Effects Of Preservation Methods Research Articles

Macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics of gelatinous egg masses (egg veils) of yellow goosefish Lophius litulon (Lophiiformes; Lophiidae).

We recorded the morphological characteristics and effect of preservation methods on the structure of the egg veils of Lophius litulon found in field investigations. The egg veils were characterized as translucent sheet-shape with parallel opaque creases spaced approximately 2 cm apart. The egg veils were found to be composed of pentagonal or hexagonal chambers with rounded corners arranged in one layer, and each chamber enveloped one to three embryos. Cryopreservation is recommended to prevent structural changes in the egg veil rather than ethanol solution and neutral buffered formalin solution.

Effectiveness of Preservation Methods on Quality of Mangrove Crab (Scylla serrata)

Mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) was one of the fisheries export commodities and also got high demand in traditional markets, mini markets, and supermarkets. Inadequate storage and inappropriate handling during processing lead to decreasing weight and quality of mangrove crabs. The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of different preservation methods of mangrove crabs on quality and physicochemicals to inhibit quality deterioration. The preservation methods are cold, frozen, and live and the period of storage is between 0, 2, 5, 8, and 12 days. The obtained result showed that frozen storage is longer than cold and lived storage to maintain quality (organoleptic, moisture level, TVB, and pH). Mangrove crabs are kept alive is better than frozen and cold storage to maintain weight loss.

Effects of Charcoal Preservation Methods on the Biochemical Parameters of Three Varieties of Plantain (Musa ssp)

Aims: To contribute to solving plantain post-harvest losses, six preservation methods combining charcoal and polyethylene bags were experimented on three different varieties of plantain (SACI, Big-Ebanga, and Orishele).
 Place and Duration of Study: This work was carried out at the Biocatalysis and Bioprocesses Laboratory of Nangui Abrogoua University in Abidjan and the Food Technology Laboratory of the National Center for Agronomic Research in Côte d'Ivoire.
 Methodology: Some Biochemical parameters of these fruits are monitored to know the effects of these preservation methods during storage.
 Results: The outcomes indicate an average shelf green life extension of up to 30 days for fruits preserved in polyethylene containing charcoal, while fruits preserved in polyethylene without charcoal have only 24 days on average. The control test (fruits stored in the open air) showed an average shelf green life of 12 days. During storage, total carbohydrate levels increase and values range from 92.49% to 70.05%. Those of total sugars also increase and the levels evolve from 0.47 to 30.83 g/100 g DM. On the other hand, there is a decrease in starch levels (42.66 and 64.05 mg/100g DM).
 Conclusion: Charcoal can extend the shelf green life of plantain bananas for up to a month. These methods can be recommended to actors in the sector to reduce post-harvest losses.

Effect of preservation methods on antimicrobial activity, and nutritional and microbiological quality of Melipona quadrifasciata bee honey

The impact of six preservation methods on stingless bee honey (SBH) was evaluated in relation to physicochemical parameters, microbiological quality, vitamin content, and antimicrobial activity. The analysis was performed before (fresh) and after dehumidification at 30°C for 12 h (D), sonification at 52°C for 30 min (S), pasteurization at 55°C (H) and 65°C (P), maturation at 25°C for 90 days (M), and refrigeration at 4°C for 304 days (R). Dehumidification produced significant reduction in water activity, the lowest moisture, and the highest tendency to crystallization. Maturation showed the lowest pH, the greatest acidity, and the most significant darkening. The treated honey (D, S, H, P, and M) slightly enhanced the formation of 5-HMF and decreased the fructose/glucose and diastase activity. The fresh and refrigerated SBH showed higher antimicrobial activity. The preservation methods can be helpful to increase the microbiological stability and shelf life of SBH. Practical applications One of the biggest challenges to producing honey from stingless bees is to guarantee the stability of a product that is very susceptible to fermentation due to high moisture and water activity, high amount of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, mold, and yeast. On the other hand, the Melipona quadrifasciata bee produces 1.5 to 2.0 L of honey in good flowering seasons, which achieves a considerable market value and has a particularly exotic flavor and medicinal value. The present findings would support that preservation methods can be further developed as a promising strategy to achieve M. quadrifasciata honey postharvest stability, minimizing microbial development and improving fresh honey's physicochemical and nutritional qualities.

