Effect Of Processing Factors Research Articles

A rapid and efficient sono-chemistry process for removal of pollutant: Statistical modeling study

In this research paper, Ag and Fe doped into TiO2 loaded on the Multi wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT/TiO2@Ag/Fe-NC) was prepared and characterized. The adsorption efficiency was modeled by ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System), GRNN (Generalized Regression Neural Network) and RSM (response surface methodology). The effect of process factors i.e. sonication time, the concentration of Methylene Blue (MB), MWCNT/TiO2@Ag/Fe-NC mass and pH on the decolorization of MB was investigated by the RSM, GRRN, and ANFIS. The ability of all three models was examined by four statistical visualization such as R2, RMSE (root mean square error), MAE (mean absolute error) and %AAD (absolute average deviation). The statistical visualization result for the validation dataset shows that the proposed approaches (i.e. ANFIS, GRNN and RSM) will be able to predicate and model the removal MB. Nevertheless, from obtained result it clear that the ANFIS approach has more precise in respect to the other models. Though, it was known that the Generalized Regression Neural Network is easier and take a little time for modeling than the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System approach. Therefore, the GRNN algorithm can be built a new prospect in predication and/or modeling and is also feasible that could be applied in actual systems.

The effect of processing factors on detection of genetically modified soy in flour by ELISA assay

Genetic modification (GM) techniques have been an important research area of food and feed industry since the 19th century. There is a strong consumer concern over genetically modified organisms (GMOs) because of their potential risks on health and environment. For this purpose, various countries including Turkey have released labelling regulations for products derived from GMOs. These legal enforcements brought the necessity for reliable detection methods. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of processing on the detection possibility of GMOs by using a commercial Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent (ELISA) assay. For this, flour mixtures containing 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 100% were prepared by mixing the appropriate amount of RUR-GM and non GM standard soy flour and main processing techniques most used in the food industry (baking, autoclaving and freezing) were applied. According to our results, the detection of GMOs was possible at all concentrations of autoclaved and frozen samples. In dry heated samples, GMOs could not be detected containing below 5% GMOs. ELISA method cannot be recommended as a reference method for evaluation of the compliance with the regulations, but it can serve as a practical alternative to be used as an online monitoring tool in production lines for raw and mildly processed foods.

A6N01アルミニウム合金とAZ31マグネシウム合金の摩擦攪拌接合におけるプロセス因子とその影響

A6N01アルミニウム合金とAZ31マグネシウム合金の摩擦攪拌接合におけるプロセス因子とその影響

Effect of processing factors on the microstructure and gradual diffusion of tungstenized layers

The refractory tungsten (W) coating due to its low sputtering yield is not easy to be obtained, and the bonds between the W coating and its substrate are weak and easily broken. A novel gradual tungstenized layer as the plasma facing armor material is prepared by using the double glow plasma surface alloying technology (DGPA). The effects of process factors on the microstructure and micro-hardness of the alloyed layers are investigated. It is found that TixW1-x gradual layers are formed in the alloyed layer. Due to the fact that the tungsten content in the gradual tungstenized layer gradually decreases from surface to the substrate, the layer is composed of both pure tungsten coating and transitional coatings (e.g. TixW1-x (x>0.5) and TixW1-x (x<0.5) coatings). Hence, the gradual layer can enhance the bond strength between the layer and substrate, and the improved mechanical properties such as high hardness can also be obtained. The fact is that vacancies, dislocation and crystal defects could form on the surface of the substrate due to the effect of the double glow plasma bombardment. Therefore, a particular attention is paid to the diffusion mechanisms of W atoms in the W gradual layers and a diffusion model is proposed to explain the forming process of the gradual layers according to the Fick's first law. The findings reported here demonstrate the potential of an effective surface modification method for improving the diffusivity of W atoms. The present work provides a better understanding of the gradual diffusion process of tungsten element.

