Effects Of Political Instability Research Articles

Middle Eastern Political Instability and Jordan’s Tourism

Middle Eastern Political Instability and Jordan’s Tourism Abstract Although Jordan’s tourism revenue contributes to the GDP, it fluctuates as political instability events hit the region. Therefore, this study examined nine major political impacts that took place during the period from 1990-2014 to address their impacts on tourism. The study utilized the annual number of tourists (international and Arab) and the annual percentage tourism’s share to GDP to statistically examine the relationship between the occurrence of these events and the number of tourists as well as tourism’s GDP share. The hypotheses of the study were tested using a 2-years moving average, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Student’s t-test. The results show that the number of international tourists and the percentage of GDP decreased during an event, while the number of Arab tourists increased pointing to resilience. The effect of political instability on tourism activities is temporary and confound to less than a year after an event.

Türk Bankacılık Endüstrisinde Performansın Belirleyenleri ve Politik İstikrarsızlık İlişkisi

Bu calisma 2002-2015 yillari arasinda ceyreklik verilerle Turkiye’de siklikla yasanan politik istikrarsizligin icsel ve dissal degiskenlerle birlikte Turk bankacilik endustrisinin performansi uzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymayi amaclamistir. Panel veri analizi yonteminin uygulandigi calismada, bankacilik endustrisinin performans olcutu olarak aktif karliligi kullanilmistir. Analiz sonuclarina gore; politik istikrarsizlik, bankalarin olcek ekonomisinden uzaklasmasi, borc verme faiz oranindaki yukselme ve doviz kurlarindaki oynaklik artisi bankalarin performansini negatif yonde etkilemektedir. Diger yandan, sermaye yeterlilik rasyosunun yukselmesi, hâsila artisi ve bankalarin kredi hacimlerini ve olceklerini buyutmesi; performansa pozitif katki yapmaktadir. Buna gore, bankalarin kendi bilanco kalemlerini izlemelerinin yani sira ulusal ve kuresel duzeyde ekonomik ve politik gelismeleri dikkate almalari gerekmektedir.

What enables local governments to mainstream climate change adaptation? Lessons learned from two municipal case studies in the Western Cape, South Africa

Municipalities represent a key opportunity for implementing local adaptation to the impacts of climate change. Most research has focused on the barriers to climate change adaptation, and little research exists that considers the conditions under which a municipality is able to initiate the process of mainstreaming climate adaptation. Through a case study of two municipalities in the Western Cape of South Africa, this paper identifies the factors that enable action to be taken at the local government level. The presence of dedicated environmental champions is key, particularly within political leadership. Experiencing the costs of climate change often provides the strongest initial catalyst for action and is aided by the recognition that the local environment has value. Access to a knowledge base, the availability of resources, political stability and the presence of dense social networks all positively affect adaptation mainstreaming. It is these enabling factors that other government levels and stakeholders need to support with different interventions. We draw attention to two under-researched topics, the effect of political instability on municipal functioning and the effects of social network characteristics on facilitating institutional change.

The Effects of Political Instability and Institutional Support on the Selection of Social Ties

Extant research on social capital has well documented the effects and consequences of using internal (bonding) versus external (bridging) ties. However, research on the antecedents of internal versus external ties, especially at the national level, is sparse. We investigated the degree to which political instability, institutional support for entrepreneurship, culture, and average income influence the selection of internal versus external ties. We tested our hypotheses in a sample of entrepreneurs from eleven countries from different parts of the world. The results showed that political instability, institutional support for entrepreneurship, and culture significantly influence the types of relationships that are used by entrepreneurs.

The Effects of Economic Integration and Political Instability in Central America

ABSTRACT We use stochastic frontier analysis to study the effects of political instability events and economic integration on technical efficiency. A set of industries in Central America are analyzed during a period of perceived lack of regional economic integration (1980s) and a period of renewed economic integration (early 1990s). Results show that economic integration has had a negative effect on technical efficiency during this period. The effect from political instability depends on the type of event, both at the industry and national level.