Comparative evaluation of fish larval preservation methods on microbiome profiles to aid in metagenomics research.

Applications of microbiome research through metagenomics promise to generate microbiome manipulation strategies for improved larval survival in aquaculture. However, existing lacunae on the effects of sample preservation methods in metagenome profiles hinder the successful application of this technique. In this context, four preservation methods were scrutinized to identify reliable methods for fish larval microbiome research. The results showed that a total of ten metagenomics metrics, including DNA yield, taxonomic and functional microbiome profiles, and diversity measures, were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the preservation method. Activity ranking based on the performance and reproducibility showed that three methods, namely immediate direct freezing, room temperature preservation in absolute ethanol, and preservation at - 20°C in lysis, storage, and transportation buffer, could be recommended for larval microbiome research. Furthermore, as there was an apparent deviation of the microbiome profiles of ethanol preserved samples at room temperature, the other methods are preferred. Detailed analysis showed that this deviation was due to the bias towards Vibrionales and Rhodobacterales. The microbial taxa responsible for the dissimilarity across different methods were identified. Altogether, the paper sheds light on the preservation protocols of fish larval microbiome research for the first time. The results can help in cross-comparison of future and past larval microbiome studies. Furthermore, this is the first report on the activity ranking of preservation methods based on metagenomics metrics. Apart from methodological perspectives, the paper provides for the first time certain insights into larval microbial profiles of Rachycentron canadum, a potential marine aquaculture species. KEY POINTS: • First report on effects of preservation methods on fish larval microbiome profiles. • First report on activity ranking of preservation methods based on metagenomics metrics. • Storage methods influenced DNA yield, taxonomic and functional microbiome profiles.

Effects of Preservation Methods and Preservation Time on Bamboo Seed Quality: Experience from Rural Assam State

Bamboo is a unique and versatile material used for variety of purposes. But, it has certain drawbacks like its easy susceptibility to biodegradation and low natural durability. Therefore, special treatments (chemical /non-chemical) are required before using this biomass. The rural people of Assam are not aware to use this valuable gift in a protected and prevented manner and only use some non chemical i.e. traditional method of preservation to protect bamboo from biodegradation. These methods are very popular among the rural masses because, these can be carried out without any special equipments and technical knowhow. This paper describes some traditional methods of bamboo preservation which are still practiced in rural Assam to protect bamboo from bio degradation.

Effect of Preservation Methods on Physicochemical Quality, Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Stevia Leaves

The effect of freeze-drying and gamma irradiation at 0.5, 1, and 2 kGy on the physicochemical composition (moisture, fat, ash, mineral, and chlorophyll contents), microstructure, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of stevia leaves was investigated in the present study. The results obtained indicated that freeze-drying and gamma irradiation treatments caused significant reduction ( p ≤ 0.05) of moisture and fat contents in comparison with those of commercial leaves, while ash content was not significantly affected. Mineral composition was analysed. Among the analysed elements, potassium and iron levels were higher in the freeze-dried and irradiated samples, respectively. The microstructure was analysed using a scanning electron microscope. Micrographs revealed that a higher porous size structure was obtained by freeze-drying, and degradation of cell wall structure was more clearly visualized by irradiation at 2 kGy. However, the main functional groups were stable as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The effects on chlorophyll content, phenolic profile, and antioxidant properties were evaluated before and after ten months of storage. In terms of chlorophyll contents, the freeze-dried leaves exhibited the highest content. Chlorophylls a and b decreased when storage progressed for freeze-dried leaves as well as for gamma-irradiated leaves. Both preservation methods gave significant advantages in increasing the total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging activity. Moreover, a significant increase of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity was observed as the gamma irradiation dose increased. In addition, the storage time increased the amounts of polyphenols and DPPH scavenging activity. After 10 months of storage, gamma-irradiated leaves had the highest total phenolic content as well as the DPPH scavenging activity followed by freeze-dried leaves. The results indicate that freeze-drying and gamma irradiation at the studied doses could be effective postharvest methods for preservation of stevia leaf quality.

