Effect Of Power Distribution Research Articles

The Expert Paradox: How Team Member Expertise Impacts Leaders’ Information Integration

Today’s organizations have come to view and to use workplace teams as information processors, making the ability to manage knowledge and expertise an essential pre-requisite for effective group decisions. Consequently, an important mandate for leaders of information processing groups is to determine an approach that most benefits the group. This paper addresses this critical area by focusing on the structural and social factors affecting leaders’ behavior when guiding group decisions. Specifically, the research considers the effects of power distribution (i.e., location of expertise) on leaders’ choice to contribute their own unique knowledge or to integrate others’ information. The paper proposes that leaders do not always serve as information integrators, but may instead compete with their team members by focusing on their own position rather than promoting consideration of others’ knowledge. In addition, leaders’ perceptions of threat may mediate this result. Data from two experimental studies support these hypotheses.

Reconsidering Power in International Relations

This article provides a conceptual and empirical review of power analysis in International Relations. The main objective of this article is to bridge the gap between conceptual and empirical research on power. First, it reviews various definitions of power by focusing specifically on International Relations literature. Second, it identifies and illustrates key measurement issues concerning the national power capacities of major powers. In this article, the Composite Index of National Capabilities for 20 countries for the period between 1991 and 2012 is used to demonstrate the change in power distribution among major powers. Lastly, it introduces diplomatic representation and war proneness as two new variables that enhance the empirical analysis of power by adding a relational dimension while working with tangible and quantifiable data. These two variables are both indicators and sources of national power. The article concludes by suggesting that diplomatic representation, and war proneness of countries, should be taken into consideration analytically if one wants to comprehend the dynamics and effects of power distribution among the most powerful countries in today’s world.

Effect of power distribution on the temperature evolution in laser-MIG hybrid welding for Q235 Steel

Numerical simulation of laser-MIG hybrid welded Q235 steel was conducted using finite element simulation software with a 3D model. The thermal analysis was performed with a combined ellipsoid-Gaussian heat source. Double ellipsoid heat source and Gaussian heat source (Gauss rotating body heat source and Gauss cylinder heat source) were utilized to represent arc and laser heat, respectively. The effects of power distribution on the temperature evolution and the geometry of molten pool were numerically investigated. The simulated temperature field shows that the increase of the power ratio of laser in laser-MIG hybrid welding (LMHW) is more conducive to improve the peak temperature, leading to remelt interlayer and promote interlayer heat accumulation. Meanwhile, the depth-to-width-ratio (DTW) of molten pool increases with the risen laser power. The change of DTW value with [Formula: see text] value is more obvious when the [Formula: see text] value is greater than 1. Comparison of the calculated and validation experiment results suggested that the LMHW process is characterized well by the combined heat source model. Fine weld joint with good shape of molten pool morphology is obtained when the DTW of first pass, second pass and third pass are 0.94, 0.34 and 0.27, respectively.

Shift scheduling strategy development for parallel hybrid construction vehicles

The shift scheduling system of the transmission has an important effect on the dynamic and economic performance of hybrid vehicles. In this work, shift scheduling strategies are developed for parallel hybrid construction vehicles. The effect of power distribution and direction on shift characteristics of the parallel hybrid vehicle with operating loads is evaluated, which must be considered for optimal shift control. A power distribution factor is defined to accurately describe the power distribution and direction in various parallel hybrid systems. This paper proposes a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm optimized neural network shift scheduling strategy. The methodology contains two objective functions, it is a dynamic combination of a dynamic shift schedule for optimal vehicle acceleration, and an energy-efficient shift schedule for optimal powertrain efficiency. The study is performed on a test bench under typical operating conditions of a wheel loader. The experimental results show that the proposed strategies offer effective and competitive shift performance.

