Effects Of Regular Exercise Training Research Articles

Effects of Regular Exercise Training and Acute Exhaustive Exercise on Serum SOD Responses: The Possibility of Serum SOD as Health- Related Indicator

In the current study, serum SOD activity was analyzed to evaluate the effects of regular exercise training and an acute bout of exhaustive maximal exercise for the development of health related indicator analysis technology. It was hypothesized that trained men who have been participated in regular exercise training would have higher SOD activity than the untrained men, and serum SOD activity would be increased after acute exhaustive exercise by increased ROS production. 16 college-age male volunteers (21.3 ± 2.2 years) were recruited. Among them, eight was elite Taekwondo players (trained group), and they were participated in regular exercise training. Other eight was healthy untrained students (untrained group). The untrained subjects had no previously experience of regular training. All subjects were prescreened prior to being accepted as a subject. The subjects performed a maximal graded-exercise test with Bruce protocol on a treadmill ergometer. Blood samples were taken before, and immediately after, and 1 hour after exercise, and serum SOD activities were analyzed. The data were analyzed by SPSS program using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. There was no significant group × time interaction or group effects for serum SOD activity. However, a significant time effect occurred in the change of serum SOD activity among three measurement time points (P < 0.001). Serum SOD activity after immediately after exhaustive exercise was significantly lower compared with pre-exercise and 60 minutes post exercise, independent of group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that serum SOD activity is not the best health-related indicator to demonstrate the effect of acute and regular exercise training on antioxidant defense system.

Habitual Endurance Exercise And Vascular Mechanical Biomarkers Derived From Arterial Reservoir Pressure Analyses

A number of vascular mechanical biomarkers have been developed and proposed to predict cardiovascular outcomes. Among them, systolic (SC) and diastolic rate constants (DC) of reservoir pressure waveform have recently been shown to predict future cardiovascular events in large cohort studies. Impairments in arterial reservoir functions can result in a larger reservoir pressure wave with accelerated reservoir filling rate (higher SC) and faster reservoir emptying rate (higher DC). Currently, the effects of regular exercise training on these vascular biomarkers are unknown. PURPOSE: We determined the role of habitual aerobic exercise on well-established vascular function measures and novel arterial reservoir pressure parameters by using both cross-sectional and interventional approaches. METHODS: First, we studied 60 apparently healthy, normotensive adults who were either sedentary (SED) or endurance-exercise trained (ET). Second, we studied 16 sedentary healthy subjects before and after a 3-month endurance training, and their data were compared with a sedentary time control group (N=10). RESULTS: The cross-sectional analyses showed that ET had higher aerobic fitness, carotid artery distensibility, and lower pulse wave velocity compared with SED. Of the reservoir pressure waveform analysis, ET demonstrated a lower DC, the rate of reservoir pressure decay during diastole phase, than SED. DC was negatively associated with aerobic fitness and positively associated with central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) and pulse wave velocity. In the intervention approach, regular aerobic exercise reduced cSBP and DC. Changes in cSBP were positively associated with SC. CONCLUSIONS: Both cross-sectional and interventional approaches consistently demonstrate that regular aerobic exercise modulates diastolic constant of reservoir pressure waveform that represents reservoir emptying. This may be one mechanism by which habitual endurance exercise lowers the risk of vascular diseases.

The Effectiveness Of Ischemic Preconditioning In Older Physically (in)active Males