A simulation model for reliability-based appraisal of an energy policy: The case of Lebanon

The Lebanese Electric Power System (LEPS) has been suffering from technical and financial deficiencies for decades and mirrors the problems encountered in many developing countries suffering from inadequate or no power systems planning resulting in incomplete and ill-operating infrastructure, and suffering from effects of political instability, huge debts, unavailability of financing desired projects and inefficiency in operation. The upgrade and development of the system necessitate the adoption of a comprehensive energy policy that introduces solutions to a diversity of problems addressing the technical, financial, administrative and governance aspects of the system. In this paper, an energy policy for Lebanon is proposed and evaluated based on integration between energy modeling and financial modeling. The paper utilizes the Load Modification Technique (LMT) as a probabilistic tool to assess the impact of policy implementation on energy production, overall cost, technical/commercial losses and reliability. Scenarios reflecting implementation of policy projects are assessed and their impacts are compared with business-as-usual scenarios which assume no new investment is to take place in the sector. Conclusions are drawn on the usefulness of the proposed evaluation methodology and the effectiveness of the adopted energy policy for Lebanon and other developing countries suffering from similar power system problems.

Rivalry, Instability, and the Probability of International Conflict

This article addresses the effect of political instability and domestic conflict on the probability of militarized interstate disputes. Existing research on the subject has produced inconsistent findings. I hypothesize that the effect of political instability on international disputes is conditional on states’ involvement in civil conflict. More specifically, I argue that while political instability provides leaders with the willingness to use force, civil war creates the necessary opportunities for initiating conflict abroad. A directed-dyad analysis of international rivals for the 1816–2000 time period shows that instability coupled with civil war increases the probability of militarized interstate dispute initiation among rival states. Results are consistent for alternative indicators of political instability and civil war.

The Effects of Labor Supply Shocks on Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Since September 2000, as a result of mobility restrictions, the supply of Palestinian workers competing for local jobs in the West Bank has increased by about fifty percent. This paper takes advantage of this unique natural experiment to study the effects of labor supply shocks on labor market outcomes. Using quarterly information on wages and employment in each city in the West Bank, the paper analyzes the short-run adjustment of labor markets to a large inflow of workers separately from the effects of political instability. The results suggest that low-skilled wages are adversely affected by an increase in the supply of low- and high-skilled workers, while high-skilled wages are only weakly negatively related to an increase in their own supply. This is consistent with a scenario in which high skilled workers compete for low skilled jobs, pushing the low skilled into unemployment. This latter hypothesis is confirmed by analyzing the effects of changes in labor supply on unemployment.

The effects of labor supply shocks on labor market outcomes: Evidence from the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Since September 2000, as a result of mobility restrictions, the supply of Palestinian workers competing for local jobs in the West Bank has increased by about fifty percent. This paper takes advantage of this unique natural experiment to study the effects of labor supply shocks on labor market outcomes. Using quarterly information on wages and employment in each city in the West Bank, the paper analyzes the short-run adjustment of labor markets to a large inflow of workers separately from the effects of political instability. The results suggest that low-skilled wages are adversely affected by an increase in the supply of low- and high-skilled workers, while high-skilled wages are only weakly negatively related to an increase in their own supply. This is consistent with a scenario in which high-skilled workers compete for low-skilled jobs, pushing the low-skilled into unemployment. This latter hypothesis is confirmed by analyzing the effects of changes in labor supply on unemployment.

Impacts of Political Instability on Tourism Planning and Development: The Case of Lebanon

Tourism is one of the world's largest and fastest growing industries, and tourism planning is regarded as a prerequisite for success. ‘Political instability’ is a complex term, open to various interpretations, which applies to a number of countries worldwide. The implications for tourism of political instability are significant. This paper investigates tourism planning and the effects of political instability in Lebanon, and discusses how countries in such a situation can increase their potential for successful tourism development. A possible solution through the use and practice of crisis management is suggested, as this approach may help to prepare nations better for unexpected instability and the uncertainty of the future.

Political instability and Nuclear dangers in Eastern Europe

The Number Four reactor at Chernobyl exploded during a routine power test in April 1986. Radioactive contaminants fell on northern Ukraine and several neighbouring countries, reaching as far as Japan and the United States. Six years later the G-7 committed considerable resources to improve the safety of Soviet-designed nuclear power plants in five East European countries. They conditioned further assistance on strict commitments to close all first-generation reactors lacking solid containment structures regardless of their technical end-of-lifetime dates. Each country agreed despite the heavy economic and political costs. However, the past ten years have shown wide variations in compliance and political stability in those countries. Ukraine and Armenia, specifically, have experienced extreme hardships in the post-communist era, greater than the other nuclear-powered East European states; each has a distinct trajectory in compliance, and together they dramatically illustrate the effect of political instability on compliance.

