Effects Of Rate Changes Research Articles

A DESCRIPTIVE MODEL FOR ANALYZING PROPOSED COST SHARING RATE CHANGES1

ABSTRACT: This article offers a procedure for identifying the primary effects of financing and cost sharing rates on four basic levels: program, technical, incidence, and comprehensive impacts. A process is developed for identifying these effects based upon two alternative approaches. One method would follow the effects of rate changes through the four levels of impact, another would look in depth at the consequences of rate changes on a particular impact. For this study the information and suggested changes found in the Section 80(c) Study were used to illustrate possible impacts. The process suggested herein could be used in anticipating impacts of any major policy change.

Mechanism of augmented premature responses in canine ventricular muscle.

HomeCirculation ResearchVol. 44, No. 5Mechanism of augmented premature responses in canine ventricular muscle. Free AccessAbstractPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessAbstractPDF/EPUBMechanism of augmented premature responses in canine ventricular muscle. H Iinuma and K Kato H IinumaH Iinuma Search for more papers by this author and K KatoK Kato Search for more papers by this author Originally published1 May 1979https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.44.5.624Circulation Research. 1979;44:624–629 Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By FRANZ M (2003) The Electrical Restitution Curve Revisited:, Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 10.1046/j.1540.8167.90303.x, 14:s10, (S140-S147), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2003. Watanabe M and Koller M (2002) Mathematical analysis of dynamics of cardiac memory and accommodation: theory and experiment, American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 10.1152/ajpheart.00351.2001, 282:4, (H1534-H1547), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2002. Kobayashi Y, Peters W, Khan S, Mandel W and Karagueuzian H (1992) Cellular mechanisms of differential action potential duration restitution in canine ventricular muscle cells during single versus double premature stimuli., Circulation, 86:3, (955-967), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1992. Morgan J, Cunningham D and Rowland E (1992) Electrical restitution in the endocardium of the intact human right ventricle., Heart, 10.1136/hrt.67.1.42, 67:1, (42-46), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1992. Sicouri S and Antzelevitch C (1991) A subpopulation of cells with unique electrophysiological properties in the deep subepicardium of the canine ventricle. The M cell., Circulation Research, 68:6, (1729-1741), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1991.Antzelevitch C, Sicouri S, Litovsky S, Lukas A, Krishnan S, Di Diego J, Gintant G and Liu D (1991) Heterogeneity within the ventricular wall. Electrophysiology and pharmacology of epicardial, endocardial, and M cells., Circulation Research, 69:6, (1427-1449), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1991. Litovsky S and Antzelevitch C (1989) Rate dependence of action potential duration and refractoriness in canine ventricular endocardium differs from that of epicardium: Role of the transient outward current, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90490-7, 14:4, (1053-1066), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1989. ENDRESEN K and AMLIE J (1989) Electrical Restitution and Conduction Intervals of Ventricular Premature Beats in Man: Influence of Heart Rate, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1989.tb05048.x, 12:8, (1347-1354), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1989. Tseng G (1988) Calcium current restitution in mammalian ventricular myocytes is modulated by intracellular calcium., Circulation Research, 63:2, (468-482), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1988.Hiraoka M and Kawano S (1987) Mechanism of increased amplitude and duration of the plateau with sudden shortening of diastolic intervals in rabbit ventricular cells., Circulation Research, 60:1, (14-26), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1987. (1997) Activity-dependent changes in the electrical behaviour of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 10.1098/rspb.1985.0073, 225:1241, (457-479), Online publication date: 22-Oct-1985. Franz M, Schaefer J, Schöttler M, Seed W and Noble M (1983) Electrical and mechanical restitution of the human heart at different rates of stimulation., Circulation Research, 53:6, (815-822), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1983.Hashimoto H, Suzuki K, Miyake S and Nakashima M (1983) Effects of calcium antagonists on the electrical alternans of the ST segment and on associated mechanical alternans during acute coronary occlusion in dogs., Circulation, 68:3, (667-672), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1983. Iinuma H, Dreifus L, Bianchi J and Michelson E (1983) Supernormal response and conduction in depressed isolated canine ventricular muscle exposed to high potassium concentration, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 10.1016/S0735-1097(83)80197-1, 1:3, (830-839), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1983. Blaustein A, Gaasch W, Adam D and Levine H (1981) Myocardial relaxation. V. Postextrasystolic contraction-relaxation in the intact dog heart., Circulation, 64:2, (345-351), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1981. Boyet M and Jewell B (1981) Analysis of the effects of changes in rate and rhythm upon electrical activity in the heart, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 10.1016/0079-6107(81)90003-1, 36, (1-52), . Coraboeuf E (1980) Voltage Clamp Studies of the Slow Inward Current The Slow Inward Current and Cardiac Arrhythmias, 10.1007/978-94-009-8890-3_3, (25-95), . May 1, 1979Vol 44, Issue 5 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics Copyright © 1979 by American Heart Associationhttps://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.44.5.624 Originally publishedMay 1, 1979 PDF download Advertisement

