Photosensitizing Effect Research Articles

Evaluation of effects of riboflavin and/or ultraviolet-A on survival of rat limbal epithelial stem cells in ex-vivo.

To investigate the effects of riboflavin and/or ultraviolet-A (UV-A) irradiation on the cell viability of ex-vivo-cultured rat limbal stem cells (LSCs). LSCs of male Wistar rats (N = 12 eyes) were cultured, and immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate them. After characterization, these cells were assigned to four groups of control (C), a group that was exposed to UV-A radiation (UV), a group that was treated with riboflavin (R), and a group that cotreated with both UV-A and riboflavin (UV+R). To determine the cell viability of LSCs, these cells were subjected to MTT assay on days 1, 3, and 7 after exposure to UV-A and/or riboflavin. The duration of exposure to UV-A and riboflavin was similar to levels used during the conventional corneal collagen cross-linking procedure. Compared with the viable cells in the control group, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.0001) in the number of LSCs in the UV group during all study days. In the R group, the level of viable LSCs was as same as the level of viable LSCs in the C group. Combined treatment with UV-A plus riboflavin significantly decreased the survival of LSCs on days 1 and 3 (P < 0.0001, P < 0.001, respectively) compared with the control group. Interestingly, in the UV+R group, the photosensitizing effect of riboflavin significantly decreased the cytotoxic effect of UV irradiation 7 days after exposure. These results suggest that the administered UV energy in the presence or absence of riboflavin can damage LSCs. Likewise, riboflavin could decrease the toxic effect of UVA on LSCs.

Unexpected Photocatalytic Degeneration of NAD + for Inducing Apoptosis of Hypoxia Cancer Cells

Unexpected Photocatalytic Degeneration of NAD ⁺ for Inducing Apoptosis of Hypoxia Cancer Cells

Improving the removal of tetracycline via carbonate-mediated triplet-excited state by the Cu-containing zeolites activated percarbonate

The removal of tetracycline (TC) via various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) under visible light has been widely investigated. However, the photosensitive effect of TC on its removal has been mostly neglected. In this work, the photosensitization of TC is explored by a novel catalytic system, Cu-containing zeolite (Cu/ZSM5) activation on sodium percarbonate (SPC) under visible light irradiation. Experimental results indicated that the Cu/ZSM5/vis/SPC process could achieve 100 % removal of TC within 40 min (kobs = 0.099 min−1), while only removal of 58.1 % was achieved under dark conditions (kobs = 0.016 min−1). It was confirmed for the first time by phosphorescence spectroscopy that carbonate ions (CO32–) could induce TC to be excited into triplet states (3TC*) under visible light, synergistically forming the carbonate radicals (•CO3−). Besides, the CO32– reacted with hydroxyl radical (•OH) derived from the heterogeneous Fenton-like pathway by Cu/ZSM5, leading to the generation of multiple kinds of reactive oxygen species (•OH, •CO3−, •O2−, and 1O2), which further together contribute to the TC removal. This study does not only present a novel strategy via Cu-containing zeolite with SPC to remove TC but also found that TC acts as both a sensitizer and oxidized substrate.

Reduction and Photoreduction of NO2 in Humic Acid Films as a Source of HONO, ClNO, N2O, NO X , and Organic Nitrogen.

Atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO), a trace atmospheric gas, is often underestimated in global atmospheric models due to the poor understanding of its daytime sources and sinks. HONO is known to accumulate during nighttime and undergo rapid photodissociation during the day to form NO and highly reactive OH radical, making it important to have accurate atmospheric HONO estimations. Despite its rapid photolysis, recent field observations have found quasi-steady-state concentrations of HONO at midday, suggesting photolytic HONO formation pathways to replenish daytime atmospheric HONO. Recent studies suggest that the presence of complex organic photosensitizers in atmospheric aerosols converts atmospheric NO2 into HONO. To better understand the effect of environmental photosensitizers in daytime mechanisms of HONO formation, we present here laboratory studies on the heterogeneous photolytic reduction of NO2 by humic acid films, a proxy for organic chromophoric compounds. The effect of pH and Cl- in the photosensitized formation of HONO and other nitrogen-containing gases is also investigated. A dual Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) system is utilized to simultaneously perform in situ analysis of condensed-phase reactants and gas-phase products. We find that the rate of HONO formation is faster at lower pHs. Nitrogen incorporation in the complex organic chromophore is observed, suggesting a competing pathway that results in suppressed daytime formation of nitrogenous gases. Significantly, the presence of chloride ions also leads to the organic-mediated photolytic formation of nitrosyl chloride (ClNO), a known precursor of HONO. Overall, this work shows that organic acid photosensitizers can reduce adsorbed NO2 to form HONO, ClNO, and NO while simultaneously incorporating nitrogen into the organic chromophores present in aerosol.

Short-Wavelength Aggregation-Induced Emission Photosensitizers for Solid Tumor Therapy: Enhanced with White-Light Fiber Optic.

