Effects Of Red Ginseng Research Articles

Effects of Red Ginseng on Neonatal Hypoxia-induced Hyperacitivity Phenotype in Rats

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 4-12% of chool-age children worldwide and is characterized by three core symptoms: hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. Although standard pharmacological treatments, such as methylphenidate and atomoxetine, are available, concerns about drug-induced psychological and cardiovascular problems, as well as growth retardation and sleep disturbances, highlight the continuing need for new therapeutic interventions. Using a neonatal hypoxia-induced hyperactivity model in rats, the potential positive role that oral administration of red ginseng extract may have in relation to the hyperactive phenotype was investigated. Hypoxia was induced in 2-day-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat pups by placing them in a nitrogen chamber for 15 min. The neonatal hypoxia-induced rats showed a significant increase in hyperactivity phenotype, such as increased movement duration, movement distance, and rearing frequency, which was determined by monitoring their spontaneous locomotor activity using the Ethovision video tracking system. One week of oral treatment with red ginseng extract decreased the hyperactivity phenotype of the neonatal hypoxia-induced rats and increased the locomotor activity of the control rats. In the neonatal hypoxia-induced rats, expression of the norepinephrine transporter in the forebrain was increased, and red ginseng treatment partially prevented its up-regulation, while increasing its level in the control rats. Taken together, these results suggest that red ginseng extract decreased the neonatal hypoxia-induced hyperactivity phenotype, although it increased locomotor activity in normal animals.

Effects of Red Ginseng Extract on Visual Sensitivity and ERG b-wave of Bullfrog's Eye

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of red ginseng (Panax ginseng) extracts on the visual process in bullfrog's eye. The results obtained indicated that both dark-adapted and light-adapted ERG b-wave peak amplitude was increased with red ginseng treatment. Furthermore, the ERG sensitivity was elevated by 1.4 log units of light intensity. It was found that red ginseng acts as a retinal neural antagonist but not as a GABA receptor antagonist. Red ginseng improved the alcohol dehydrogenase activity and speeded up the delivery of 11 CIS-retinal from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to the outer disc of the photoreceptors which resulted in decreased regeneration time of rhodopsin. In the spectral scan, red ginseng treatment brings an increment in absorbance over the whole spectral range (300-800 nm) with maximum difference at around 500 nm. It is concluded that red ginseng may be used to improve visual process, and can potentially be used to treat certain ophthalmic diseases.

한국 홍삼과 중국 홍삼의 경구 투여가 흰쥐의 림프구 증식과 Cytokine에 미치는 영향에 대한 비교 연구

Red ginseng is a medicinal herb widely used in East-Asia for a long time. Recently there have been a lot of studies about the effect of red ginseng on the immune responses. We investigated the differences between Korean red ginseng and Chinese red ginseng in the lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. The rats were divided into 3 groups, KRG(Korean Red Ginseng) group, CRG(Chinese Red Ginseng) group, and the Control group. Experimental groups were administered with Korean and Chinese red ginsengs for three months respectively. Then we obtained the lymphatic cells from spleen and compared the ability of KRG on the lymphocyte proliferation and the cytokine production after mitogen-stimulated culture to CRG. The proliferation of lymphocyte and level of <TEX>$IL-1{\alpha}$</TEX> were significantly increased only in KRG group. There were significant increases in the level of <TEX>$INF-{\gamma}$</TEX> in both KRG and CRG groups. There were no significant differences in the level of IL-2 and <TEX>$TNF-{\alpha}$</TEX>. These results indicate that KRG can induce infection-relevant immune responses much faster and higher than CRG. Furthermore, functional activation of CD8+ T-cell may be activated by red ginsengs.