The Influence of Exchange Rate Changes on Prices: A Study of 18 Industrial Countries

A key issue in contemporary economic policy-making concerns the effect of rate changes on prices. The traditional view of rate movements, prevalent up to the 1 960s, took it almost for granted that a devaluation would reduce the foreign currency price of exports and increase the home currency price of imports. The empirical debate centred on the price elasticities of demand for those exports and imports. If the elasticities were sufficiently large, the devaluation would work; i.e., the volume effects (higher exports, lower imports) would outweigh the adverse movement in the terms of trade (cheaper exports, dearer imports) and the trade balance would improve (Robinson, 1947). This classic analysis was essentially static and was attacked on the grounds that it ignored the long-run effect on prices of a parity change. These effects are taken account of by the monetary view of the balance of payments, which stresses the effect of balance of payments disequilibrium on the supply and hence on prices. On this view (summarized in Johnson, 1972) a devaluation may initially create a balance of payments surplus, but this will then increase the supply and set in motion an inflationary process which restores the price level of the devaluing country, measured in foreign currency terms, to its pre-devaluation level. At this point the external surplus disappears and the country is back in its original position, but with a once-for-all increase in its reserves, accumulated while the price adjustment was occurring. The above analysis justifies the claim that the rate, being an essentially monetary phenomenon, can affect only money things (i.e. the general price level) and cannot permanently change the underlying phenomena such as the trade balance or the terms of trade. This view of rate changes can be justified by another line of argument: the tradeable output of each country has a determinate value. In other words, if trade was conducted by barter, a hundred Leyland Minis would be freely exchanged for some definite number of Volkswagen Golfs or Renaults 5s, the real barter rate of exchange of those goods. In equilibrium, UK, French and German prices and rates should be such that the sterling value of the hundred Minis should, when converted into German marks or French francs at the market rate of exchange, exactly purchase the number of Volkswagens or Renaults given by the barter rate of exchange. Clearly, a change in the rate is not going to alter people's preferences for Minis as against Volkswagens or Renaults. Hence, starting from a position in which prices and rates are in equilibrium, any rate change must in the long run be completely offset by price movements which restore the rate at which Minis are exchanged for Volkswagens and Renaults.

Effective Tariff Protection and Resource Allocation: A Non-Parametric Approach

An effort is made to provide a more satisfactory test of the usefulness of effective tariff rates in determining resource movements by comparing effective rates of protection calculated for South Africa for two points of time with resource shifts over the same time. Also tested are whether the ''high'' and ''low'' effective rates and percentage changes in effective rates predict resource shifts better tha the complete scale of rates. The authors then test the conclusion that resources have been attracted to only those sectors that have very high effective rates or large percentage changes in effective rate and examine the association between nominal tariff rates and resource allocation. Cohen in 1969 and Guisenger and Schydlowsky in 1970 showed that there is a high correlation between nominal and effective rates, which raises the question of whether it is worth calculating effective tariff rates if nominal rates are close substitutes. 14 references.

Steady state and time-dependent slowing of conduction in canine hearts. Effects of potassium and lidocaine.