Effect of Preservation Methods on the Quality of Instant Fresh Rice Noodles

By analyzing the total number of colonies, gelatinization characteristics, moisture content, color, absordance of extract liquid, texture and sensory scores of instant fresh rice noodles, the effects of acid-soaking, water bath and combined treatment on the quality of instant fresh rice noodles were illustrated.Compared with the control group, the starch paste viscosity, breakdown and the setback viscosity of instant fresh rice noodles in all groups reduced significantly(P<0.05). After water bath treatment, the texture and sensory properties of instant fresh rice noodles were improved, and the storage time extended. The acid-soaking treatment significantly altered the moisture content, color, absordance of extracted liquid, viscosity, and decreased the hardness and elasticity of the instant fresh rice noodles(P<0.05). In the storage period, the total number of bacterial colonies increased slowly, however the overall quality deteriorated rapidly. In the later period, the gel structure was severely damaged and the sensory score reduced significantly(P<0.05). In the combination group, the initial quality of instant fresh rice noodles was improved, but the elasticity was slightly lower than that of the water bath treatment group. The total number of bacterial colonies increased slowly in combination group, which could maintain a better color, texture characteristics and sensory score with in the extension of storage time. The quality of instant fresh rice noodles in combination group was the optimum in term of texture characteristics and sensory score.

Effects of Preservation Methods in the Composition of the Placental and Reflected Regions of the Human Amniotic Membrane

The human amniotic membrane (AM) is emerging as an interesting biomaterial for regenerative medicine due to its biological and mechanical proprieties. The beneficial effects of the AM are probably related to its bioactive factors produced by local cells and stored in the stromal matrix. However, the search for a preservation method capable of preserving AM properties remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate important features of 2 anatomical regions of the human AM (reflected and placental amnion) after different preservation methods. For this purpose, human placentas were harvested and processed for AM isolation and storage at 2 different conditions: room temperature for 18 h in DMEM (fresh AM) and −80°C in DMEM/glycerol solution for 30 days (cryopreserved AM). After the storage period, the structural integrity of the membrane was assessed by histological and Picrosirius polarization analysis, cellular viability analysis was performed using the MTT assay, and the soluble proteins were quantified with the Qubit Protein Assay Kit. Both preservation protocols reduced the cell viability, mainly in the placental amnion region of the AM, but preserved the morphology of epithelial and stromal layers, as well as the organization and distribution of collagen fibers. There was a reduction in soluble proteins only in fresh AM. Importantly, the cryopreserved AM group presented the same concentration as the control group. In conclusion, the cryopreservation using DMEM/glycerol was ideal for preserving the structural integrity and soluble protein content, indicating the feasibility of this method in preserving AM for its use in regenerative medicine.

Comparative methods for fecal sample storage to preserve gut microbial structure and function in an in vitro model of the human colon.

In vitro gut models, such as the mucosal artificial colon (M-ARCOL), provide timely and cost-efficient alternatives to in vivo assays allowing mechanistic studies to better understand the role of human microbiome in health and disease. Using such models inoculated with human fecal samples may require a critical step of stool storage. The effects of preservation methods on microbial structure and function in in vitro gut models have been poorly investigated. This study aimed to assess the impact of three commonly used preserving methods, compared with fresh fecal samples used as a control, on the kinetics of lumen and mucus-associated microbiota colonization in the M-ARCOL model. Feces from two healthy donors were frozen 48 h at - 80 °C with or without cryoprotectant (10% glycerol) or lyophilized with maltodextrin and trehalose prior to inoculation of four parallel bioreactors (e.g., fresh stool, raw stool stored at - 80 °C, stool stored at - 80 °C with glycerol and lyophilized stool). Microbiota composition and diversity (qPCR and 16S metabarcoding) as well as metabolic activity (gases and short chain fatty acids) were monitored throughout the fermentation process (9 days). All the preservative treatments allowed the maintaining inside the M-ARCOL of a complex and functional microbiota, but considering stabilization time of microbial profiles and activities (and not technical constraints associated with the supply of frozen material), our results highlighted 48 h freezing at - 80 °C without cryoprotectant as the most efficient method. These results will help scientists to determine the most accurate method for fecal storage prior to inoculation of in vitro gut microbiome models. KEY POINTS: • In vitro ARCOL model reproduces luminal and mucosal human microbiome. • Short-term storage of fecal sample influences microbial stabilization and activity. • 48 h freezing at - 80°C: most efficient method to preserve microbial ecosystem. • Scientific and technical requirements: influencers of preservation method.