Effect of process factors on the rabbit ear based on numerical simulation and experimental study in gear rolling

The “rabbit ear” defect, which is the protrusion on the tooth top of the blank, is a typical deformation characteristic in gear rolling and severely influences the forming quality of the formed gear. The main factors affecting the rabbit ear formation, including rolling feed of the gear roller, friction condition, and number of teeth on the gear roller, are demonstrated through analyzing the gear rolling process condition. In order to quantitatively describe the rabbit ear volume, a quantitative evaluation index of the rabbit ear volume was given. The effects of rolling feed of the gear roller, friction condition, and number of teeth on the gear roller on the rabbit ear volume were numerically simulated by Deform software. The effect of different rolling feeds of the gear roller on the rabbit ear volume was studied experimentally, which verified the reliability of the finite element simulation. The results can provide scientific evidences for establishing reasonable process parameters, and improving the forming quality in gear rolling.

Screening of ionically crosslinked chitosan-tripolyphosphate microspheres using Plackett–Burman factorial design for the treatment of intrapocket infections

Objective: Application of Plackett–Burman factorial design to investigate the effect of processing factors in the fabrication of ionically crosslinked chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP) microspheres.Significance: Microspheres were screened and optimized to provide maximum process yield (PY), encapsulation efficiency (EE), and time for 80% drug release (T80%) and minimum burst and particles size (PS), for successful application in periodontitis.Methods: Processing factors viz. method of preparation (MOP), CS, TPP, crosslinking time (CT), agitation (AS), and drying technique (DT) were selected. Solid state characterization was performed by Fourier-Transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mucoadhesion, cytocompatibility, and stability of microspheres were also evaluated.Results: Pareto analysis and analysis of variance, screened most significantly (p < .05) impacting process factors on selected responses. The optimized microspheres demonstrated: o/w emulsification method, CS (2.5%), TPP (5%), CT (120 min), AS (2000 rpm), and DT (freeze-dried), and provided PY- 95.67%, PS- 168.45%, EEOZ- 85.56%, EEDX- 91.34%, BOZ- 15.26%, BDX- 12.91%, TOZ- 47.09 and TDX- 67.95 minutes. FTIR illustrated compatibility between excipients and complexation of CS and TPP. XRD and DSC showed loss of crystallinity of entrapped drugs in microspheres. Biphasic drug release was observed for four days with non-Fickian kinetics. Furthermore, microspheres exhibited good mucoadhesivity (82.51%), antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, cytocompatibility for L929 cells, and long-term stability.Conclusions: Therefore, CS-TPP microspheres were found mucoadhesive, safe, stable and provided controlled and prolonged release of drugs. These properties confirmed its high potential and applicability in chronic periodontitis.

The parametric relationship between the characteristics of production methods of bonded–riveted joints on the micro- and macroscales

Design features of production methods for bonded–riveted joints are considered on the microand macroscales. It is shown that it is reasonable to employ the decomposition (partitioning) principle during the design of production methods of glued-mechanical connections. The effect of processing factors on the quality of bonded–riveted joints at various scale levels is considered. An algorithm for an engineering solution for creation of bonded–riveted joints in production and maintenance is developed.

Adsorptive denitrogenation of diesel by magnetic SiO2@NiFe2O4

ABSTRACTNitrogen compounds present in diesel have adverse effect on both its quality and the environment. The magnetic adsorbent SiO2@NiFe2O4 was prepared successfully by a sol–gel method to remove nitrogen compounds in diesel. The prepared SiO2@NiFe2O4 was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of process factors on denitrification was reviewed systematically. The results showed that the prepared magnetic adsorbent could effectively remove nitrogen compounds in diesel. The optimum adsorptive denitrification process was that the mass ratio of magnetic adsorbent to diesel was 1:8, adsorption temperature was 60°C, and the adsorption time was 60 min. Under optimum conditions, the denitrification rate reached 90.46%, and the color of treated diesel became more transparent.