HomeCirculation ResearchVol. 42, No. 2Steady state and time-dependent slowing of conduction in canine hearts. Effects of potassium and lidocaine. Free AccessAbstractPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyRedditDiggEmail Jump toFree AccessAbstractPDF/EPUBSteady state and time-dependent slowing of conduction in canine hearts. Effects of potassium and lidocaine. S Saito, C M Chen, Buchanan, L S Gettes and M R Lynch S SaitoS Saito Search for more papers by this author , C M ChenC M Chen Search for more papers by this author , Buchanan Buchanan Search for more papers by this author , L S GettesL S Gettes Search for more papers by this author and M R LynchM R Lynch Search for more papers by this author Originally published1 Feb 1978https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.42.2.246Circulation Research. 1978;42:246–254 Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Nilsson J, Jensen S, Ottander P and Näslund U (2009) The electrocardiographic reperfusion peak in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 10.1080/14017430601120380, 41:1, (25-31), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007. Merrill G, Merrill J, Golfetti R, Jaques K, Hadzimichalis N, Baliga S and Rork T (2016) Antiarrhythmic Properties of Acetaminophen in the Dog, Experimental Biology and Medicine, 10.3181/0701-RM-19, 232:9, (1245-1252), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2007. Heavner J (2002) Cardiac toxicity of local anesthetics in the intact isolated heart model, Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 10.1097/00115550-200211000-00002, 27:6, (545-555), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2002. Lehmann D, Shively B and Tzamaloukas A (2016) Asystole Associated with Lidocaine Use in a Hyperkalemic Patient during Advanced Cardiac Life Support, Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 10.1177/088506669300800104, 8:1, (47-50), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1993. Stark G, Stark U, Lueger A, Bertuch H, Pilger E, Pietsch B, Tritthart H and Lindner W (1989) The effects of the propranolol enantiomers on the intracardiac electrophysiological activities of Langendorff perfused hearts, Basic Research in Cardiology, 10.1007/BF01908198, 84:5, (461-468), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1989. Stark G, Stark U, Pilger E, Hönigl K, Bertuch H and Tritthart H (1989) The influence of elevated Mg2+ concentrations on cardiac electrophysiologic parameters, Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, 10.1007/BF01883863, 3:2, (183-189), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1989. Cascio W, Woelfel A, Knisley S, Buchanan J, Foster J and Gettes L (1988) Use dependence of amiodarone during the sinus tachycardia of exercise in coronary artery disease, The American Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/0002-9149(88)90122-1, 61:13, (1042-1045), Online publication date: 1-May-1988. Gintant G and Hoffman B (1987) The Role of Local Anesthetic Effects in the Actions of Antiarrhythmic Drugs Local Anesthetics, 10.1007/978-3-642-71110-7_7, (213-251), . YOKOTA S, ISHIKURA Y and ONO H (1987) Cardiovascular Effects of Paroxetine, a Newly Developed Antidepressant, in Anesthetized Dogs in Comparison with Those of Imipramine, Amitriptyline and Clomipramine, Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 10.1016/S0021-5198(19)43388-X, 45:3, (335-342), . Cascio W, Foster J, Buchanan J, Johnson T and Gettes L (1987) Enhancement of procainamide-induced rate-dependent conduction slowing by elevated myocardial extracellular potassium concentration in vivo., Circulation, 76:6, (1380-1387), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1987.Nattel S (1985) Frequency-dependent effects of amitriptyline on ventricular conduction and cardiac rhythm in dogs., Circulation, 72:4, (898-906), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1985. KUPERSMITH J (1984) Monitoring of Antiarrhythmic Drug Levels: Values and Pitfalls, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb14516.x, 432:1 Clinical Phar, (138-154), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1984. Gettes L, Foster J and Simpson R (1983) Clinical use of antiarrhythmic drugs Cardiac therapy, 10.1007/978-1-4613-3855-0_8, (235-298), . Kuo C and Reddy C (1981) Effect of lidocaine on escape rate in patients with complete atrioventricular block: B. Proximal his bundle block, The American Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/0002-9149(81)90265-4, 47:6, (1315-1320), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1981. Boyet M and Jewell B (1981) Analysis of the effects of changes in rate and rhythm upon electrical activity in the heart, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 10.1016/0079-6107(81)90003-1, 36, (1-52), . Ettinger P, Moore R, Calabro J, Oldewurtel H and Regan T (1980) Ventricular tachyarrhythmias in regional myocardial hyperkalemia: Efficacy of three antiarrhythmic agents, Journal of Electrocardiology, 10.1016/S0022-0736(80)80046-X, 13:2, (153-157), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1980. Hill J and Gettes L (1980) Effect of acute coronary artery occlusion on local myocardial extracellular K+ activity in swine., Circulation, 61:4, (768-778), Online publication date: 1-Apr-1980.Wald R, Waxman M and Downar E (1980) The effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on depressed conduction and unidirectional block in sheep Purkinje fibers., Circulation Research, 46:5, (612-619), Online publication date: 1-May-1980. Kupersmith J (1979) Electrophysiological and antiarrhythmic effects of lidocaine in canine acute myocardial ischemia, American Heart Journal, 10.1016/0002-8703(79)90437-X, 97:3, (360-366), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1979. February 1, 1978Vol 42, Issue 2Article InformationMetrics Copyright © 1978 by American Heart Associationhttps://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.42.2.246 Originally publishedFebruary 1, 1978 PDF download Advertisement