Effects of preservation method on fruiting body formation and cordycepin production of Cordyceps militaris culture

Effects of preservation method on fruiting body formation and cordycepin production of Cordyceps militaris culture

Evaluation of DNA Damage of Mare Granulosa Cells Before and After Cryopreservation Using a Chromatin Dispersion Test

DNA fragmentation of granulosa cells might be related to developmental competence of the equine oocyte. Granulosa cells are commonly stored before DNA fragmentation assessment, but the effect of preservation methods on this parameter remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether or not cryopreservation of granulosa cells affects the DNA damage. Equine oocytes were recovered from postmortem ovaries of five mares. Granulosa cells were washed by centrifugation and then analyzed (control) or stored in cryovials following four different protocols: P1 = directly plunged in liquid nitrogen (LN2) and then stored at −80°C; P2 = LN2/−80°C adding cryoprotectants (7.5% ethylene glycol + 7.5% dimethyl sulfoxide); P3 = −80°C; P4 = −80°C + cryoprotectants. Granulosa cell samples were processed with the prototype D3-Ovoselect, Halotech DNA, Spain), and DNA was visualized under fluorescence microscopy. High, low, and total DNA fragmentation percentages were compared among treatments by analysis of variance. Results were expressed as mean ± standard error. No significant differences (P > .05) were found among treatments and the control group. Therefore, the four conservation protocols could be considered equally efficient for DNA preservation of granulosa cells from mare oocytes. In conclusion, cryopreservation of granulosa cells in any of the four protocols used adequately preserved the DNA for further analysis.

Effects of Some Preservation Methods on the Nutrient and Mineral Compositions of Three Selected Edible Mushrooms

The global commercial mushroom production today is increasing yearly. To enhance the supply, many food processing industries normally provide a wide range of canned and processed edible mushroom products such as frozen, sterilized, dried, pickled, marinated and salted mushrooms in forms of mushroom powder, paste, concentrates and extracts. This study was therefore aimed at investigating the effects of popular preservation methods on the nutrient and mineral compositions of three selected oyster mushrooms of economic importance (Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus sajor-caju). Fresh mushroom samples were purchased from mushroom farms; each mushroom was shared into five different groups and processed as fresh, refrigerated, sundried, oven dried and micro-wave dried groups, they were thereafter analyzed for nutrient and mineral compositions. The results obtained revealed that the preservation method had significant effects on the nutrient and mineral compositions of the mushroom samples. Notably, the lowest weight values were obtained from the sundried mushroom samples while the highest value was obtained from the fresh samples. The microwave mushroom samples were richer in nutrient and mineral compositions as compared to the other three preservation methods but in all lower than the fresh samples. It is therefore concluded that the preservation methods had effects on the nutrient and mineral contents of mushrooms. However, if there is need for preservation of excess mushrooms, preservation through micro-wave drying is recommended best among the four processing methods for mushrooms preservation since it was able to retain the highest value of protein in all the studied mushrooms.