Phosphate sludge-based ceramics: Microstructure and effects of processing factors

The potential use of clay amended phosphate sludge in lightweight aggregates manufacturing was assessed. For this purpose, the microstructure of heated blends was examined with X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscope and impedance spectroscopy, and their physical properties were followed as a function of heating temperature, soaking time and clay content. For the latter study, the full factorial design was used. The results showed that phase neoformation involved the breakdowns of the clay minerals and lime of carbonates. Moreover, the sintering process was significant as the clay content exceeded 5wt% and 900<T<1000°C. In such a condition, the sintering was chiefly controlled by melt. The results of the full factorial design showed that the increase of one of the processing factors affected positively water absorption, density and compressive strength. These effects were mainly linked to the conjugate formations of calc-aluminosilicate and viscous phase. The results also pointed out that the effects of the interactions between the factors on the measured properties were almost negligible. By using the full factorial design, the optimum values of the physical properties were evaluated.

Development of Bonding Mechanisms for Different Materials During Forming

In developing technology for producing bimetal and layered composite materials, considerable attention is devoted to bonding of layers and provision of a strong joint. Several bonding mechanisms are known, although the majority of them are qualitative in nature and do not make it possible to calculate compound formation with combined deformation of different metals. A bonding mechanism and criteria are proposed on the basis of mechanical features of metal forming. The mechanism and design procedure developed make it possible to evaluate the effect of processing factors on layer joint strength in steel-aluminum bimetal and to model its manufacturing technology.

Effects of processing factors on the quality of mechanically expressed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) oil: A response surface approach

AbstractEdible unrefined oils produced by expellers need to possess high quality attributes; therefore, the effects of processing factors on the quality of mechanically expressed moringa oil were investigated. A 4 × 5 Central Composite Rotatable Design was adopted for the experiments. Processing factors were moisture content, heating temperature, heating time and applied pressure. Oil quality criteria such as FFA, oil impurity and colour were determined. Data analyses were done using multiple linear regression at p = .05. The FFA, impurity and colour intensity ranged from 2.42–7.40 mg/KOH/g, 5.70–7.60 LU and 2.12–3.20% respectively and fell majorly within acceptable limits. Mathematical models were developed relating processing factors to oil quality. Coefficients of determination (R2) for the FFA, impurity and colour intensity were .94, .98 and .99 respectively. Deviations between experimental and predicted values were low and ranged from 0.01–0.68, 0.01–0.12 and 0.01–0.12 for the FFA, colour intensity and impurity respectively.Practical applicationsEdible unrefined oils being produced by expellers need to possess high quality attributes. Applied pressure, heating temperature, heating duration, and moisture content affect the quality of vegetable oil expression and these factors need to be controlled during expression process. Free fatty acid (FFA), color intensity, and oil impurity are some of the most important oil quality parameters. FFA is responsible for rancidity; color is the most obvious product characteristic evaluated by any consumer of vegetable oil; while oil impurity affects the sensory characteristics of the oil. As the mechanical method of oil expression has gained high importance in modern vegetable oil industry, it is necessary to determine the effects of processing factors on the quality of the expressed oil. In this study, mathematical models were developed to predict the physico‐chemical properties of mechanically expressed moringa oil at various processing conditions. This would serve as useful data to moringa oil processors.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TUBE JAMMING THROUGH A WEDGE-SHAPED HOPPER

A wedge-shaped hopper is frequently utilized as a tube feeder in the electric heater process. When falling from a wedge-shaped hopper, the tubes often form an arch near the outlet and stop the feeding process since a pile of tubes pass through a small hopper outlet one by one. This research aims to investigate the effect of process factors on the tube feeding process by applying Taguchi’s method and to design a wedge-shaped hopper that never jams. Chosen process factors are the wall angle of the hopper, outlet width of the hopper, number of test tubes, vibration strength of the vibrators and tube materials. Experimental results show that a large wall angle, a wide hopper outlet, a few tubes and a weak vibration are optimal settings. The wall angle and the outlet width of the hopper are more influential to reduce the jamming for all tube materials. A hopper that hardly jams can be designed by using optimum conditions.

