Effect Of Pituitary Growth Hormone Research Articles

Clinical Use of Somatomedin-1

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a polypeptide of 70 amino acids. The circulatory form of IGF-I is synthesised in the liver. The metabolic activity of IGF-I is regulated by 6 IGF binding proteins. the most important being IGF binding protein-3. IGF-I acts via its own receptor, which resembles that of insulin. It has been demonstrated that the effects of pituitary growth hormone (GH, somatropin) on protein metabolism, including growth and effects on nervous and renal tissue, are mediated by IGF-I, whereas these 2 hormones are antagonistic in their effects on insulin and some aspects of lipid metabolism. The biosynthesis of recombinant human IGF-I (somatomedin-1) in 1986 enabled the initiation of clinical trials. The most important involves replacement therapy in primary IGF-I deficiency, such as Laron syndrome (primary GH resistance or insensitivity), and in patients who have developed antibodies to human GH. In Laron syndrome, which is characterised by dwarfism, somatomedin-1 stimulates growth and increases muscle and bone mass, as well as normalising blood chemistry. In diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2 (insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent), somatomedin-1 increases the sensitivity to insulin and improves glucose utilisation, and may contribute to healing of injured nerve tissue and improve renal function in humans. Adverse effects of somatomedin-1 appear to be related to overdosage. In conclusion, somatomedin-1 is an important hormone which has clinical roles as replacement therapy and other pharmacological therapies.

Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I: a therapeutic challenge for diabetes mellitus.

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) is an endocrine hormone that mediates most of the effects of pituitary growth hormone. Other important regulatory factors of serum IGF I levels are insulin and nutrition. Most of the circulating IGF I is bound to three IGF binding proteins (BP), mostly IGFBP-3, BP-2 and BP-1. IGF I is also produced by many cells in the body where it exerts autocrine and/or paracrine effects. IGF I has a specific receptor on most cells, the so-called type 1 IGF receptor. When IGF I is administered intravenously as a bolus it leads to acute hypoglycaemia in a similar way to insulin and mainly with the insulin receptor. Chronic administration of IGF I to hypophysectomized or diabetic rats leads to prominent anabolic effects and growth. In this manuscript, metabolic and endocrine effects of recombinant IGF I are discussed. Recombinant IGF I therapy increases energy expenditure and lipid oxidation and decreases proteolysis and protein oxidation. These effects occur despite a partial inhibition of insulin and growth hormone secretion. The therapeutic spectrum of recombinant IGF I, consisting of inhibition of catabolism, stimulation of anabolism, decreases of triglyceride and cholesterol levels and a striking increase in insulin sensitivity, renders IGF I a very interesting, powerful tool for insulin-resistant states such as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Effect of growth hormone on the metabolism of thymus and on the immune response against sheep erythrocytes.

The effect of pituitary growth hormone on the biosynthesis of DNA in the thymus and other lymphoid organs, as well as the ability of the rat to respond immunologically to sheep red blood cells, has been evaluated. There is a marked reduction in plaque-forming cells, hemagglutination titers, and DNA synthesis in animals when examined at 15 wk after hypophysectomy. Administration of bovine growth hormone (BGH) leads to the enhancement of DNA synthesis in lymphoid organs and recovery of the immune response. Similar effects of the hormone are observed in plateaued rats. Injection of rabbit anti-BGH globulins, in contrast to normal rabbit globulins, over 5 days causes a drop in the weight of the thymus and in the rate of DNA synthesis in this organ. The thymus is also the organ in which stimulation of DNA synthesis is observed at a time period earlier than the spleen and lymph nodes after a single injection of BGH. The hormone stimulates not only the incorporation of thymidine-(3)H into DNA in the cortical cells, but also the incorporation of sodium sulfate-(35)S into TCA-insoluble biopolymers reported to be elaborated in the medullary area of the thymus. An in vitro system for the action of BGH on the thymus has been described. There is an obligatory requirement for calcium, but not for fetal calf serum in the medium for the hormone effect. An early action of the hormone is the enhanced incorporation of uridine-G-(3)H into RNA in thymocytes which is followed by a stimulation of the synthesis of proteins and DNA. The stimulatory action of growth hormone on RNA synthesis is not because of a facilitated uptake of the radioactive uridine by the cells under hormonal influence, a mechanism by which insulin is observed to increase RNA synthesis in thymocytes in vitro. The action of growth hormone on thymocytes is specific, since thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and heat-inactivated growth hormone are not effective. BGH has also a beneficial action on the regeneration of the thymus and spleen in starved rats.