Optimal Portfolios with One Safe and One Risky Asset: Effects of Changes in Rate of Return and Risk

This paper examines changes in the optimal proportions of investment capital placed in a safe asset and in a risky asset by an expected utility maximizing risk averse investor. If the return for the safe asset increases and the risky asset distribution remains fixed, the optimal proportion invested in the safe asset will increase provided that the investor's absolute risk aversion is nondecreasing or his proportional risk aversion never exceeds unity. Otherwise, it can be optimal to decrease holdings in the safe asset when its return increases. If the return for the safe asset remains fixed and the risky distribution improves by a first degree stochastic dominance change, the optimal proportion invested in the risky asset will increase (or not decrease) provided that proportional risk aversion never exceeds one plus the product of the gross return for the safe asset times absolute risk aversion. Otherwise, it may be optimal to decrease holdings in the risky asset when its distribution improves in the indicated manner.

Verification of the Gladfelter-Tracy-Wilsey Concept For Wellbore Storage-Dominated Transient Pressures During Production

Introduction The fact that real wells have finite volumes leads to inertia in the sandface response of a well to a production rate change at the surface. The duration of wellbore storage (sometimes called "afterflow" for buildup or "annulus unloading" for production tests) rate changes is not often more than a few days. It may be as short as a few minutes. Perhaps for this reason, and also because it usually impossible to determine the sandface production rate with much accuracy, the Gladfelter-Tracy-Wilsey(2) afterflow correction for pressure buildup tests received minimal application. Actually, the Gladfelter et al. idea has a broad and important application in handling production rate change effects in general – rather than the specific production rate changes during pressure buildup. In 1965(1), the Gladfelter et al. pressure buildup afterflow correction was extended to production testing for the special case of an exponential production rate (starting from a zero producing rate and increasing toward the constant rate, q). Because of publication of both production pressure drops and sandface production rates(3, 4) for the classic wellbore storage boundary conditions(5, 3), it is possible to test the Gladfelter et al. idea for the wellbore storage case as well. Winestock and Colpitts(6) Carter(7), Aron and Scotts(9, 10), and others have also noticed that the reciprocal productivity index, (Δp/q), is often a linear function of the logarithm of producing time. This is a simple alternative to superposition to match production rate changes.

