Effects Of Planting Patterns Research Articles

Effect of planting pattern and sowing dates of maize in maize with field pea intercropping system

A field experiment was conducted to study the optimum row proportion, optimum sowing time of maize and economics of maize with field pea intercropping system. It was laid out in RCBD with three replications during kharif 2015 at farmer's field in Lokur, village Dharwad district of Karnataka. There were nine treatments consisting of two planting patterns i. e. sowing of maize within and between the rows of maize in field pea with four dates of sowing for maize. Among the intercroppings significantly higher grain yield (4459 kg/ha), stover yield (6481 kg/ha), cob weight (251.83 g) and cob length (19.49 cm) were recorded when simultaneous sowing of maize with field pea. Green pod yield (1592 kg/ha), number of pods per plant (20.13) and number of seeds per pod (9.70) were higher when maize sown between rows three weeks after sowing of field pea. Higher net returns (Rs. 47636/ha), B: C ratio (2.36), LER (1.23) and MEY (5896 kg/ha) were recorded when maize was sown between the rows two weeks after sowing of field pea.

Effect of Planting Pattern and Weeding Frequency on Weed Infestation, Yield Components and Yield of Cowpea [<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L.) WALP.] in Wollo, Northern Ethiopia

Weed competition is one of the most important production constraints causing up to 91.6% reduction in potential yield of cowpea. Therefore, an experiment was conducted at Sirinka and at Jari, northern Ethiopia, during the 2014 main cropping season: to evaluate the effect of planting pattern and frequency of weeding on weeds, yield components and yield of cowpea. There were 18 treatments comprising combination of three planting patterns (S1: 60 cm x 10 cm, S2: 45 cm x 15 cm, S3: 45 cm x 10 cm) and six weeding frequencies viz. one hand weeding and hoeing at 2 weeks after crop emergence (WAE), one hand weeding and hoeing at 3 WAE, one hand weeding and hoeing at 4 WAE, two hand weeding and hoeing at 2 and 5 WAE, weed free check, and weedy check. The treatments were arranged in factorial combination in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed significantly lower total weed dry weight at Sirinka than at Jari. The highest weed control efficacy was recorded in two hand weeding and hoeing at 2 and 5 WAE of cowpea at Sirinka. The plants in weedy check plots at Jari attained maximum height which was significantly higher than all the other treatments. Significantly highest number of pods per plant was recorded in weed free check under 60 cm x 10 cm spacing at Jari. Number of seeds per pod was highest in weed free check at 45 cm x 10 cm spacing at Sirinka. The interaction of weeding frequency and location had significant effect on cowpea dry biomass yield. The highest total dry biomass (12413 kg ha^-1) was obtained in one hand weeding and hoeing at 4 WAE at Jari while the highest grain yield (4508 kg ha^-1) was recorded from complete weed free under 60 cm x 10 cm spacing at Sirinka. The harvest index ranged from 18.2% in weedy check at Jari to 39.1% in weed free check at Sirinka. The results indicated that the use of 60 cm x 10 cm planting pattern in combination with hand weeding and hoeing at 3 WAE at Sirinka and hand weeding and hoeing at 4 WAE at Jari proved to be the most feasible practice.

Growth, development and yield as affected by planting pattern and weed management in field pea and baby corn intercropping system

A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive seasons of rabi 2011-13 at Dr. Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to find out the effect of planting pattern and weed management practices on growth, development and yield of field pea and baby corn in field pea (Pant P-13) + baby corn (Surya) intercropping system. The experiment was laid out in split plot design keeping four planting patterns as main plot and four weed management practices as sub plot with three replications. Most of the growth parameters viz. number of branches per plant, dry matter accumulation (g/plant), crop growth rate and relative growth rate of field pea were comparatively higher under sole planting of field pea as compared to intercropping systems. Sole planting of field pea recorded significantly higher grain (2264 and 1434 kg ha-1) and straw yields (3263 and 2540 kg ha-1) during 2011-12 and 2012-2013 than yield obtained as a component crop in paired planting of maize (30/60 cm) + field pea (2:2) and planting of maize + field pea (1:1). Baby corn yield was similar in sole, paired (2:2) and 1:1 planting but significantly higher stover yield of baby corn (3576 kg ha-1 and 3533 kg ha-1, during 2011-12 and 2012-2013 respectively) was obtained from sole crop than other planting methods during both the years. Hand weeding at 30 days after sowing, pre emergence application of pendimethalin 1 kg ha-1 and post emergence application of imazethapyr 50 g ha-1 30 days after sowing improved all the growth and yield parameters of field pea and baby corn than weedy check.

Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) on various planting pattern and addition of organic fertilizers

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of planting pattern and organic fertilizers to growth and yield ofrice (Oryza sativa L.). The research was carried out at January - May 2015 in Toyaning Village, Rejoso Regency, Pasuruan, 2 m above the sea level with alluvial soil type and an average temperature of 22oC-31oC. Research applied with Random Group Design with six treatments: conventional Planting move (Tapin) without organic manure, Jajar legowo (JA) without organic manure, SRI without organic manure (SA), conventional Planting move with organic manure (TO), Jajar legowo with organic manure (JO), SRI with organic manure (SO). The results showed the pattern jajar legowo give best expression plant heigh, the dry weight of the plant top at age 14 day after plant (HST), grain weights/compartments, and net weighted/acres. Conventional planting move gives better response on the dry weight of the plant top at 50 HST, and dry weights bottom plant at 14 HST. The SRI planting pattern give best response number of saplings and the number of saplings of productive/clump, grain weight/clump, and weight of 1000 grain. The treatment of planting pattern with the addition of organic manure gives higher yields rather than without organic manure. Yield of Jajar Legowo is 10.2 tons/ha, highest than other 10.1 2 ton/ ha for Tapin and 68.05 ton/ha for SRI

Responses of Winter Wheat Yield and Water Use Efficiency to Irrigation Frequency and Planting Pattern.

A suitable planting pattern and irrigation strategy are essential for optimizing winter wheat yield and water use efficiency (WUE). The study aimed to evaluate the impact of planting pattern and irrigation frequency on grain yield and WUE of winter wheat. During the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 winter wheat growing seasons in the North China Plain, the effects of planting patterns and irrigation frequencies were determined on tiller number, grain yield, and WUE. The two planting patterns tested were wide-precision and conventional-cultivation. Each planting pattern had three irrigation regimes: irrigation (120 mm) at the jointing stage; irrigation (60 mm) at both the jointing and heading stages; and irrigation (40 mm) at the jointing, heading, and milking stages. In our study, tiller number was significantly higher in the wide-precision planting pattern than in the conventional-cultivation planting pattern. Additionally, the highest grain yields and WUE were observed when irrigation was applied at the jointing stage (120 mm) or at the jointing and heading stages (60 mm each) in the wide-precision planting pattern. These results could be attributed to higher tiller numbers as well as reduced water consumption due to reduced irrigation frequency. In both growing seasons, applying 60 mm of water at jointing and heading stages resulted in the highest grain yield among the treatments. Based on our results, for winter wheat production in semi-humid regions, we recommend a wide-precision planting pattern with irrigation (60 mm) at both the jointing and heading stages.

Effects of ridge-cultivation and plastic film mulching on root distribution and yield of spring maize in hilly area of central Sichuan basin, China.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of planting pattern (ridge culture, flatten culture, furrow culture) and film mulching on the distribution of spring maize root system and their influence on the yield of spring maize in the hilly area of central Sichuan basin. The results showed that ridge and film mulching had great influence on root morphology and root distribution of maize. The root length, root surface area and root volume of film mulching was 42.3%, 50.0%, 57.4% higher than those of no film mulching at jointing stage. The film mulching significantly increased the dry mass of root in vertical and horizontal distribution, and increased the root allocation ratio in deeper soil layer (20-40 cm) and the allocation ratio of wide row (0-20 cm) in horizontal direction. The effects of planting pattern on root growth and root distribution differed by film mulching. With film mulching, the ridge culture significantly increased the root dry mass in each soil layer and enlarged the distribution percentage of wide row (20-40 cm) in horizontal direction, as well as the dry mass of root in horizontal distribution and the root allocation ratio of wide row. The root mass under film mulching was in the order of ridge culture>flatten culture>furrow culture. Without film mulching, the furrow culture significantly increased root dry mass of narrow row (0-40 cm), and the root mass under no film mulching was in the order of furrow culture > ridge culture >flatten culture. As for the spike characteristics and maize yield, the filming mulching mea-sures reduced the corn bald length while increased the spike length, grain number, 1000-grain mass and yield. The yield under film mulching was in the order of ridge culture>flatten culture> furrow culture, while it was furrow culture > flatten culture > ridge culture under no film mulching. The reason for yield increase under ridge culture with film mulching was that it increased root weight especially in deep soil, and promoted the root allocation ratio in deeper soil and wide row (20-40 cm) in horizontal direction. The ridge-furrow culture without film mulching was helpful to root growth and increased the maize yield.