Reperfusion is critical for the survival of ischemic tissue, but causes significant additional damage to the endothelium (ischemia-reperfusion [IR]). Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) refers to short repetitive episodes of ischemia, which has demonstrated to reduce IR injury. The protective effects of IPC against endothelial IR injury are attenuated with aging. Possibly, regular physical activity is able to 1) attenuate endothelial IR, and 2) restore effectiveness of IPC in older humans. PURPOSE: To compare endothelial IR-injury and the effectiveness of IPC to protect against endothelial IR-injury between older lifelong physically active versus inactive males. METHODS: We included 11 older athletes (63±4 years, >5 exercise hours/week) and 3 inactive controls (69±6 years, <1 exercise hours/week). We measured brachial artery endothelial function before and after IR injury using flow-mediated dilation (FMD). IR-injury was induced by 20-minute ischemia followed by 20 minutes of reperfusion. Prior to IR-injury, subjects underwent SHAM (35-minute rest) or IPC (3 cycles of 5-minute cuff inflation to 220 mmHg). The order of SHAM and IPC was randomly assigned to the participants. RESULTS: FMD% did not differ between athletes and inactive controls at baseline for SHAM (4.5±4.4% vs. 4.1±2.4%, p=0.87) or IPC (5.1±3.1% vs. 3.3±1.1%, p=0.37). IR-injury showed no significant decrease in FMD% in athletes (FMDpre 4.5±4.4% vs. FMDpost 3.0±2.0%, p=0.32), whereas FMD% markedly decreased in inactive controls (FMDpre 4.1±2.3% vs. FMDpost 0.5±2.5%, p=0.036). Applying IPC before IR-injury did not alter the change in %FMD in both athletes (FMDpre 5.1±3.2% vs. FMDpost 2.8±3.3%, p=0.17) and controls (FMDpre 3.3±1.1% vs. FMDpost 1.5±2.2%, p=0.19). No differences were observed in %FMD change between SHAM and IPC in athletes and inactive controls. CONCLUSIONS: Athletes demonstrate smaller endothelial IR-injury compared to their physically inactive peers. The cardio-protective effects of regular exercise training may, in part, relate to attenuating endothelial IR-injury. Finally, lifelong regular exercise training seems unable to alter the age-related attenuated efficacy of IPC against endothelial IR-injury.

Exercise Training In Pregnancy For Women With Bmi ≥ 28. A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: Maternal obesity is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes, and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) is further increasing the risk. Previous lifestyles interventions during pregnancy have shown conflicting results, and have often combined effects of physical activity with dietary guidance. Our aim was to assess the effects of regular exercise training during pregnancy on gestational weight gain (GWG) and incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) of 28 kg/m2 or more. METHODS: This was a randomized controlled trial, which included women with a pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) ≥ 28. Baseline testing and randomization to exercise or control were done in gestational week 12-18. We measured weight at baseline and at birth, GDM at baseline and gestational week 36 (late pregnancy). GDM was defined by a fasting oral 75 g glucose tolerance test ≥ 6,9 mmol/L and/or 2 hours ≥ 7,8 mmol/L. The exercise was supervised, 3 times per week; 35 minutes of moderate treadmill walking/running and 25 minutes of resistance training for large muscle groups. The control group received standard maternity care. Statistical analyses were done on basis of «intention to treat», with use of linear mixed model and mixed-effect logistic regression. RESULTS: 91 participants were randomized; 46 to exercise and 45 to control. 18 women were lost to follow up (8 exercise, 10 control). 47,7 % in the exercise group performed the training per protocol. At baseline mean weight in the exercise group was 95,5 ± 12,3 kg (BMI 33,9 ± 3,8 kg/m2), in the control group 98,3 ± 14,2 kg (BMI 35,2 ± 4,4 kg/m2). There was no difference in GWG between the exercise and control group (98,3 10,2 ± 5,2 kg and 9,36 ± 7,5 kg, respectively, p = 0.84). At baseline, 3 women in each group had GDM, whereas 2 women in exercise and 8 women in the control group had GDM in late pregnancy (p = 0.086). 2 of the women with GDM at baseline did not fulfill the criteria for GDM at late pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Regular exercise during the pregnancy among overweight/obese women did not reduce GWG, compared to a non-exercising control group. The women in the training group had a tendency of lower incidence of GDM in late pregnancy.

The Effect of Regular Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of regular exercise training on insulin sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using the pooled data available from randomised controlled trials. In addition, we sought to determine whether short-term periods of physical inactivity diminish the exercise-induced improvement in insulin sensitivity. Eligible trials included exercise interventions that involved ≥3 exercise sessions, and reported a dynamic measurement of insulin sensitivity. There was a significant pooled effect size (ES) for the effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity (ES, –0.588; 95% confidence interval [CI], –0.816 to –0.359; P<0.001). Of the 14 studies included for meta-analyses, nine studies reported the time of data collection from the last exercise bout. There was a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity in favour of exercise versus control between 48 and 72 hours after exercise (ES, –0.702; 95% CI, –1.392 to –0.012; P=0.046); and this persisted when insulin sensitivity was measured more than 72 hours after the last exercise session (ES, –0.890; 95% CI, –1.675 to –0.105; P=0.026). Regular exercise has a significant benefit on insulin sensitivity in adults with T2DM and this may persist beyond 72 hours after the last exercise session.