Predicting High Volume Lift Perfonnance In Wells Coning Water

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study of the water coming behaviour of under saturated, high viscosity crude oil reservoirs being pressure maintained by bottom water drive. Crude oil viscosities of 3, 10 and 60 cp are considered. The multi-rate performance of two wells is matched with a three phase, two-dimensional coning model to investigate the sensitivities to the pertinent reservoir fluid and rock properties. Of particular significance in this phase of the study is the need to recognize oil-water capillary pressure to obtain a match with reasonable reservoir and fluid property adjustments. Approximately 45 computer runs were made with the coning model to develop a set of type curves, which are used to predict coming behaviour and ultimate recovery. The type curve are defined by oil zone thickness and crude oil viscosity. The performance of wells producing from several heavy gravity crude oil reservoir is matched with the type curves. The curves are used to determine the influence of rate on ultimate recovery. It is shown, that, for the reservoirs' studied, increased rates of production result in significant increase in ultimate recovery. INTRODUCTION THE PURPOSE of this study was to develop a method for predicting water coning behavior and the effect of production rates on water-oil ratios and ultimate recoveries from crude oil reservoirs with bottom water. The study was directed to heavy gravity crude oil reservoirs such as those found in southeastern Alberta. In many of these reservoirs, water coming is the mechanism controlling performance and there is sufficient coming history to match with predictive methods. As there is very little difference in the density of water and oil in heavy crude reservoirs, gravity forces are low compared to viscous forces. This effect, coupled with an unfavorable mobility ratio, results in a very low critical rate (the production rate at which the stabilized cone is maintained below the perforations) in this type of reservoir. The critical rate would decrease as the oil-water contact rises with production. The effect of pressure decline and excessive gas production on water coning behavior r was not included in the investigation. Only reservoirs which were being depleted in an undersaturated condition and which exhibited a low rate of pressure decline due to natural water influx or water injection were used for performance comparisons. Several investigators(1–6) have studied the coning phenomena by the use of models and laboratory studies. The model studies have generally demonstrated that models can match coning performance effectively. The correlations have been developed to predict breakthrough times, critical rates and water-oil ratios after breakthrough. The previous correlations were not used in this study, because they excluded the effect of capillary pressure and did not permit a ready analysis of the effect of rate changes. We found it necessary to include capillary pressure in the model to predict coning behavior in heavy crude oil reservoirs which have significant oil-water transition zone thicknesses.

Effect of deposition rate and substrate cleavage on epitaxial Al films

Aluminum films were deposited in high vacuum (10−8 Torr) onto the (100) [also designated (200)] faces of cleaved NaCl signal-crystal substrates. The effect of changes in rate of deposition, in the conditions of substrate cleavage (air and vacuum), in substrate temperature, and in film thickness on the orientation of the films were investigated. In general with a film thickness of 400−500 Å, an optimum substrate temperature of 350 °C resulted in polycrystalline Al films with a (100) orientation. The orientation was most pronounced when the NaCl substrates were cleaved in vacuum and the deposition rate was less than 1 Å sec−1, or when the substrates were cleaved in air and the deposition rate was greater than 10 Å sec−1. Single-crystal films with a (100) orientation were obtained when the film thickness was limited to about 100 Å.

The effect of changes in rate and rhythm on supernormal excitability in the isolated Purkinje system of the dog. A possible role in re-entrant arrhythmias.

Microelectrode techniques were used to investigate the effects of rate and rhythm changes upon the period of supernormal excitability during repolarization in isolated canine right and left bundle branch and Purkinje fibers. The same microelectrode was used for both intracellular stimulation and recording. Excitability curves (strength-interval curves) were measured as the minimum depolarizing current required to re-excite the fiber during repolarization of a conducted action potential. During the supernormal period it required an average of 17.0 ± 4.6 SD % less than diastolic current to re-excite the fibers throughout the left and right bundle branch-Purkinje system. The supernormal period of excitability in the bundle branch-Purkinje system was voltage dependent, reaching minimum current requirements at 74.3 ± 5.8 SD mV. Excitability curves of conducted action potentials were determined at basic cycle lengths ranging from 1000 to 300 msec and following single and multiple premature beats. The decrease in action potential durations associated with shorter cycle lengths was not accompanied by a corresponding shortening of the supernormal period of excitability. Therefore, at shorter cycle lengths the supernormal period encompassed a greater proportion of the total action potential; in some cases as much as 50% of the total action potential duration exhibited a period of supernormal excitability. The supernormal period of excitability could be eliminated by perfusing the tissues in elevated potassium (5.0 and 7.5 mM) Tyrode's solution. The possible implications for the generation of re-entrant arrhythmias are discussed.

TEMPORAL INHIBITION: EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN RATE OF REINFORCEMENT AND RATE OF RESPONDING1

Pigeons were trained to key peck on several multiple schedules in which the first of two components was always a simple fixed-interval schedule. The rate of responding at the beginning of the constant fixed-interval schedule was found to decrease with increases in the rate of reinforcement associated with the other component of the multiple schedule, but remained unchanged with decreases in the rate of responding associated with the other component. These results were interpreted as being consistent with the view that the presence and magnitude of the temporal inhibitory effects observed in a given fixed-interval schedule are a function of the properties of reinforcing stimuli, rather than of changes in the rate of responding associated with the time interval immediately preceding the fixed interval in question.

Amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide effects on behavior under increased pressures of nitrogen

Rats trained on a multiple fixed-ratio (FR) spaced-responding (DRL) schedule for food reinforcement were exposed to hyperbaric pressures (equivalent to 100, 200, 250, and 300 feet of sea water) breathing compressed air. High rates of responding on the FR schedule decreased under pressure and low rates on the DRL schedule increased. Amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide produced dose-related accentuation of some rate change effects at depth as well as changes in performance at depth that were not predictable from the effects of the drugs at ambient pressure.

Treppe and total calcium content of the frog ventricle

ARTICLESTreppe and total calcium content of the frog ventricleSD Sands, and S WinegradSD Sands, and S WinegradPublished Online:01 Mar 1970https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.218.3.908MoreSectionsPDF (645 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByCalcium overload and cardiac functionJournal of Biomedical Science, Vol. 11, No. 5Usefulness of Doppler tissue imaging for the assessment of right and left ventricular myocardial function in patients with dual-chamber pacingInternational Journal of Cardiology, Vol. 81, No. 1Oscillatory zones and their role in normal and abnormal sheep purkinje fiber automaticityJournal of Biomedical Science, Vol. 7, No. 5Role of Na-Ca exchange in the action potential changes caused by drive in cardiac myocytes exposed to different Ca 2+ loadsCanadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, Vol. 77, No. 6Principles of Hemodynamic ManagementCharacteristics of ryanodine-induced tetani in the perfused rat heart. Tetanic tension is not the highest force that cardiac muscle can generate26 September 2008 | Archives Internationales de Physiologie, de Biochimie et de Biophysique, Vol. 100, No. 5Mechanisms by which calcium modulates diastolic depolarization in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibersJournal of Electrocardiology, Vol. 24, No. 4Cellular mechanism of the relationship between myocardial force and frequency of contractionsProgress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Vol. 50, No. 2Calcium fraction correlating with contractile force of ventricular muscle of guinea-pig heartPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 401, No. 2Grundprozesse der elektro-mechanischen Koppelung im MyokardThe role of calcium in overdrive suppression of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers.Circulation Research, Vol. 51, No. 2Analysis of the effects of changes in rate and rhythm upon electrical activity in the heartProgress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Vol. 36Regulation of Myocardial ContractilityExcitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscleProgress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Vol. 35The dynamics of cross-bridge movement in vascular smooth muscle estimated from a single isometric contraction of the portal vein: The influence of temperature and calciumPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 378, No. 1Mechanism of activation of contraction in frog ventricular muscle.Circulation Research, Vol. 41, No. 4Mechanical activity and ionic currents in frog atrial trabeculaePfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 334, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 218Issue 3March 1970Pages 908-910 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1970 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.218.3.908PubMed5414052History Published online 1 March 1970 Published in print 1 March 1970 Metrics

A Mutually Complementary Effect of the Rate and the Amount of Formant Transition in Distinguishing Vowel, Semivowel, and Stop Consonant

The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of changes in rate and amount of a formant transition in speech sounds. Synthesized wordlike sounds /a:/, /aua/, /awa/, and /aba/ were used as the experimental materials because the motions of first formant frequency are the main cue for distinguishing them, and accordingly, the first formant frequency could be used as the only control factor in the experiment. Eight different transition patterns and 11 different target values between 250 and 790 Hz were prepared as x in a wordlike sound /axa/. The total length of each sound was 450 msec. From the results of listening tests, a distribution diagram of identification for any given sound was obtained. It was found that an increase in the rate of frequency change V reduced the frequency deviation F, necessary to switch an identification of a particular phoneme, and that the locus of boundary values between different words were represented approximately by a formula (V − Vθ) = C/(F − Fθ), where Vθ, Fθ, and C were constants depending on particular word pairs. [Work supported in part by grants from the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories and the National Institute of Health.]

Drying wheat in two foot beds IV: Residual moisture content

The residual moisture content of 83 beds of freshly harvested wheat is reported. Each bed, 2 ft deep, was dried from either 35 or 45% to 13·6% m.c. (d.b.) by parallel through flow heated air. Typical bottom layer moisture content data are given. The effects of changes in rate of flow and temperature of the drying air on the relationships between the residual moisture content and the moisture status of the drying bed are given. The results are compared with those of previous investigators.