Growth and Yield Response of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) to Integrated Use of Planting Pattern and Herbicide Mixtures in Wollo, Northern Ethiopia

To assess the integrated effect of planting pattern and low dose herbicide mixtures on weeds and growth, yield attributes and yields of cowpea, and to determine the economic feasibility of different weed management practices in cowpea, a field experiment was conducted at Sirinka Agricultural Research Center experimental sites at Jari and Sirinka in Northern Ethiopia during the 2014 main cropping season. There were 16 treatments comprising the combinations of two planting patterns (60 cm × 10 cm, 45 cm × 15 cm) and eight weed management practices (s-metolachlor 2.0 kg ha-1, s-metolachlor at 1.0 kg ha-1+hand weeding and hoeing 35 weeks after crop emergence (WAE), pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha-1+hand weeding and hoeing 5 WAE, s-metolachlor at 1.0 kg ha-1+pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha-1, s-metolachlor at 1.0 kg ha-1+pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha-1, s-metolachlor at 0.75 kg ha-1+pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha-1, hand weeding and hoeing 3 WAE and weedy check. The treatments were laid out in factorial combination in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and hundred seed weight were obtained from the combination of s-metolachlor at 1.0 kg ha-1+hand weeding 5 WAE along with 60 cm × 10 cm at Sirinka. Higher (3092 kg ha-1) grain yield was recorded at Sirinka than at Jari (2714 kg ha-1). The highest (53460 ETB ha-1) gross benefit was obtained from s-metolachlor at 1.0 kg ha-1+hand weeding and hoeing 5 WAE, followed by pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha-1+hand weeding and hoeing 5 WAE (46737 ETB ha-1). Therefore, managing the weeds with the application of 1.0 kg ha-1 of s- metolachlor+hand weeding and hoeing 5 WAE along with 60 cm × 10 cm proved to be the most feasible practice. Alternate herbicides for the control of X. strumarium infested fields in the study area needs to be explored.

Winter wheat grain yield and water use efficiency in wide-precision planting pattern under deficit irrigation in North China Plain

Water resources in North China Plain are limited; however, the Plain is the most important winter wheat production area in China and winter wheat should be irrigated to get high grain yield. To better understand the potential for improving grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE), treatment effects of planting patterns and deficit irrigation were quantified on tillers number, grain yield, evapotranspiration, and WUE during the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 winter wheat growing seasons. The two planting patterns were wide-precision planting pattern (sowing width was 6–8cm) and conventional-cultivation planting pattern (sowing width was 3–5cm). Each planting pattern had three irrigation regimes, i.e., no irrigation, irrigated 60.0mm only at jointing stage, and irrigated 60.0mm each at jointing and heading stages. Results indicated that whether irrigated or not, tillers number was significantly higher in the wide-precision planting pattern than in the conventional-cultivation planting pattern; accounting for spike numbers in wide-precision planting pattern being significantly higher than in conventional-cultivation planting pattern. Grain yield was increased when irrigation amount increased, and was significantly higher in the wide-precision planting pattern than in the conventional-cultivation planting pattern. Significant interaction between planting patterns and deficit irrigation regimes occurred in both 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 grain yields. Under the same deficit irrigation regime, there were not significant differences in the evapotranspiration between the two planting patterns. In the both growing seasons, irrespective of irrigation treatment, WUE was significantly higher in the wide-precision planting pattern than in the conventional-cultivation planting pattern. Results support the application of wide-precision planting pattern in combination with deficit irrigation for maximizing winter wheat production in North China Plain.

