (HRV) also has prognostic significance for cardiovascular diseases. Aim and Objective: The aim of this study is to compare pulse, blood pressure (BP), and HRV parameters among regular exercise group and sedentary groups. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 50 healthy medical students of age 19–23 years with permission from the Institutional Human Ethics committee. Subjects were divided into two groups. Group I consists of 25 apparently healthy subjects who have regularly run/walk/swimming for at least the past 6 months. Regular practice was defined as run/walk/swimming in 150 min in a week and Group II consists of 25 apparently healthy individuals of sedentary lifestyle who carried out only their daily chores and did not do any form of extra physical exercise to improve their physical fitness. This non-exercise regimen was continued for 6 months. Pulse, BP, and HRV parameters among both groups compared. Results: Resting heart rate, systolic BP, and diastolic BP were significantly lower in exercise groups than non-exercise groups. There were insignificantly higher low-frequency (LF) (normalized unit [nu]) and LF/high-frequency (HF) ratio in non-exercise group compared to exercise groups. There was insignificantly higher HF (nu) in exercise group compared to non-exercise groups. Conclusion: HRV also has prognostic significance for cardiovascular diseases. Our finding suggestive of parasympathetic dominance in regular exercise group compared to sedentary group. Regular exercise regime has many advantages and helps also to prevent from lifestyle diseases.

Microparticle Responses to Aerobic Exercise and Meal Consumption in Healthy Men.

Microparticles (MP) are shed extracellular vesicles that express the prothrombotic tissue factor (TF). Aerobic exercise may reduce MP count and TF expression. This study investigated the impact of acute running or rest followed by standardized meal consumption on MP phenotypes and TF expression. Fifteen males (age, 22.9 ± 3.3 yr; body mass, 81.9 ± 11.4 kg; V˙O2max, 54.9 ± 6.5 mL·kg·min; mean ± SD) completed 1 h of running (70% V˙O2max) or rest at 9:00 AM and consumed a standardized meal (1170 kcal, 43% CHO, 17% PRO, 40% fat) at 10:45 AM. Venous blood samples were taken at 9:00 AM, 10:00 AM, and 11:30 AM. The MP concentration, diameter, phenotypes, and TF expression were assessed using nanoparticle tracking analysis and flow cytometry. Nanoparticle tracking analysis identified no changes in MP concentration or diameter in response to time or trial. Flow cytometry revealed total MP count increased from 9:00 AM to 10:00 AM (1.62 ± 2.28 to 1.74 ± 2.61 × 10 L, P = 0.016, effect size (η) = 0.105), but was unaffected by trial. TF platelet-derived MP % reduced from 9:00 AM to 10:00 AM (44.0% ± 21.2% to 21.5% ± 9.3%, P = 0.001, η = 0.582) after exercise only (control, 36.8% ± 18.2% to 34.9% ± 11.9%; P = 0.972). TF neutrophil-derived MP percentage reduced from 9:00 AM to 11:30 AM (42.3% ± 17.2% to 25.1% ± 14.9%; P = 0.048, η = 0.801) in the exercise trial only (control, 28.5% ± 15.7% to 32.2% ± 9.6%; P = 0.508). Running induced a significant reduction in %TF platelet and neutrophil MP, suggesting a transient reduction in cardiovascular risk via reduced TF-stimulated thrombosis. This requires further investigation over longer periods in cardiovascular disease populations.

Exercise Prescription for Children with Chronic Kidney Disease

: Chronic Kidney Disease in children is one of the most important topics in public health imposing a great burden on the patient’s family and the health organizations. Several parameters including cardiovascular impairment, muscle wasting, anemia, and physical inactivity lead to exercise intolerance in these patients. There is a lot of evidence in favor of the positive effect of regular exercise training in improvement of muscle function, exercise capacity and life quality in the subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Understanding the barriers, motivators and benefits of exercise may aid us to design the CKD-specific behavior change programs to improve their physical activity. To achieve the greatest benefit from exercise in children with CKD, exercise should be prescribed individually for them based on disease condition, physiological and psychological parameters and the patient’s limitations.