Adsorption and Thermal Desorption of Volatile Organic Compounds in a Fixed Bed – Experimental and Modeling

Adsorption and thermal desorption dynamics of acetone in fixed-bed silica gel were studied experimentally and theoretically. The effect of process factors on adsorption and desorption performances was established. Acetone adsorption from air stream was performed by the dynamic (flowing gas) method in a laboratory setup at two levels of air superficial velocity (0.7 and 1.7 cm s−1), temperature (30 and 40°C), and adsorbent particle diameter (0.21 and 0.54 cm). The values of saturation adsorption capacity (0.147–0.270 g g−1) increased up to 78% and 36%, respectively, with a decrease in air velocity and adsorption temperature. Acetone thermal desorption from spent silica gel was studied in a thermobalance at three levels of process temperature (60, 70, and 80°C) and two values of particle size (0.21 and 0.54 cm). Equilibrium desorption efficiency (63–81%) was up to 14% larger for finer particles and increased with the desorption temperature. Kinetic models with relevant parameters adjusted based on experimental data were adopted to predict the dynamics of acetone adsorption and thermal desorption. The models simulated well the real conditions and could be applied to scale up and operate the adsorption columns used for air remediation.

Heated blends of phosphate waste: Microstructure characterization, effects of processing factors and use as a phosphorus source for alfalfa growth

Microstructure of expandable lightweight aggregates (LWAs), which was composed of phosphate waste (PW), cement kiln dust (CKD) and raw clay (RC) was investigated, and the effects of processing factors (temperature, waste content, soaking time) on their physical properties were quantified by using response surface methodology (RSM). The potential use of LWAs as a phosphorus source was assessed through the use of seeds of alfalfa. It was found that the main minerals of the waste, namely carbonates and fluorapatite, were involved in the formation of labradorite/anorthite and melt respectively. Stability of mullite- the main constituent of CKD- was sensitive to the melt content. The assemblage of the identified phases was discussed based on the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 phase diagram. The results of RSM showed that the change of compressive strength, firing shrinkage and water absorption of LWAs versus processing factors was well described with a polynomial model and the weights of the effects of the factors increased in the following order: sintering temperature > waste content (in the case of PW-RC) > soaking time. On the other hand, it was found that due to the release of phosphorus by soil-embedded pellets, the growth of alfalfa plants improved, and the rate enhanced in this order: PW-RC > PW-CKD > PW-CKD-RC. The absorbed quantity of phosphorus (0.12%) was still lower than the common uptake amount.

Effect Of Processing On Atractylodes Macrocephala: An Investigation Using NMR-Based Chemometrics

The rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (Bai-Zhu in Chinese), a valuable Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used for thousands of years because of its special pharmacological activities. It is an important ingredient in several Chinese herbal prescriptions, and has been used for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal pain, and other symptoms [1]. In TCM clinics, four forms of processed slices of rhizome are used, which are prepared by four different processing methods, i.e. stir-fried, fried with earth, fried with wheat bran, and stir-fried to brown. In TCM theories, different Bai-zhu processed products process significantly different therapeutic effects. In the present study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) combined with chemometric analysis [2] was applied to gain insights on the effect of processing factors (method, heating temperature and duration) on the change of chemical composition. The results indicated that the composition changed significantly, particularly when processing at the higher temperature. The components that changed significantly during the processing were identified. The trends of composition change for the four different processing methods showed similarities. The study demonstrated that a nuclear magnetic resonance-based chemometric approach could be a promising tool for investigation of the processing of herbal medicines in traditional Chinese medicine.

Optimization of oil extraction from giant bushel gourd seeds using response surface methodology.

Gourd seeds have been identified as a source of edible oil, but there is sparse literature on the effect of processing factors on the characteristics of oil extracted from any Lagenaria spp. Optimization of oil extraction with the aid of expeller was achieved by applying response surface methodology. The variables were roasting temperature (87.70–172.0°C) and roasting duration (7.93–22.07 min), while the responses were oil yield and oil quality (free fatty acid, color, specific gravity, saponification value, moisture, and refractive index). Data obtained were analyzed at P < 0.05. Roasting conditions significantly influenced all the responses at P < 0.05. The optimum roasting condition was 100°C for 20 min, which gave 27.62% oil yield with good quality attributes (free fatty acid: 0.61%, color: 3.47 abs, specific gravity: 0.90 g/mL, saponification value: 289.66 mL, and refractive index: 1.47).