种植方式和密度对夏玉米光合特征及产量的影响

种植方式和密度对夏玉米光合特征及产量的影响

Planting pattern and pre-sowing soil moisture effect on yield of soybean

This study aimed to investigate the effects of planting patterns and pre-sowing soil moisture on the yield of summer soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in northern China from 2009 to 2010. The experiment comprised three planting patterns, namely, 30 cm uniform row spacing pattern (U), “20 + 40” wide-narrow row planting pattern (WN), and “20 + 40” furrow planting pattern (F). Three pre-sowing soil moisture treatments were performed at 90, 135, and 180 mm and involved irrigation during the winter wheat growth season. The leaf area index and chlorophyll content index of F were higher than those of U and WN under the same pre-sowing soil moisture treatment (P < 0.05). The accumulation of dry matter and the grain yield of F were significantly higher than those of U and WN (P < 0.05) irrespective of water content. The increase in grain yields of summer soybean was significant in 2009 (P < 0.05) but not in 2010 (P > 0.05) for 135 and 180 mm pre-sowing soil moisture under F. In conclusion, F and 180 mm pre-sowing soil moisture treatments were good agronomic measures to increase the yield of summer soybean in northern China.

Effect of different intercropping patterns on yield and yield components of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiate L)

Intercropping is considered for increasing and stability of yield per average unit. In order to evaluate the effect of planting patterns on yield and yield components of sorghum and mungbean, an experiment conducted in 2013 at the Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, as randomized complete block design with seven treatments and three replications. The treatments were included pure stands for both species, row intercropping and four levels strip intercropping 2:1, 3:1, 1:2 and 1:3 for sorghum and mungbean number of rows per strip, respectively. The results showed that the maximum LAI for sorghum and mungbean obtained in (2:1) and (sole cropping of mungbean) treatments, respectively. The effect of different intercropping on number of grains per pod was not significant. The grain yield and number of grains per panicle of sorghum were significantly affected by different patterns of culture. Also, the highest (33.93%) Harvest index (HI) of sorghum was obtained in (2:1) treatment.

Integrated Weed Management Using Planting Pattern, Cultivar, and Herbicide in Dry-Seeded Rice in Northwest India

Field experiments were conducted in Punjab, India, in 2011 and 2012 to study the integrated effect of planting pattern [uniform rows (20-cm spacing) and paired rows (15-, 25-, and 15-cm spacing)], cultivars (PR-115 and IET-21214), and weed control treatments (nontreated control, pendimethalin 750 g ai ha−1, bispyribac-sodium 25 g ai ha−1, and pendimethalin 750 g ha−1 followed by bispyribac-sodium 25 g ha−1) on weed suppression and rice grain yield in dry-seeded rice. In the nontreated control, IET-21214 had higher grain yield than PR-115 in both planting patterns. However, such differences were not observed within the herbicide treatment. IET-21214 in paired rows, even in nontreated control, provided grain yield (4.7 t ha−1) similar to that in uniform rows coupled with the sole application of pendimethalin (4.3 t ha−1) and bispyribac-sodium (5.0 t ha−1). In uniform rows, sequential application of pendimethalin (PRE) and bispyribac-sodium (POST) provided the highest grain yield among all the weed control treatments and this treatment produced grain yield of 5.9 and 6.1 t ha−1 for PR-115 and IET-21214, respectively. Similarly, in paired rows, PR-115 in paired rows treated with sequential application of pendimethalin and bispyribac-sodium had highest grain yield (6.1 t ha−1) among all the weed control treatments. However, IET-21214 with the sole application of bispyribac-sodium produced grain yield similar to the sequential application of pendimethalin and bispyribac-sodium. At 30 days after sowing, PR-115 in paired rows coupled with pendimethalin application accrued weed biomass (10.7 g m−2) similar to the sequential application of pendimethalin and bispyribac-sodium coupled with uniform rows (8.1 g m−2). Similarly, IET-21214 with bispyribac-sodium application provided weed control similar to the sequential application of pendimethalin and bispyribac-sodium. Our study implied that grain yield of some cultivars could be improved by exploring their competitiveness through paired-row planting patterns with less use of herbicides.