Regular moderate exercise training can alter the urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESPhysical exercise promotes energy producing pathways requiring thiamin and riboflavin as a coenzyme. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of regular exercise training on urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin.MATERIALS/METHODSFifty rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: non-exercise training (NT, n = 25) and regular exercise training (ET, n = 25) for 5 weeks. The rats performed moderate exercise on a treadmill (0.5-0.8 km/hour) for 30 min/day, 5 days/week. Twenty-four hour urine samples were collected at the end of the 0 week, 3rd week, and 5th week of training and thiamin and riboflavin were analyzed.RESULTSNo significant differences in thiamin and riboflavin intakes for each week were observed between the NT and ET groups. Urinary thiamin excretion of each group was the highest at the 5th week compared to the levels at 0 and 3rd week. Urinary thiamin at the 5th week was significantly lower in the ET group than in the NT group. Urinary riboflavin excretion was increased by training duration, however, no difference was observed between NT and ET for each week. At 0 and 3rd week, no significant relationships were observed between dietary intake and urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin, however, at the 5th week, urinary excretion was significantly increased by dietary intake only in the NT group (P < 0.05). Thiamin excretion of both NT and ET groups was significantly increased with riboflavin excretion at the 5th week (P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONRegular moderate exercise training increased urinary excretion of thiamin. Dietary intakes and urinary excretions of thiamin and riboflavin showed positive correlation in both the exercise training and non-exercise training groups as the exercise training period went by, while the correlations in the exercise training group were weaker than those in the non-exercise training group. Therefore, regular exercise training can alter the urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin in rats.

Exercise in muscle glycogen storage diseases.

Glycogen storage diseases (GSD) are inborn errors of glycogen or glucose metabolism. In the GSDs that affect muscle, the consequence of a block in skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown or glucose use, is an impairment of muscular performance and exercise intolerance, owing to 1) an increase in glycogen storage that disrupts contractile function and/or 2) a reduced substrate turnover below the block, which inhibits skeletal muscle ATP production. Immobility is associated with metabolic alterations in muscle leading to an increased dependence on glycogen use and a reduced capacity for fatty acid oxidation. Such changes may be detrimental for persons with GSD from a metabolic perspective. However, exercise may alter skeletal muscle substrate metabolism in ways that are beneficial for patients with GSD, such as improving exercise tolerance and increasing fatty acid oxidation. In addition, a regular exercise program has the potential to improve general health and fitness and improve quality of life, if executed properly. In this review, we describe skeletal muscle substrate use during exercise in GSDs, and how blocks in metabolic pathways affect exercise tolerance in GSDs. We review the studies that have examined the effect of regular exercise training in different types of GSD. Finally, we consider how oral substrate supplementation can improve exercise tolerance and we discuss the precautions that apply to persons with GSD that engage in exercise.

The effect of increased physical activity on pulmonary diffusing capacity in unfit women

The purpose of the study was to determine whether short-term high-intensity aerobic interval training improves resting pulmonary diffusing capacity for nitric oxide (DLNO) and carbon monoxide (DLCO). Twenty-eight sedentary women [mean (SD) age 32(11)years, body mass index 24.3(5.7)kgm(-2)] were randomly assigned to either a self-directed moderate-intensity physical activity (n=14) group or a supervised high-intensity aerobic interval training group (n=14). The moderate physical activity group and the aerobic interval training group increased weekly physical activity energy expenditure by 800 and 1600kcalweek(-1), respectively. After 6weeks, aerobic capacity increased to a similar exent in both groups (mean improvement8%, effect size0.39). The DLNO, but not DLCO, increased to a similar extent in both groups, by 4% or 3.0(5.7) [95% confidence interval 0.8, 5.2]mlmin(-1)mmHg(-1)m(-2) from pre- to post-training (effect size0.27). There was no correlation between the change in aerobic capacity and the change in DLNO (P>0.05) or between the change in aerobic capacity and the change in total weekly physical activity energy expenditure (P>0.05). Interval training does not provide additional improvements in DLNO or aerobic capacity compared with self-directed moderate-intensity physical activity (4-6metabolic equivalent tasks, 800kcalweek(-1), for 6weeks) in unfit women. Despite the slight improvement in both DLNO and aerobic capacity, true meaningful physiological changes in these parameters remain questionable.