The Persistence of Corruption and Regulatory Compliance Failures: Theory and Evidence

This paper examines the reasons whycorruption and policy distortions tend toexhibit a high degree of persistence incertain regimes. We identify circumstancesunder which a firm seeks to evaderegulations through (i) bribery of localinspectors, and (ii) by lobbying high-levelgovernment politicians to resist legalreforms designed to improve judicialefficiency (rule of law) and eliminatecorruption. We show that in some casespolitical instability reinforces thesetendencies. The analysis predicts that inpolitically unstable regimes, theinstitutions necessary to monitor andenforce compliance are weak. In suchcountries, corruption therefore is morepervasive, and the compliance withregulations is low. We test thesepredictions using cross-country data. Theempirical results support the predictionsof the model. Political instability reducesjudicial efficiency, which in turnstimulates corruption. Thus, the effect ofpolitical instability on corruption is notdirect, but occurs indirectly via itseffect on the degree of judicialefficiency. Finally, corruption lowers thelevel of regulatory compliance. Thus,political instability indirectly affects compliance, via judicial efficiency andcorruption.

Political instability, policy uncertainty, and economic growth: An empirical investigation

This paper elaborates upon the effect of political stability on economic growth using a novel approach. Unlike the literature on growth that emphasizes the turnover of decision makers, this paper focuses on the volatility of economic policies as the relevant indicator of stability. The literature on growth ignores the microeconomic instability associated with frequent changes of government policies. The empirical results of this paper indicate that the effect of political instability on economic growth is not conclusive. Most of the commonly used proxies for political instability have failed to explain growth differences across countries. The political instability indices have no significant effect on growth when a reasonable set of core variables is also included in the regression equation. The results also show that almost all of the policy uncertainty variables are significantly and negatively correlated with economic growth. However, the instability of economic policies has no significant impact on the accumulation of capital.

The Economics of Political Violence: The Effect of Political Instability on Economic Growth. By Dipak K. Gupta. New York: Praeger, 1989. 329p. $49.95.

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The Economics of Political Violence: The Effect of Political Instability on Economic Growth.

The Scope of the Study The Study of Political Violence in Perspective The Conflict-Free World of Western Social Science: Paradigm Lost Theories of Collective Rebellious Behavior: Paradigm Regained The Individual: The Logic of Participatory Decision The Behavioral Foundations of a Rational Participant in Collective Rebellion The Individual and His Environment The Aggregate: The Impact of Political Instability on the Economy Impact of Political Instability: The Anatomy of an Economic Crisis Political Instability: An Empirical Definition Political Instability: A Structural Explanation Political Instability and Economic Performance: A Political Economic Model of Growth Summary and Policy Implications Appendix: Index for Political Instability Bibliography Index

The economics of political violence: the effect of political instability on economic growth

The economics of political violence: the effect of political instability on economic growth

Development and crime in Africa: A test of modernization theory

In this report INTERPOL crime data from eleven countries in Africa were used to test the modernization theory of crime, which long has assumed that increased criminality is an unavoidable consequence of socioeconomic and industrial development. The report found substantial differences for the three offense types that were studied. Homicide rates were low in comparison to minor and major property offenses. The rates have remained stable and even decreased in some of the countries. Minor property offenses made the largest contribution to total crimes. The regression analysis revealed that homicide and major property crimes decreased during 1961–1984. The impact of development on crime was positive only for minor property crimes. Theories of crime in Africa, beyond the modernization theory, should be modified to account for (1) the motivations for criminal conduct, using individual-level data and situational factors that can be more accurately specified and controlled, (2) the characteristics of criminal offenders, (3) prosecutorial decisionmaking, (4) the use of informal social control mechanisms to prevent and control crime, (5) the greater formalization of institutions of social control, and finally (6) the effects of political instability on the production of crime statistics.