Effect of growth hormone in vitro on phosphofructokinase activity of rat epididymal adipose tissue

The effect of pituitary growth hormone in vitro on phosphofructokinase of epididymal adipose tissue from hypophysectomized rats has been investigated. Of the four key glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, and pyruvate kinase, assayed in the epididymal adipose tissue of hypophysectomized rats, phosphofructokinase was observed to have the least enzyme activity. Phosphofructokinase extracted from epididymal adipose tissue of hypophysectomized rats incubated before homogenization at 37 ° for 10 min with growth hormone (5 μg/ml) had a higher activity (100%) as compared to enzyme preparations from tissues incubated without growth hormone in the medium. The hormone added directly to the homogenates or supernatant extracts did not give any activation. The apparent increase in enzyme activity was not due to de novo synthesis of the enzyme as cycloheximide did not block the effect. Data presented in this communication suggest that as a result of the action of the hormone on intact tissue, there is a stabilization of the enzyme and/or a stable transformation of less active to a more active form of phosphofructokinase. A correlation is observed between the hormonal stimulation of lipogenesis and of phosphofructokinase activity in epididymal adipose tissue.

Inhibition by theophylline of the stimulatory effects of growth hormone on amino acid transport and protein synthesis in muscle.

A study was made of the in vitro effects of DBCAMP, epinephrine and theophylline on amino acid uptake and protein synthesis by the isolated rat diaphragm. In addition, the ability of these substances to alter the in vitro stimulatory effects of pituitary growth hormone on amino acid uptake and protein synthesis by the diaphragm was assessed. Both DBCAMP (1–10 min) and epinephrine (5 µg'ml) failed to have any effect on the uptake of a-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) by diaphragms of hypophysectomized rats, although both agents caused glycogenolysis in these tissues. Theophylline (5–10 mM) had little effect on the uptake of AIB by diaphragms of normal and hypophysectomized rats, although it caused a moderate reduction in the rate of leucine incorporation into diaphragm protein and produced glycogenolysis. Theophylline also completely suppressed the in vitro stimulatory effects of bovine growth hormone on AIB uptake and leucine incorporation into protein by hypophysectomized rat diaphragms. In contrast neither DB...

Estrogenic inhibition of growth hormone-induced tibial epiphyseal growth in hypophysectomized rats.

Previous studies by this group, and by other workers, have suggested that estrogen may antagonize certain peripheral effects of pituitary growth hormone in rats and humans. The present study demonstrates that the partial inhibitory effect of pharmacologic doses of estradiol valerate (3.3–10 μg total dose) on growth hormone-induced widening of the tibial epiphyseal cartilage of hypophysectomized rats occurs independently of the effects of the estrogen on dietary intake in these rats. (Endocrinology 81: 1428, 1967)

Amino acid incorporation into protein by cell-free systems from rat skeletal muscle. V. Effects of pituitary growth hormone on activity of ribosomes and ribonucleic acid polymerase in hypophysectomized rats.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAmino Acid Incorporation into Protein by Cell-Free Systems from Rat Skeletal Muscle. V. Effects of Pituitary Growth Hormone on Activity of Ribosomes and Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase in Hypophysectomized Rats*James R. Florini and Charles B. BreuerCite this: Biochemistry 1966, 5, 6, 1870–1876Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1966https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00870a013RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views43Altmetric-Citations68LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (628 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Human placental lactogen (HPL), a trophoblastic hormone synergizing with chorionic gonadotropin and potentiating the anabolic effects of pituitary growth hormone

Data obtained from immunologic and biologic assays of trophoblast, pituitaries, urine, and sera of pregnant women demonstrate a similar pattern of production and excretion of human placental lactogen (HPL) as that already known for human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). The placental secretion of HPL may well be essential for the development of the corpus luteum of pregnancy. HPL is also shown to markedly potentiate the anabolic effects of human pituitary growth hormone (HGH) in growth assays performed in hypophysectomized rats. It is, therefore, proposed that HPL is a second hormone, unique to fetal trophoblast.

Effects of pituitary growth hormone and corticotropin on fat metabolism in isolated rat diaphragm

The effect of hypophysectomy and of some pituitary hormones in vitro on the incorporation of 14C from acetate and palmitate into lipid and protein of isolated rat diaphragm has been studied. The most striking effects observed were: a diminution of incorporation into lipid as a result of hypophysectomy, a reduction in incorporation into lipid by growth hormone and corticotropin in diaphragm from normal animals, but not by growth hormone in diaphragm from hypophysectomized animals, and a stimulation of incorporation into protein by both hormones in diaphragm from hypophysectomized animals.

Effects of pituitary growth hormone and corticotropin on fat metabolism in isolated rat diaphragm

The effect of hypophysectomy and of some pituitary hormones in vitro on the incorporation of 14C from acetate and palmitate into lipid and protein of isolated rat diaphragm has been studied. The most striking effects observed were: a diminution of incorporation into lipid as a result of hypophysectomy, a reduction in incorporation into lipid by growth hormone and corticotropin in diaphragm from normal animals, but not by growth hormone in diaphragm from hypophysectomized animals, and a stimulation of incorporation into protein by both hormones in diaphragm from hypophysectomized animals.