Regular exercise training reduces coronary restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction

BackgroundIt is well known that cardiac rehabilitation (CR) including regular exercise training (ET) is cardioprotective with respect to clinical events in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, it is not known whether the regular ET may affect coronary restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting in AMI. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of regular ET on a stented coronary segment and its association with inflammatory markers in AMI. MethodsConsecutively 74 AMI patients who underwent PCI with implantation of a drug-eluting stent and 9month follow-up angiography were included. Thirty seven patients who received CR with ET were assigned to the ET group. Another 37 patients who did not participate in ET, of similar age to those of participants, were assigned to the control group. At 9months, angiographic restenosis measured as in-segment late luminal loss of the stented coronary artery was analyzed via quantitative coronary angiography using CAAS 5.9. ResultsThere were no significant differences in baseline characteristics including age, sex, body mass index, smoking, DM, hypertension, lipid profile, use of statin, and complete blood cell between two groups. On 9month follow-up angiography, late luminal loss per stent was significantly smaller in the ET group compared to the control group (0.14±0.57 vs. 0.54±0.88mm, p=0.02). Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) significantly improved in the ET group after 9months (27.9±6.4 vs. 30.8±5.2mL/kg/min, p<0.001). Increment in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly larger in the ET group at 9months (0.15±0.12 vs. 0.04±0.24mg/dL, p=0.03). ConclusionRegular ET contributes to a significant reduction in late luminal loss in the stented coronary segment in AMI patients. This effect was associated with increased exercise capacity and increased HDL-C.

Does regular aerobic training affect basal leptin level (difference between male and female)?

There is discrepancy about the effects of regular exercise training on basal leptin level and most of the existing data have been collected from obese/thin subjects. In this study, the effects of one year aerobic exercise was investigated in normal weight untrained healthy volunteer male and female subjects. The sample included 60 non-athletes, male and female university students. First, all samples were randomly divided into four groups. The practice program including selected aerobic exercises and volleyball drills with specific intensity was applied. The blood samples of subjects were taken once 24 h before the first section of the exercise program and 24 h after the last section of the exercise program. Resting plasma leptin level was determined using ELISA method in pre and posttest and in paired sample T test, whereas one way and two way (factorial) ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Studies show that basal plasma leptin levels in healthy young non-athlete individuals in response to regular exercise in the long term did not fluctuate.Aerobic exercise for one year showed no significant effect on plasma leptin levels (that is about the role of fat tissue as the most significant source of leptin), and it seems that it occurs because fat tissue in subjects did not change. Key words: Aerobic exercise, leptin, long- term, non-athlete.

Cardiovascular Consequences of Ovarian Disruption: A Focus on Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea in Physically Active Women

Evidence indicates that hypoestrogenemia is linked with accelerated progression of atherosclerosis. Premenopausal women presenting with ovulatory disruption due to functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) are characterized by hypoestrogenemia. One common and reversible form of FHA in association with energy deficiency is exercise-associated amenorrhea (EAA). Articles were found via PubMed search for both original and review articles based on peer review publications between 1974 and 2011 reporting on cardiovascular changes in women with FHA, with emphasis placed on women with EAA. Despite participation in regular exercise training, hypoestrogenic women with EAA demonstrate paradoxical changes in cardiovascular function, including endothelial dysfunction, a known permissive factor for the progression and development of atherosclerosis. Such alterations suggest that the beneficial effects of regular exercise training on vascular function are obviated in the face of hypoestrogenemia. The long-term cardiovascular consequences of altered vascular function in response to ovulatory disruption in women with EAA remain to be determined. Retrospective data, however, suggest premature development and progression of coronary artery disease in older premenopausal women reporting a history of hypothalamic ovulatory disruption. Importantly, in women with EAA, estrogen therapy, folic acid supplementation without change in menstrual status, and resumption of menses restores endothelial function. In this review, we focus on the influence of hypoestrogenemia in association with energy deficiency in mediating changes in cardiovascular function in women with EAA, including endothelial function, regional blood flow, lipid profile, and autonomic control of blood pressure, heart rate, and baroreflex sensitivity. The influence of exercise training is also considered. With the premenopausal years typically considered to be cardioprotective in association with normal ovarian function, ovarian disruption in women with EAA is of importance. Further investigation of the short-term, and potentially long-term, cardiovascular consequences of hypoestrogenemia in women with EAA is recommended.