Radiation Use Efficiency and Yield Response of Winter Wheat to Planting Patterns and Irrigation in Northern China

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of planting patterns and irrigation on radiation use efficiency and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) in northern China from 2008 to 2009 and 2009 to 2010. A factorial experiment consisting of three planting patterns: 25 cm uniform row planting pattern (U), “20 + 40” wide‐narrow row planting pattern (wide row spacing [RS] of 40 cm and narrow RS of 20 cm, WN), and “20 + 40” furrow planting pattern (double lines in the furrow with 20 cm spacing, and 40 cm between furrows, ridge high 15 cm, F). Three irrigation treatments were 90, 135, and 180 mm. The leaf area index (LAI) of F planting was higher than that of U and WN under the same irrigation amount. The planting pattern of WN and F, especially the latter, significantly improved the photosynthetic active radiation capture ratio at 0 to 40 cm above the ground surface. Under the same irrigation amount, grain yields of F were significantly higher (P&lt; 0.05) than those of U and WN planting patterns. With the increasing irrigation amount, grain yield of winter wheat was not significantly increased between 135 and 180 mm irrigation from 2009 to 2010 (P&lt; 0.05). In conclusion, considering the water shortage, the F and 135 mm irrigation should be a good agronomic measure to increase grain yield.

Effect of planting pattern (row spacing and seed spacing in row) on some pea physical properties (Pisum sativum var. Pofaki)

In this study, peas were planted according to the map. Product management was done completely from planting to mature period and harvest time. Plant to plant distance in row, was determined 5, 7 and 9 cm and row distance was selected 30, 40 and 50 cm. For measuring pea dimensions, 15 peas were selected randomly from pods. All process was repeated three times for all levels and data were analyzed by using of completely randomized design (CRD) and SAS software. The effect of seed spacing in row was significant on length, width, geometric diameter, arithmetic diameter, cross sectional area, mass, actual volume and bulk volume at the level of 5% (P<5%) and thickness at the level of 1% (P<1%). But it was not significant on lateral surface and sphericity ratio. Also the effect of row distance and interaction effect of seed spacing in row and row distance were not significant in any case.

Effect of planting pattern and plant density on some quantitative traits spotted bean cos16 line

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of planting density on some quantitative traits bean cos 16 line. The experiment was carried out split plot base on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station Borujerd in crop year 2009-2010. In this study the main plots was row spacing including 25, 50 and 75 cm with signs of A1, A2 and A3 and subplots included three densities of 30, 40 and 50 plants per square meter marks B1, B2 and B3. Each plot consisted of 7 lines with length 6 m. and between each two plot one line was considered as the no planting line. After soil testing, land plowed and on the tenth of May, disk operations and ground leveling, planting was performed. The fertilizer was applied based on soil test. In addition to weed control herbicide Terflan (2 liters per hectare) was used. During the growth period combat pests was done. At harvesting time, number of branches, pod length, number of seeds per pod, seed weight, biological yield and grain yield were measured. Experimental results showed that the grain yield per hectare at spacing between rows, and different densities were significant at the 5% level. Maximum production per unit area was obtained in the maximum distance between the rows and the highest density.

Effect of planting pattern and drought stress on amylase content in rice grain

In order to determine the effects of planting pattern and drought stress on rice in Western Iran during 2005 to 2006, this research was performed. Experiment form was split plot in randomized complete block design with four replications. In this research, patterns of irrigation (I1, I2 and I3 = 10 cm water irrigation, five-dayalternate irrigation, and five-day alternate irrigation until the beginning of heading with 10 cm flooding till it gets to the ripening time, respectively) were the major factors and rice variations (Anbar boo, Tarem, Neda,Line 6 and Kadoos as V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5, respectively) were the minor factors. The results of this research showed that water limitation in procreative period and loading of seed induced decrease in the time required for it to reach the maximum weight and maximum amount of amylases, and also, water limitation in this period of growth and germination, decreased seed weight and amount of amylase in rice. The time of reaching tthe maximum amount of amylases in all treatments was less than the time of reaching the maximum seed weight. Also, water limitation in vegetable growth period is not efficient on seed weight and amount of amylases.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF COPPER FRACTIONS IN A VINEYARD SOIL