Making Ferronickel from Laterite Nickel Ore by Coal-Based Self-Reduction and High Temperature Melting Process

Based on the process of coal-based self-reduction and melting separation at high temperature, it was investigated that the effect of process factors on the reduction of iron and nickel oxide, the metal yield and the nickel content in ferronickel about the laterite nickel ore, was from Philippines and contented low nickel, high iron and aluminum. The results showed that if the C/O mole ratio was not higher than 0.5 and the reduction temperature was kept as 1200°C and then increased up to 1500°C, the metal could not separate from molten slag for the A series of experiments, which were only added CaF2. However, when the C/O ratio was added up to 0.6 - 0.8, the metal could separate well from the slag, and the yields of Fe and Ni increased gradually. But the nickel content in the metal declined from 1.79% to 1.34%. When the C/O ratio increased to 1.2, and the temperature of melting products obtained at 1200°C and rose to 1550°C, the separation of metal from slag could not be realized in B group of tests, which were only added hydrated lime. However, when both of CaF2 and hydrated lime were added, the metal could separate from slag in C group. In order to increase the content of nickel in the metal, it is necessary to restrain the reduction of iron oxide. When the C/O mole ratio is 0.6, the nickel content of metal could be 1.79%, which was higher than the theoretical ratio 1.65% of Ni/(Ni + Fe) of the latcritic nickel ore , but the yield of nickle was only 71.3%.

Effect of Processing Factors and Ambient Conditions on Phytic Acid Conversion Coating on Zinc by Atmospheric Corrosion Monitor Sensor

Effect of Processing Factors and Ambient Conditions on Phytic Acid Conversion Coating on Zinc by Atmospheric Corrosion Monitor Sensor

Cold Plasma Inactivation of Bacterial Biofilms and Reduction of Quorum Sensing Regulated Virulence Factors.

The main objectives of this work were to investigate the effect of atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) against a range of microbial biofilms commonly implicated in foodborne and healthcare associated human infections and against P. aeruginosa quorum sensing (QS)-regulated virulence factors, such as pyocyanin, elastase (Las B) and biofilm formation capacity post-ACP treatment. The effect of processing factors, namely treatment time and mode of plasma exposure on antimicrobial activity of ACP were also examined. Antibiofilm activity was assessed for E. coli, L. monocytogenes and S. aureus in terms of reduction of culturability and retention of metabolic activity using colony count and XTT assays, respectively. All samples were treated ‘inpack’ using sealed polypropylene containers with a high voltage dielectric barrier discharge ACP generated at 80 kV for 0, 60, 120 and 300 s and a post treatment storage time of 24 h. According to colony counts, ACP treatment for 60 s reduced populations of E. coli to undetectable levels, whereas 300 s was necessary to significantly reduce populations of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus biofilms. The results obtained from XTT assay indicated possible induction of viable but non culturable state of bacteria. With respect to P. aeruginosa QS-related virulence factors, the production of pyocyanin was significantly inhibited after short treatment times, but reduction of elastase was notable only after 300 s and no reduction in actual biofilm formation was achieved post-ACP treatment. Importantly, reduction of virulence factors was associated with reduction of the cytotoxic effects of the bacterial supernatant on CHO-K1 cells, regardless of mode and duration of treatment. The results of this study point to ACP technology as an effective strategy for inactivation of established biofilms and may play an important role in attenuation of virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Further investigation is warranted to propose direct evidence for the inhibition of QS and mechanisms by which this may occur.

Effect of Processing Factors on the Bonding Strength of Fibrous Assembles by Dielectric Heating

In the dielectric heating by using microwave, both the interior and exterior of fiber materials can be evenly heated simultaneously. Especially, in case of heating the material of low thermal conduction by normal furnaces, thermal loss is great and it takes long time to finish the required treatment. However, if microwave is applied to fibrous materials, it can be treated rapidly. Also, application of microwave system has the results of remarkably enhancing productivity and improving working environment owing to no air pollution. Thus, in this study, the bonded polypropylene (PP) fibers and PP/PET nonwovens have prepared by dielectric heating with various organic solvents, and their morphological structures and debonding force have investigated with different treatment time.