Influence of preservation methods on the quality of colostrum sourced from New Zealand dairy farms

AIMS: To assess the effect of two temperatures (ambient temperature and 4°C), three preservation methods (no preservative, yoghurt and potassium sorbate), and two periods of storage (3 and 7 days) on Brix and total bacterial and coliform counts of colostrum collected from New Zealand dairy farms.METHODS: One litre of colostrum destined to be fed to newborn calves was collected from 55 New Zealand dairy farms in the spring of 2015. Six aliquots of 150 mL were obtained from each colostrum sample, with two aliquots left untreated, two treated with potassium sorbate and two with yoghurt, and one of each pair of aliquots stored at ambient temperature and the other at 4°C. All samples were tested for Brix, total bacterial counts and coliform counts before treatment (Day 0), and after 3 and 7 days of storage. The effect of preservation method and storage temperature on the change in Brix, bacterial and coliform counts after 3 or 7 days of storage was analysed using multivariable random effects models.RESULTS: For all outcome variables there was a temperature by preservation interaction. For aliquots preserved with potassium sorbate, changes in Brix and bacterial counts did not differ between aliquots stored at ambient temperature or 4°C, but for aliquots preserved with yoghurt or no preservative the decrease in Brix and increase in bacterial counts was greater for aliquots stored at ambient temperature than 4°C (p<0.001). For aliquots preserved with potassium sorbate, coliform counts decreased at both temperatures, but for aliquots preserved with yoghurt or no preservative coliform counts increased for aliquots stored at 4°C, but generally decreased at ambient temperatures (p<0.001). There was also an interaction between duration of storage and temperature for bacterial counts (p<0.001). The difference in the increase in bacterial counts between aliquots stored at 4°C and ambient temperature after 3 days was greater than between aliquots stored at 4°C and ambient temperature after 7 days.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of potassium sorbate to preserve colostrum for 3 or 7 days resulted in little or no reduction in Brix and a lower increase in total bacterial counts than colostrum stored without preservative or with yoghurt added. Colostrum quality was not affected by storage temperature for samples preserved with potassium sorbate, but storage at 4°C resulted in better quality colostrum than storage at ambient temperatures for colostrum with no preservative or yoghurt added.

Characteristics of Essential Oil from Young Shoots of Garden Angelica (Angelica archangelica L.)

The objective of the study was to determine the content and composition of essential oil in the fresh young shoots of garden angelica collected in the first year of plant vegetation and to evaluate the effect of preservation method (convective drying at 35°C and lyophilization) on these parameters. Essential oil content in the fresh, convectively dried, and lyophilized shoots amounted to 0.27, 0.21, and 0.11 mL/100 g dry matter, respectively. In the essential oils obtained from these raw materials 91, 89, and 62 compounds were identified, respectively. In all the investigated essential oils the dominant compounds were: α-pinene (20.4–29.1%) and myrcene (17.0–26.7%). Other constituents included limonene (7.6% in the essential oil from fresh shoots), 6-methylhept-5-enal (3.0%), humulene epoxide II (2.4%), β-pinene (2.1%), perylene (1.9%), and α-humulene (1.8%). Both methods of drying resulted in the decrease in α-pinene content, and the increase in myrcene content. (Z,Z)-undeca-1,3,5-triene and trans-myrtanol were completely lost during drying, irrespective of the method used.

Effect of preservation methods and storage period on the chemical composition and sensory properties of strawberry crush

AbstractFresh strawberries, analyzed for the physicochemical properties, showed average fruit length, width, weight, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity, total sugar, and reducing sugar of 26.27 mm, 24.19 mm 6.33 g, 8.0°Brix, 1.28, 5.25, and 4.26%, respectively. The ascorbic acid and anthocyanin content was found to be 38.64 and 452 mg/100 g FW, respectively. Strawberries were processed into crush and divided into four treatments. T1 was stored at ambient temperature, T2 was pasteurized at 60°C for 20 min before storage at ambient temperature, T3 was stored under refrigeration, and T4 was pasteurized at 60°C for 20 min before storage under refrigeration. Among the treatments, T3 showed the lowest decrease in the acidity (1.43–1.34%), the highest anthocyanin (90.54–45.25 mg/100 g) and ascorbic acid contents (11.00–6.38 mg/100 g). The sensory attributes including color (8.25–7.75), taste (8.50–7.85), flavor (7.50–5.70), and overall acceptability (7.93–7.15) were also superior for T3 over the storag...