Drying wheat in two foot beds III: Exhaust air humidity

The relationship between the moisture status of the drying bed and the humidity of the drying air during the drying of 83 batches of freshly harvested wheat are reported. Each bed, 2 ft deep, was dried from either 35 or 45% to 13·6% m.c. (d.b.) by parallel through flow heated air. Typical exhaust air humidity and top grain layer moisture content data are given. The effects of changes in rate of flow and temperature of the drying air on the relationships between exhaust air humidity and the moisture status of the drying bed are indicated.

Federal Tax Reform

Proposals for tax reform must be appraised against the subjective criteria of fairness and social policy regarding redistribution of income and wealth and the objec tive criteria of steady economic growth and administrative simplicity. Controversy over the individual income tax cen ters on the tax base and the rate structure. A fundamental change would involve the adoption of a comprehensive income tax base, including not only all capital gains but also various items of imputed income and even gifts and bequests. This concept of income breaks down the distinction between capital and income, would conflict with accepted concepts in all other fields, and would also have undesirable economic effects. High marginal individual income tax rates produce little revenue but distort decisions on personal activity and investment. Though some progression in rates is almost universally accepted as fair, confusion about the effect of rate changes at different levels has led to excessive top rates. Estate and gift taxes might be com bined into a single progressive transfer tax, but this would dis courage gifts before death and hence be undesirable. The inci dence of the corporation income tax is not known, but theorists and businessmen increasingly believe that it is shifted forward. As such, it is a capricious excise tax, and it also holds a price umbrella over less efficient producers. Partial substitution of a value-added tax would be a major reform. Under present inter national agreements, it could also improve the balance of payments.

Effect of Filtration Rate Changes on Quality

The objectives of this study on the qualitative and quantitative effects of rate changes made during a filter run were to determine: the relation between magnitude of the rate disturbance and resulting change in effluent quality; the relation between the duration of the disturbance and resulting change in effluent quality; and, whether gradual or sudden rate increases have greater effect on effluent quality. The investigation was conducted using three types of influent suspensions and two filtering facilities. The pilot plant consisted of a mixing and aeration tank, a pump which pumped to a constant‐head tank, and three plexiglass tube sand filters, 6 in. ID, with flowmeter and photoelectric turbidimeter attached to each filter. Twelve experimental runs were made with the three pilot plant filters, resulting in 36 separate filter tests. Hydrous ferric oxide floc suspension was filtered in twelve filter tests. The results of each pilot plant run were evaluated to determine the maximum iron concentration passed by the filter following the rate change disturbance. Several conclusions were drawn from an analysis of the collected data, and the article provides a discussion of these conclusions, and their relationship to the stated objectives.

Effect of rate changes on strength and time course of contraction of papillary muscle.

The influence of 14 frequencies of contraction (between 0.2 and 300 beats/min) on the development of tension and on the time course of contraction was determined in 40 isometrically contracting, isolated cat papillary muscles at 38 C. Only cylindrical muscles with radius <0.43 mm were included, since this was found to be the maximum thickness compatible with normal development of tension at high frequencies. Increases in frequency were associated over the entire range with decreases in the time to peak tension (total 40%) and in the relaxation time (total 49%), and increases in the maximum rate of development of tension (total 560%) and in the peak tension developed (total 340%). These findings indicate that changes in heart rate alter both the degree of activation of the contractile elements and the duration of their active state. It is concluded that the opposing effect of both of these changes must be considered in any analysis of the influence of alterations in rate or rhythm of the heart on the strength of contraction of mammalian ventricular muscle.

Federal Tax Reform

Proposals for tax reform must be appraised against the subjective criteria of fairness and social policy regarding redistribution of income and wealth and the objec tive criteria of steady economic growth and administrative simplicity. Controversy over the individual income tax cen ters on the tax base and the rate structure. A fundamental change would involve the adoption of a comprehensive income tax base, including not only all capital gains but also various items of imputed income and even gifts and bequests. This concept of income breaks down the distinction between capital and income, would conflict with accepted concepts in all other fields, and would also have undesirable economic effects. High marginal individual income tax rates produce little revenue but distort decisions on personal activity and investment. Though some progression in rates is almost universally accepted as fair, confusion about the effect of rate changes at different levels has led to excessive top rates. Estate and gift taxes...