Aerobic exercise attenuates pulmonary injury induced by exposure to cigarette smoke

It has recently been suggested that regular exercise reduces lung function decline and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among active smokers; however, the mechanisms involved in this effect remain poorly understood. The present study evaluated the effects of regular exercise training in an experimental mouse model of chronic cigarette smoke exposure. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups (control, exercise, smoke and smoke+exercise). For 24 weeks, we measured respiratory mechanics, mean linear intercept, inflammatory cells and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, collagen deposition in alveolar walls, and the expression of antioxidant enzymes, matrix metalloproteinase 9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)1, interleukin (IL)-10 and 8-isoprostane in alveolar walls. Exercise attenuated the decrease in pulmonary elastance (p<0.01) and the increase in mean linear intercept (p=0.003) induced by cigarette smoke exposure. Exercise substantially inhibited the increase in ROS in BAL fluid and 8-isoprostane expression in lung tissue induced by cigarette smoke. In addition, exercise significantly inhibited the decreases in IL-10, TIMP1 and CuZn superoxide dismutase induced by exposure to cigarette smoke. Exercise also increased the number of cells expressing glutathione peroxidase. Our results suggest that regular aerobic physical training of moderate intensity attenuates the development of pulmonary disease induced by cigarette smoke exposure.

Exercise Training in Pregnancy for obese women (ETIP): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundBoth maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain are increasing in prevalence and associated with a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes for both mother and child. Observational studies regarding physical activity in pregnancy have found reduced weight gain in active mothers, as well as reduced risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. There is however a lack of high quality, randomized controlled trials on the effects of regular exercise training in pregnancy, especially those with a pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) at or above 30 kg/m2.MethodsWe are conducting a randomised, controlled trial in Norway with two parallel arms; one intervention group and one control group. We will enroll 150 previously sedentary, pregnant women with a pre-pregnancy BMI at or above 30 kg/m2. The intervention group will meet for organized exercise training three times per week, starting in gestation week 14 (range 12-16). The control group will get standard antenatal care. The main outcome measure will be weight gain from baseline to delivery. Among the secondary outcome measures are changes in exercise capacity, endothelial function, physical activity level, body composition, serum markers of cardiovascular risk, incontinence, lumbopelvic pain and cardiac function from baseline to gestation week 37 (range 36-38). Offspring outcome measures include anthropometric variables at birth, Apgar score, as well as serum markers of inflammation and metabolism in cord blood.DiscussionThe results of this trial will provide knowledge about effects of regular exercise training in previously sedentary, obese pregnant women. If the program proves effective in reducing gestational weight gain and adverse pregnancy outcomes, such programs should be considered as part of routine pregnancy care for obese women.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01243554

The Effect of Regular Exercise Training on Serum Level of Malondialdehyde

Background and objective: Poly unsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs ) that contain two or more double bonds are particularly susceptible to oxidation by free radicals and other highly reactive species. Malondialdehyde( MDA) is one of many low molecular weight endproducts of lipid hydroperoxide decomposition and is the most often measured as an index of lipid peroxidation. The aim of the present study was to measure the serum level of MDA in healthy non athletics and athletics. Methods : This study was carried out during the period from April 2007 to September 2007 on 53 healthy non athletics (27 males and 26 females), and 31 healthy athletics (16 males and 15 females). Serum MDA level was measured colorimetrically using thiobarbituric acid method . Results: The mean value of serum MDA was significantly higher in healthy athletics than that of healthy non athletics (p&lt;0.05). The mean value of serum MDA in females was non significantly higher than that of males (p&gt;0.05) in both groups . The mean value of serum MDA was significantly higher in healthy non athletic smokers than that of non smokers (p&lt;0.001) . Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study , it can be concluded that regular exercise training causes excess lipid peroxidation and generation of significant amounts of MDA, one of the most important harmful free radicals .Therefore athletics should take a diet rich in antioxidants or appropriate amount of antioxidant vitamins ( A, C,and E) .

Effect of exercise training on ethanol-induced oxidative damage in aged rats

It is well known that lipid peroxidation increases with age, and alcohol drinking further exacerbates this damage. The present study determined the effect of regular exercise training on alcohol-induced oxidative damage and antioxidant status in the liver of aged animals. The age-matched Wistar albino rats (3 months young, n = 24; 18 months old, n = 24) were evenly divided into four groups: control (C), exercise trained (Ex), ethanol drinking (Et), and exercise plus ethanol drinking (Ex + Et). With ethanol drinking, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly elevated above control ( P < .001), whereas glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) contents were significantly decreased below control. These changes were found to be greater in the aged rats than those of the young rats. For both age groups, exercise training significantly reversed the increase in MDA and decreases in GSH and ascorbic acid induced by ethanol drinking. The present study showed that ethanol-induced deterioration in lipid peroxidation and reduction in antioxidant status in the liver were exacerbated with age. Here, we found that exercise training significantly reversed the adverse conditions that were caused by ethanol in aged rats.