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work is to assess the effect of planting patterns on the spatial distribution of total copper and other Cu fractions in vineyard soils. Both classical and geostatistical tools were used for the study. The soil of the plot had a loam texture and was strongly acid. The mean total Cu concentration (CuT) was 368 mg kg−1. The mean value of potential available fractions was 188 mg kg−1 for CuEDTA and 122 mg kg−1 for CuDPTA, whereas the mean exchangeable Cu (CuEX) was 5·2 mg kg−1. All Cu measurements exhibited a wide variation. These values are very high compared with those found in non‐polluted soils, and they can affect the soil, plants and microorganisms. The best correlation for CuEX was with soil pH, whereas for CuEDTA, CuDPTA, and CuT, the best correlation was with soil organic carbon. Directional semivariograms were fitted with a spherical model (parallel to plant rows) and a periodic model (perpendicular) showing a dependence on orientation and distance. All Cu measurements were higher along plant rows than among them, finding a periodic pattern in the variance for the normal direction from plant rows. However, in site‐specific management, it is crucial not only to describe the pattern of variation but also to estimate the Cu content in the soil. Copper concentration maps were estimated by kriging interpolation. These maps show a higher Cu accumulation along the cultivated rows than the uncultivated rows. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Effect of different Planting Pattern of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Bean (Vicia faba) on Grain Yield, Dry Matter Production and Weed Biomass

An experiment was conducted in University of London, Kent, UK during the year 2003. The aim of experiment was to investigate the effects of planting pattern on performance of wheat and bean intercrops. A complete randomized block design with four replications was employed to compare the treatments. Treatments included wheat sole crop (W), Bean sole crop (B), within row intercropping (M1), row intercropping (M2) and mix cropping (M3). The density of intercropping was according to replacement design (one wheat replaced by three bean plants). The results showed that total dry matter achieved by intercrops was significantly higher than those achieved by either wheat or bean sole crop. Regarding to weed control, intercrops were more effective than sole crops, especially bean sole crop. Crops performance in terms dry weight, height and percentage of leaf, stem pod and ear was affected by cropping systems depending on crop species, where wheat showed more changes compared to bean . Grain yield, harvest index and thousand grain weights of wheat were decreased in intercropping while bean had reduction only in grain yield.

اثر فاصله روی ردیف و بین ردیف و آرایش کاشت بر اجزای عملکرد، عملکرد دانه و روغن کدو پوست کاغذی (Cucurbita pepo L.)

In order to study the effects of intra and inter-row spaces and planting pattern on the yield components, seed and oil yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), a field experiment was conducted as split-split plot based on randomized block design with three replications during 2009-2010 at the Agricultural Research Station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Two levels of inter-row space (1 and 2 m), two levels of intra-row space (20 and 40 cm) and two planting patterns (one and two ways) were allocated to main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. The results indicated that the effect of inter-row space on number of seeds per ha-1 was significant (p<0.05). The number of fruits and seeds per ha-1, seed and oil yield and oil percent were significantly (p<0.05) affected by intra-row space. The effect of planting pattern was significant (p<0.05) on the number of fruits per ha-1, seed and oil yield and oil. The interaction effect between inter and intra-row spaces were significant on the number of fruits and seeds per ha-1 and oil percent of pumpkin. The interaction effects between intra-row space and planting pattern on the number of fruits per ha-1 and oil percent in squash was significant. With increasing intra-row space, the seed yield decreased (from 697kg h-l to 631kg h-l). The highest and the lowest amounts of seed yield were observed in two and one way with 715 and 613 kg.ha-l, respectively. The positive significant correlation between the fruits per ha-1 and seeds and oil yield and seed yield and oil yield were observed. It seems that the arrangement of row space increased the fruit number and seed and oil yields of pumpkin due to decreasing of its vegetative growth.

Weed Management in Single- vs. Twin-Row Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Research was conducted to determine the effect of planting pattern, plant density, and levels of weed management intensity on intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR), weed control, and cotton lint yield in glyphosate-resistant cotton. Twin-row planting pattern canopy IPAR was 55% 7 wk after emergence (WAE) and 76% 9 WAE compared to 48% for single-row planting pattern 7 WAE and 59% 9 WAE. Regardless of cotton density, row spacing, or weed management intensity, control of browntop millet and Florida beggarweed was at least 88% 18 WAE. Benghal dayflower, sicklepod, and smallflower morningglory control was greater in twin-rows compared to single-rows at a cotton density of 7 plants m−2. Control of Benghal dayflower and sicklepod increased when cotton density increased at low weed management intensities; however, cotton density had no effect on weed control at higher levels of weed management input. At a cotton plant density of 7 plants m−2, twin-row cotton yielded 220 kg ha−1more than the single-row planting pattern. Data indicates twin-row cotton production is feasible and that control of various weeds was better in twin-row than single-row pattern at lower cotton density and weed management intensity.