Effects of Red Ginseng on Interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐8 and IL‐10 in Postoperative Patients with Colorectal Cancer

Objective: Red ginseng has been used traditionally as a medicine in Eastern Asia. Many clinical studies indicate that red ginseng has various anti-carcinogenic action of inhibiting angiogenesis and proliferation of cancer, and increasing immune activity. In this study, We report gene expression of red ginseng extract on interleukin(IL)-2, 8 and 10 in patients with colorectal cancer during postoperative chemotherapy. Method: 50 advanced colorectal cancer patients and 20 healthy control were included. Among 50 cancer patients, 25 were treated with the red ginseng powder capsules (3g/day for three months) and 25 were not treated. We collected blood samples from subjects at 0, 1 and 3months, an d measured serum levels of IL-2, IL-8 and IL-10 by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Result: Before operation, serum IL-2 level was lower in both ginseng and non-ginseng group, and serum IL-8 and IL-10 levels were higher in both the ginseng and non-ginseng group compared to healthy control. At 1 and 3 months after operation, serum IL-2 level was increased in ginseng group, and IL-8 and IL-10 levels were decreased in ginseng group compared to non-ginseng group, significantly (p<0.001). Serum IL-8 and IL-10 concentration was higher in both ginseng and non-ginseng group compared to control group. Conclusion: Thus, these results suggest that intake of red ginseng after surgery may have potential to improve anti-cancer immunity with repairing IL-2 and reducing IL-8 and IL-10 from the decreased IL-2 and increased IL-8 and IL-10 by colorectal cancer during postoperative chemotherapy.

자외선 B 조사 마우스에서 피부손상에 대한 홍삼의 효과

The effects of red ginseng (RG) on the changes of ultraviolet (UV) light B radiation-induced apoptotic sun-burn cell (SBC) and epidermal ATPase-positive dendritic cell (DC) in SKH 1-hr or ICR mouse were investigated. The mice were treated with UVB (<TEX>$200mJ/cm^2$</TEX>) and were sacrificed 24 hours later. RG (50 mg/kg of body weight) or vehicle (saline) was given i.p. at 36 and 12 hours before irradiation, and 30 minutes after irradiation. RG cream (0.2%) or cream base (vehicle) was also topically treated at 24 hours and 15 minutes before irradiation, and immediately after irradiation. The skin of SKH 1-hr mouse prepared from the back of untreated mice exhibited about 0.3 SBC/cm length of epidermis, and 24 hours after UV irradiation, the applied areas show an increased number of SBCs. But the frequency of UVB-induced SBC formation was significantly reduced by intraperitoneal injection of RG extract. The numbers of DC in normal ICR mouse were <TEX>$628.00{\pm}51.56\;or\;663.20{\pm}62.58\;per\;mm^2$</TEX> of ear epidermis. By 1 day after UVB treatment, the number of ATPase-positive <TEX>$cells/mm^2$</TEX> were decreased by 39.0% or 27.1% in i.p. or topical application group with vehicle. The frequency of UVB (<TEX>$200mJ/cm^2$</TEX>)-induced DC decrease was reduced by treatment of RG as 31.3% in i.p. group and 22.4% in topical application group compared with the irradiation control group. The results presented herein that RG administration could reduce the extent of skill damages produced by UVB.

Effects of red ginseng upon postoperative immunity and survival in patients with stage III gastric cancer.

In this paper, we present evidence that the red ginseng powder from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer inhibits the recurrence of AJCC stage III gastric cancer and shows immunomodulatory activities during postoperative chemotherapy, after a curative resection with D2 lymph node dissection. Flow cytometric analyses for peripheral T-lymphocyte subsets showed that the red ginseng powder restored CD4 levels to the initial preoperative values during postoperative chemotherapy. Depression of CD3 during postoperative chemotherapy was also inhibited by the red ginseng powder ingestion. This study demonstrated a five-year disease free survival and overall survival rate that was significantly higher in patients taking the red ginseng powder during postoperative chemotherapy versus control (68.2% versus 33.3%, 76.4% versus 38.5%, respectively, p < 0.05). In spite of the limitation of a small number of patients (n = 42), these findings suggest that red ginseng powder may help to improve postoperative survival in these patients. Additionally, red ginseng powder may have some immunomodulatory properties associated with CD3 and CD4 activity in patients with advanced gastric cancer during postoperative chemotherapy.