Effect of preservation method on spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) fecal microbiota over 8 weeks

Studies of the gut microbiome have become increasingly common with recent technological advances. Gut microbes play an important role in human and animal health, and gut microbiome analysis holds great potential for evaluating health in wildlife, as microbiota can be assessed from non-invasively collected fecal samples. However, many common fecal preservation protocols (e.g. freezing at −80°C) are not suitable for field conditions, or have not been tested for long-term (greater than 2weeks) storage. In this study, we collected fresh fecal samples from captive spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) at the Columbian Park Zoo (Lafayette, IN, USA). The samples were pooled, homogenized, and preserved for up to 8weeks prior to DNA extraction and sequencing. Preservation methods included: freezing at −20°C, freezing at −80°C, immersion in 100% ethanol, application to FTA cards, and immersion in RNAlater. At 0 (fresh), 1, 2, 4, and 8weeks from fecal collection, DNA was extracted and microbial DNA was amplified and sequenced. DNA concentration, purity, microbial diversity, and microbial composition were compared across all methods and time points. DNA concentration and purity did not correlate with microbial diversity or composition. Microbial composition of frozen and ethanol samples were most similar to fresh samples. FTA card and RNAlater-preserved samples had the least similar microbial composition and abundance compared to fresh samples. Microbial composition and diversity were relatively stable over time within each preservation method. Based on these results, if freezers are not available, we recommend preserving fecal samples in ethanol (for up to 8weeks) prior to microbial extraction and analysis.

Decreased D2-40 immunoreactivity in stored paraffin sections and methods for preserving it

D2-40, a monoclonal antibody against podoplanin, is a selective marker of lymphatic endothelium and is widely used for research on and diagnosis of pathology of lymphatic vessels. We examined the relation between the duration of tissue section storage and changes in immunostaining by D2-40 antibody; we evaluated also the effects of preservation methods on changes in immunostaining during storage. Staining by D2-40 was attenuated by long-term preservation of scalp skin and lymph node sections at room temperature. The attenuation of D2-40 staining in stored sections was improved by preservation at low temperature, i.e., 4° or − 30° C. We investigated also the immunostaining of preserved tissue sections using NZ-1 and Lyve-1, which are antibodies against lymphatic endothelium markers. Staining by NZ-1 or Lyve-1 antibody was detected clearly in sections that had been stored for 16 weeks. Our study suggests that either long-term storage of D2-40 immunostained tissue sections should be avoided or the section should be preserved at low temperature.

Effect of preservation method on the assessment of bacterial community structure in soil and water samples.

The methods used in sample preservation may affect the description of the microbial community structure by DNA-based techniques. This study aims at evaluating the effect of different storage conditions, including freezing, adding two liquid-based preservatives or simply storing samples with no preservative, on the structure of the microbial communities in aliquots of organic-rich soil and water samples as revealed by a terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The results showed that the number of terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) detected in soil aliquots stored with LifeGuard(™) solution was significantly lower than that of samples analyzed immediately after sampling. Moreover, cluster and PCA analyses showed that soil aliquots stored using LifeGuard(™) clustered separately from those stored with the other methods. Conversely, soil and water aliquots stored with DMSO-EDTA-salt solution did not show either significant reduction in the number of TRFs or any change in the structure of the microbial community. Finally, the number of TRFs and the structure of microbial communities from soil aliquots stored with no preservative did not differ from those of aliquots analyzed immediately after sampling. Preservation methods should therefore be accurately evaluated before collecting samples that have to be stored for long time before DNA extraction.

The effect of preservation methods on plant morphology

AbstractApplication of conventional (plant pressing followed by air drying) and Schweinfurth drying techniques to different plant taxa is shown to result in both significant contraction and, occasionally, significant expansion of plant organs. The results are taxon dependent. The Schweinfurth drying process usually results in greater shrinkage than conventional drying. Herbarium specimens are shown to exhibit significant differences in the dimensions of plant organs as compared to fresh material. Organ accessibility and availability can also have an impact on the dimensions recorded and, as with the drying process, an impact on the correct recognition of taxa. The lack of discussion of these important differences, their impact on other taxonomic processes and suggestions for further investigation, for example the use of spirit preserved material and rehydration of herbarium material, are highlighted.