Effect of pituitary growth hormone on cholesterogenesis.

IT has been reported earlier that injections of anterior pituitary growth hormone into adult female rats cause a decrease in the rate of synthesis of fatty acid and an increase in the rate of cholesterogenesis in the liver1. Inverse relationships of this type have also been described as occurring in diabetic rats2 and in normal rats injected with thyroxine3. These results were obtained using labelled acetate as substrate. The availability of labelled mevalonic acid now permits some dissection of the pathway involved.

The effect of pituitary growth hormone on phospholipid synthesis.

The effect of pituitary growth hormone on phospholipid synthesis.

Effect of pituitary growth hormone in vivo on the phosphorus/oxygen ratios of isolated rat liver mitochondria.

RECENT reports tending to localize the site of action of thyroxine in uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation at the level of the mitochondrial membrane1,2 have served to emphasize the need for similar studies on possible sites of action of anterior pituitary growth hormone, a substance which produces generalized metabolic changes even more striking than those found with thyroxine. The present communication reports some results concerning the effect of the hormone on oxidative phosphorylation, using mitochondria isolated from the livers of normal rats or rats treated with growth hormone.

The effect of growth hormone on the incorporation of labeled sulfate into the chick embryo femur in tissue culture.

The effects of pituitary growth hormone on the development of 9-day chick embryo femora were studied in tissue culture. Pair-mate bones were cultivated by the roller-tube culture method without plasma, in which one of each pair was grown in the medium consisting of chick embryo extract, horse serum and saline solution and another in the plus-growth hormone medium.In a high concentration, 100μg/ml, the radiosulfate uptake of the bones was markedly retarded and both elongation and dry weight of the treated bones were considerably less than those of the control. With decreasing concentration, however, the reduced uptake of 35S-sulfate and the inhibited longitudinal growth were restored. And in a low concentration, 6.25μg/ml, the incorporation of labeled sulfate into the treated bones significantly increased over that of the control and a significant enhancement was found also in the elongation, And, from a consideration that a concentration of 6.25μg growth hormone per ml of the medium would be regarded as within the physiologic level of concentration, it was suggested that growth hormone acts directly on the development of skeletal tissues in living organisms. As to the dry weight of the bones, however, a slight decrease was observed in all the concentrations used.

The effect of pituitary growth hormone on the aging male rat.

The effect of pituitary growth hormone on the aging male rat.

The stimulative effect of pituitary growth hormone on S35-sulfate incorporation in the chick embryo femur in tissue culture.

The stimulative effect of pituitary growth hormone on S35-sulfate incorporation in the chick embryo femur in tissue culture.

The metabolic effects of human and monkey growth hormone in man.

Excerpt INTRODUCTION The biochemical nature and diverse physiologic effects of pituitary growth hormone have been reviewed recently by a number of investigators in an international symposium,1by As...

Effect of pituitary growth hormone on transplantable mouse tumors.

Summary1. Growth hormone was assayed for potency by its effect on body weights of adult hypopituitary dwarf mice. Their body weights increased by more than a factor of 2 during 4 weeks'administration of the hormone. 2. Four different transplantable tumors responded to growth hormone administered to the host mice. The latent period of the tumor is reduced and the mass of the tumor is much greater than that of the controls. 3. Tumor bearing host mice showed a significant body weight increase under action of growth hormone. Enhanced tumor growth due to the hormone did not reduce the host body weight. 4. Maximum average tumor mass attained by the 4 different tumors is independent of the host body weight. While growth hormone increases the tumor as well as the hosts weight, average mass of tumor grown is constant and characteristic of the tumor-host combination. 5. Data suggest that growth hormone plays a supportive role in mammary carcinoma.

Effects of Pituitary Growth Hormone on the Insulin and Hyperglycæmic-glycogenolytic Factor extractable from the Pancreas of Obese-Hyperglycæmic Mice

IN two separate experiments it has been found that, 24 hr. after the administration of bovine pituitary growth hormone to mice with the hereditary syndrome of obesity and hyperglycæmia (1 mgm. of growth hormone per mouse), changes had occurred in the amounts of insulin and hyperglycæmic-glycogenolytic factor extractable from the pancreas using a standardized acid alcohol technique1. In each experiment values for insulin and hyperglycæmic-glycogenolytic factor values were compared in the following four groups of animals (ten or twelve animals per group) : obese-hyperglycæmic mice and their non-obese sibs treated with growth hormone, and two groups of the same description but not treated with growth hormone.

The short-term effect of pituitary growth hormone on the catabolism of fat in the liver.

The short-term effect of pituitary growth hormone on the catabolism of fat in the liver.