卵巣摘除ラットの骨減少症に対する紅参エキスの効果

卵巣摘除ラットの骨減少症に対する紅参エキスの効果

Effect of red ginseng on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and white coat hypertension.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the changes of diurnal blood pressure pattern after 8 weeks of red ginseng medication (4.5 g/day) by 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. In 26 subjects with essential hypertension, 24 hour mean systolic blood pressure decreased significantly (p = 0.03) while diastolic blood pressure only showed a tendency of decline (p = 0.17). The decrease in pressures were observed at daytime (8 A.M.-6 P.M.) and dawn (5 A.M.-7 A.M.). In 8 subjects with white coat hypertension, no significant blood pressure change was observed. We suggest that red ginseng might be useful as a relatively safe medication adjuvant to current antihypertensive medications.

Effects of red Ginseng on the congestive heart failure and its mechanism

Forty-five patients with class IV cardiac function were divided into three groups: group I (digoxin group), group II (Red Ginseng group) and group III (Red Ginseng plus digoxin group). Each group consisted of 15 cases. After treatment, the improvement of the hemodynamical and biochemical indexes of group II and group III were greater than those of group I, and group III was the most significant amongst all. The results suggested that Red Ginseng and digoxin had synergism for treatment of congestive heart failure, and Red Ginseng was an effective and safe adjuvant without any side effects.

Effect of Red Ginseng on Blood Pressure in Patients with Essential Hypertension and White Coat Hypertension Assessed by Twenty-Four-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

Effect of Red Ginseng on Blood Pressure in Patients with Essential Hypertension and White Coat Hypertension Assessed by Twenty-Four-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

Effect of red ginseng on blood pressure, heart rate and sympathetic activity in 5-hydroxydopamine treated rats

Effect of red ginseng on blood pressure, heart rate and sympathetic activity in 5-hydroxydopamine treated rats

Effect of red ginseng on blood pressure and heart rate in 5-hydroxydopamine treated rats.

Effect of red ginseng on blood pressure and heart rate in 5-hydroxydopamine treated rats.

Pharmacological study on Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. IV. Effects of red ginseng on experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation. (3). Effect of ginsenoside-Ro on the blood coagulative and fibrinolytic system.

The antithrombic activity of ginsenoside-Ro isolated from the roots of Panax ginseng C. A.MEYER was evaluated in experimental models of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)induced by infusion of endotoxin or thrombin in rats. Ginsenoside-Ro (50 mg/kg, p.o.) prevented the decrease of fibrinogen in endotoxin-induced DIC. Ginsenoside-Ro also inhibited the formation of fibrin thrombi in the renal glomeruli in thrombin-induced DIC.Ginsenoside-Ro showed a promotive effect on the activation of the fibrinolytic system as determined by the euglobulin lysis time (ELT) assay. The promotive effect of ginsenoside-Ro on the activation of the fibrinolytic system was inhibited by pretreatment with e-aminocaproic acid (an anti-plasmin agent), but not by pretreatment with promethazine or cyproheptadine (anti-chemical agents).

Pharmacological study on Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. III. Effects of red ginseng on experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation. (2). Effects of ginsenosides on blood coagulative and fibrinolytic systems.

Pharmacological study on Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. III. Effects of red ginseng on experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation. (2). Effects of ginsenosides on blood coagulative and fibrinolytic systems.

Pharmacological study on Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. II. Effects of red ginseng on the experimental gastric ulcer (1)

Anti-ulcerogenic activities of the 70% methanol extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER were examined in rats. The 70% methanol extracts were found to show inhibitory effects on the Shay-ulcer in pylorus-ligated rats, serotonin- and endotoxin-induced ulcer. Furthermore, in order to examine the mechanism of the 70% methanol extracts for the serotonin- and endotoxin-induced ulcer, the effects of the 70% methanol extracts on the gastric mucosal blood flow in rats were investigated. As a result, the 70% methanol extracts inhibited the decrease of gastric mucosal blood flow induced by serotonin and endotoxin.