No Influence of Noradrenaline Manipulation on Acute Exercise-Induced Increase of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

To examine the influence of a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) on the exercise-induced increase in circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, 11 young, healthy male subjects were treated with either placebo or reboxetine. On each occasion, they performed a 60-min cycling exercise at 55% of their maximal power output (Wmax) followed by a time trial (TT) at 75% of Wmax. HR and ratings of perceived exertion were measured. Blood samples were taken at four time points. An increase in serum BDNF was found after exercise without any influence of drug administration on BDNF levels. Serum BDNF returned to resting levels after 15 min of recovery. Time trial (TT) performance was significantly worse after reboxetine intake. Serum cortisol increased in both trials during and after exercise and was significantly higher in the reboxetine trial. Also, HR was increased with reboxetine intake, probably because of the sympathomimetic effect of SNRI. Midterm memory was significantly impaired after the exercise protocol without difference between reboxetine and placebo trial. The administration of an SNRI has no effect on the exercise-induced increase in BDNF. However, effects were seen on serum cortisol, HR, and memory. Future research should focus on the effect of regular exercise training in combination with several reuptake inhibitors in both healthy and depressed subjects on BDNF and memory.

Effect of Regular Exercise Training on Core Muscles and Throwing Performance in High School Pitchers

Effect of Regular Exercise Training on Core Muscles and Throwing Performance in High School Pitchers

Effects of Post‐absorptive and Postprandial Exercise on Glucoregulation in Metabolic Syndrome

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an acute exercise bout in the morning in the post-absorptive or postprandial state on the glycemic and insulinemic response to three standardized meals throughout the day. It is hypothesized that post-absorptive exercise enhances fat oxidation rate during exercise and thereafter attenuates the glucose and insulin response to subsequent meals. Seven sedentary males with metabolic syndrome (age, 45 +/- 11 years; BMI, 34 +/- 3 kg/m2) were studied in a crossover design comparing three conditions: no exercise, postprandial and post-absorptive exercise (at approximately 60% of the individual VO2max for 45 minutes). Substrate use was evaluated by indirect calorimetry during exercise. Venous blood samples were taken at regular (30- to 60-minute) intervals throughout the day, and glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations were determined. During exercise, a higher fat oxidation rate was observed in the post-absorptive than the postprandial state. The glycemic response to a standardized high-carbohydrate breakfast was lower when exercising after breakfast than when exercising before breakfast. There was no effect of either exercise mode on glucose and insulin response to lunch and supper. Post-absorptive exercise has the advantage of promoting fat use, whereas postprandial exercise can attenuate the glycemic response to breakfast. Neither exercise mode acutely induces improved glucoregulation later during the day. The impact of meal timing on the effects of regular exercise training on glycemic control in this population remains to be studied.

Anabolic effects of regular exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: association between ubiquitin-protein ligase MURF-1 expression and skeletal muscle size

Anabolic effects of regular exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: association between ubiquitin-protein ligase MURF-1 expression and skeletal muscle size

Changes in myocardial perfusion due to physical exercise in patients with stable coronary artery disease

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is one of the main therapy options for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), resulting in an improvement in myocardial perfusion and exercise capacity. Nevertheless, studies have also demonstrated a positive effect of regular exercise training on myocardial perfusion and maximum exercise capacity. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in myocardial stress perfusion after 1 year of exercise training in comparison with the effects of PTCA in patients with CAD. In 66 male patients with angiographically confirmed significant coronary artery stenosis in one target vessel, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy was performed at baseline and 12 months after randomisation into either a physical exercise group or a PTCA group. Circumferential count rate profiles in 16 wall segments were classified according to their relative count rate and localisation within or outside the area supplied by the stenosed vessel. Ischaemic segments showed a significant improvement in myocardial count rate within the target area after 12 months in both the PTCA and the training group (PTCA group: from 76.8+/-4.9% to 86.6+/-10.9%, p=0.03; training group: from 74.0+/-7.3% to 83.7+/-10.8%, p<0.01). Outside the target area only the training group showed a significant improvement (from 77.7+/-4.4% to 91.7+/-4.8%, p<0.01). Our data indicate a significant improvement in stress myocardial perfusion in the training group after 12 months. The ischaemia is reduced not only in the target region of the leading stenosis but also in other ischaemic myocardial areas. In contrast, after PTCA stress perfusion improves only in the initially ischaemic parts of the target area.