Characterization of the dynamic changes in left ventricular morphology and function induced by exercise training and detraining

BackgroundAlthough exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy has been intensively investigated, its development and regression dynamics have not been comprehensively described. In the current study, we aimed to characterize the effects of regular exercise training and detraining on left ventricular (LV) morphology and function. MethodsRats were divided into exercised (n = 12) and control (n = 12) groups. Exercised rats swam 200 min/day for 12 weeks. After completion of the training protocol, rats remained sedentary for 8 weeks (detraining period). Echocardiographic follow-up was performed regularly to obtain LV long- and short-axis recordings for speckle-tracking echocardiography analysis. Global longitudinal and circumferential strain and systolic strain rate were measured. LV pressure-volume analysis was performed using additional groups of rats to obtain haemodynamic data. ResultsEchocardiographic examinations showed the development of LV hypertrophy in the exercised group. These differences disappeared during the detraining period. Strain and strain rate values were all increased after the training period, whereas supernormal values rapidly reversed to the control level after training cessation. Load-independent haemodynamic indices, e.g., preload recruitable stroke work, confirmed the exercise-induced systolic improvement and complete regression after detraining. Conclusions and translational aspectOur results provide the first comprehensive data to describe the development and regression dynamics of morphological and functional aspects of physiological hypertrophy in detail. Speckle-tracking echocardiography has been proven to be feasible to follow-up changes induced by exercise training and detraining and might provide an early possibility to differentiate between physiological and pathological conditions.

Responses of Muscle Mitochondrial Function to Physical Activity: A Literature Review

Skeletal muscles play an active role in regulating the metabolic homeostasis through their ability for relating to adipose tissue and endocrine hormones. Contraction of the skeletal muscle leads to increased release of several myokines, such as irisin, which is able to interact with the adipose tissue. Physical activity promotes the irisin mechanism by augmenting the peroxisomes (PGC1-α) in the skeletal muscle. Afterwards, an elevation occurs in the membrane protein of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in muscle, ultimately resulting in production of irisin. The expression of irisin and FNDC5 converts white adipose into the brown type and increases energy consumption by the whole body hindering obesity and diabetes. The effects of regular exercise training on preventing obesity, diabetes, and the related complications, as well as improving health have already been proven. However, the point is that these beneficial effects are due to the cellular-molecular mechanisms, which are still under discussion. In this review, we searched the online databases, including scientific information database (SID), Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus. The following keywords were used: training, physical activity, myokine, adipose tissue, PRDM16, PGC-1α, PPARγ, SIRT1, FGF21, bone morphogenetic protein, neurugolin, VEGF, and IL-15. All the articles, including research studies, review articles, descriptive and analytical studies, in addition to cross-sectional researches published during 1998-2017 were reviewed. According to the obtained results, it seems that expression of irisin and FNDC5 converts the white adipose into brown adipose resulting in increased energy consumption. It has been proven in the literature that regular exercise training prevents obesity, diabetes, and the related complications, as well as improving health.

Effect of regular exercise training on changes in HbA1c, BMI and VO2max among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 8-year trial

ObjectiveThe effects of regular exercise on the health promotion of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been well documented. The present study investigated the long-term effects of regular...

Time-course effects of aerobic physical training in the prevention of cigarette smoke-induced COPD.

A previous study by our group showed that regular exercise training (ET) attenuated pulmonary injury in an experimental model of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) in mice, but the time-course effects of the mechanisms involved in this protection remain poorly understood. We evaluated the temporal effects of regular ET in an experimental model of chronic CS exposure. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: Control (sedentary + air), Exercise (aerobic training + air), Smoke (sedentary + smoke), and Smoke + Exercise (aerobic training + smoke). Mice were exposed to CS and ET for 4, 8, or 12 wk. Exercise protected mice exposed to CS from emphysema and reductions in tissue damping and tissue elastance after 12 wk (P < 0.01). The total number of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage increased in the Smoke group, mainly due to the recruitment of macrophages after 4 wk, neutrophils and lymphocytes after 8 wk, and lymphocytes and macrophages after 12 wk (P < 0.01). Exercise attenuated this increase in mice exposed to CS. The protection conferred by exercise was mainly observed after exercise adaptation. Exercise increased IL-6 and IL-10 in the quadriceps and lungs (P < 0.05) after 12 wk. Total antioxidant capacity and SOD was increased and TNF-α and oxidants decreased in lungs of mice exposed to CS after 12 wk (P < 0.05). The protective effects of exercise against lung injury induced by cigarette smoke exposure suggests that anti-inflammatory mediators and antioxidant enzymes play important roles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development mainly after the exercise adaptation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY These experiments investigated for the first time the temporal effects of regular moderate exercise training in cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We demonstrate that aerobic conditioning had a protective effect in emphysema development induced by cigarette smoke exposure. This effect was most likely secondary to an effect of exercise on oxidant-antioxidant balance and anti-inflammatory mediators.