Trade liberalization and gender inequality: role of social norms

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of trade liberalization on gender earning differentials and female labour force participation by considering the interaction between changes in relative wages, intra-household bargaining power and social norms.Design/methodology/approachA three-sector general equilibrium model is developed where female labour supply is determined as a collective household decision and depends on male and female wages and intra-household power distribution. On the other hand, the effect of power distribution on female labour supply depends on social norms.FindingsComparative static analysis shows that a tariff cut may reduce female labour force participation and widen gender earning inequality if (i) the agricultural sector is more male labour-intensive than the informal sector, and the marginal utility of the woman from household work is higher than that of the man or (ii) the agricultural sector is more female labour-intensive than the informal sector, and the marginal utility of the woman’s household work is higher to the man than the woman. Policies to raise the empowerment of women might lead to favourable labour market outcomes for women if the marginal utility of the woman’s household work is higher to the man than the woman irrespective of the factor intensity condition.Research limitations/implicationsThe results signify that the effect of trade liberalization hinges on both factor intensity conditions and the relative work preferences of women vis-à-vis men, which in turn is shaped by social norms.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the scant theoretical literature on labour market consequences of trade liberalization by considering the gender equality implications of trade liberalization from a supply side perspective. The results of the model are used to explain the recent gendered labour market consequences in India in the aftermath of trade liberalization.

Effect of power distribution on the weld quality during hybrid laser welding of an Al–Mg alloy

Abstract This paper treats of the analysis of the effect of arc and laser powers on the quality of the arc assisted fiber laser welding of an Al–Mg alloy in the butt configuration. Grain size, weld geometry defects, porosity, and magnesium loss were measured. Magnesium content of the fused zone decreased as the laser power increased while the porosity increased with laser power. Microhardness profiles and tensile properties were explained on the basis of the joint microstructure and defects and related to the power distribution. The porosity level and Mg content in the fused zone affected both tensile strength and ductility. The power distribution that stabilized the welding process and minimize the weld porosity was defined.

Taking the Lead: The Effects of Power Distribution on Information Sharing and Team Performance

We attempt to resolve the seemingly contradictory findings that leaders in teams sometimes advance team outcomes and in other instances thwart performance. In two experiments, we examined the information sharing patterns of team leaders and their impact on decision quality. Contrary to previous research, we found that leaders did not always serve as information integrators, but instead sometimes competed with their team members by advocating for their own position rather than promoting consideration of others’ knowledge. Moreover, the power configuration of the team (i.e., centralized in one individual or distributed across multiple individuals) affected the extent to which leaders took on an integrating or self-advocacy role. Finally, our results show that teams with centralized power performed worse than teams with distributed power, and this difference is attributable to leaders’ enhanced contribution of their own knowledge. We discuss the implications of our findings for leveraging team members’ specialized knowledge.

Development of drift-flux model based on 8 × 8 BWR rod bundle geometry experiments under prototypic temperature and pressure conditions

The drift-flux model is one of the imperative concepts used to consider the effects of phase coupling on two-phase flow dynamics. Several drift-flux models are available that apply to rod bundle geometries and some of these are implemented in several nuclear safety analysis codes. However, these models are not validated by well-designed prototypic full bundle test data, and therefore, the scalability of these models has not necessarily been verified. The Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation (NUPEC) conducted void fraction measurement tests in Japan with prototypic 8 × 8 BWR (boiling water reactor) rod bundles under prototypic temperature and pressure conditions. Based on these NUPEC data, a new drift-flux model applicable to predicting the void fraction in a rod bundle geometry has been developed. The newly developed drift-flux model is compared with the other existing data such as the two-phase flow test facility (TPTF) data taken at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) [currently, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)] and low pressure adiabatic 8 × 8 bundle test data taken at Purdue University in the United States. The results of these comparisons show good agreement between the test data and the predictions. The effects of power distribution, spacer grids, and the bundle geometry on the newly developed drift-flux model have been discussed using the NUPEC data.

A254 稠密バンドル内限界熱流束 (1) : 出力分布や流動パラメータの影響

A254 稠密バンドル内限界熱流束 (1) : 出力分布や流動パラメータの影響

Strategy and Fairness in Social Decision Making: Sometimes It Pays to Be Powerless

Building on the social utility model, the present article investigates the importance of absolute and comparative payoffs in social decision making. In two experimental studies, we compared offers in Ultimatum games with offers in Dictator games. Results suggest that Ultimatum games evoke a strategic motivation and that Dictator games evoke a concern for fairness. Interestingly, the results also indicate that participants offered more money to the recipient in Dictator games than in Ultimatum games. Apparently, sometimes you are better off being “powerless” (i.e., being a recipient in a Dictator game) than being “powerful” (i.e., being a recipient in an Ultimatum game). Results are discussed in terms of the distribution of power in both games and the effect of power distributions on the relative weight of absolute and comparative payoffs.