White-light photodynamic therapy (wPDT) has been used in the treatment of cancer due to its convenience, effectiveness and less painful. However, the limited penetration of white-light into the tissues leads to a reduced effectiveness of solid tumor treatment. Two short-wavelength aggregation-induced emission (AIE) nanoparticles were prepared, PyTPA@PEG and TB@PEG, which have excitation wavelengths of 440 nm and 524 nm, respectively. They were characterized by UV, fluorescence, particle size and TEM. The ability of nanoparticles to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and kill cancer cells under different conditions was investigated in vitro, including white-light, after white-light penetrating the skin, laser. A white-light fiber for intra-tumor irradiation was customized. Finally, induced tumor elimination with fiber-mediated wPDT was confirmed in vivo. In vitro, both PyTPA@PEG and TB@PEG are more efficient in the production ROS when exposed to white-light compared to laser. However, wPDT also has a fatal flaw in that its level of ROS production after penetrating the skin is reduced to 20-40% of the original level. To this end, we have customized a white-light fiber for intra-tumor irradiation. In vivo, the fiber-mediated wPDT significantly induces tumor elimination with maximized therapeutic outcomes by irradiating the interior of the tumor. In addition, wPDT also has the advantage that its light source can be adapted to a wide range of photosensitizers (wavelength range 400-700 nm), whereas a laser of single wavelength can only target a specific photosensitizer. This method of using optical fiber to increase the tissue penetration of white light can greatly improve the therapeutic effect of AIE photosensitizers, which is needed for the treatment of large/deep tumors and holds great promise in cancer treatment.

Growth and Characterization of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells using Dyes from Mangifera Indica, Manihot Esculenta and Hibiscus Sabdariffa Leaves by Sol-Gel Technique

Three natural dyes, extracted from leaves of mangifera indica, manihot esculenta and hibiscus sabdariffa were used as sensitizers to fabricate dye-sensitized solar cells. The Sensitization performance related to interaction between the dyes and titanium (iv) oxide (Ti02) surface were evaluated under 100mW/cm2 light intensity. The photoelectrical performance of the DSSCs based on these dyes show that the V0c ranged from 0.300 to 0.477V and Jsc was in the range of 0.00011 to 0.0102mA/cm2. The DSSC sensitized with mangifera indica leave extract offered the best photosensitization effect, and had the highest photoelectrochemical performance. The SEM result TiO2 sample revealed that the surface of the TiO2 was porous with particle agglomeration. The EDX showed quantitative results and elements present as titania (70.33, weight %), oxygen (15.30, weight %), nitrogen (10.24, weight %) and carbon (4.13, weight %).

Bone Neoformation Induced by Low-Level Laser and Methylene Blue Suggests Early Ossification in Rats.

Introduction: Bone healing depends on inflammation control and tissue repair time. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been investigated to accelerate this process. Methylene blue (MB), together with LLLT, has been investigated for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential; however, the effects of photosensitizers (photodynamic therapy, PDT) are controversial. This study aimed to verify whether the combination of MB and LLLT changes the course of the consolidation of experimental bone defects. Methods: Sixteen Wistar rats underwent femoral bone defects. In the control group (n=4), LLLT simulations were performed without MB. The MB group (n=4) received MB and simulation of LLLT. The LLLT group (n=4) was exposed to LLLT. The PDT+LLLT group (n=4) received MB and LLLT. At the end of 7 or 14 days, the animals were euthanized, and samples were collected. Results: PDT and LLLT induced osteogenic formation with cellularity (after seven days) and union of bony edges (14 days). On the seventh day, LLLT combined with PDT induced an increase (P<0.05) of 484% in the area of bone neoformation compared to the control. On the fourteenth day, LLLT combined with PDT or alone increased (P<0.05) the area of bone neoformation by 214% and 240% respectively, compared to the control group. The PDT/LLLT combination was associated with increased radiopacity (P<0.038). Conclusion: The combined use of MB with LLLT initiated during the transoperative phase may stimulate the bone repair process in rats.

Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters versus Metal Nanocrystals: Maneuvering Tunable Charge Transfer in an Integrated Photosystem.

Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) have recently emerged as a promising sector of metal nanomaterials in terms of peculiar atomic stacking fashion, quantum confinement effect, and enriched catalytically active sites, which are wholly distinct from conventional metal nanocrystals (NYs) in all respects. However, atomically precise metal NCs inevitably suffer from intrinsic poor instability either under light irradiation or thermal treatment owing to the ultrahigh surface energy, thereby resulting in substantial loss of photosensitization efficiency and retarding their emerging utilization in photoredox catalysis. Here, we first conceptually reveal the charge transfer characteristic difference between atomically precise metal NCs and metal NYs attained by self-transformation in boosting interfacial charge migration and separation. The results signify that the interfacial charge transfer impetus of atomically precise metal NCs as a photosensitizer versus metal NYs as a Schottky-type electron-withdrawing mediator is closely associated with the loading amount on the semiconductor substrate. The photosensitization effect of atomically precise metal NCs is superior to the electron trapping capability of metal NYs when the loading amount of the metal ingredient is relatively high and vice versa. Our work would significantly bridge the gap between atomically precise metal NCs and metal NYs in fine tuning of the charge transfer pathway in photocatalysis toward solar energy conversion.

Design of X-ray energy detector

Energy is an essential key element in the process of human survival and development. With the development and progress of science and technology, human beings pushed the age to the industrial period by discovering and exploiting coal. And then, all kinds of fossil fuels have been discovered continuously such as oil and gas. After entering the age of electricity, people started trying to convert various energy sources into electricity. However, traditional fossil fuels have been depleted as humans continue to collect them, and many of them are harmful to the environment after been used. Therefore, human beings began to devote themselves to exploring all kinds of new energy, such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and nano energy. X-rays are also an emerging energy source. Its energy is 124 eV∼1.24 MeV which rank only second to gamma ray. And depending on its penetrating effect, differential absorption, photosensitive effect and fluorescence effect, has played a great advantage in medicine. At the same time, halogen perovskite has been found that has better stability, and it is very promising to replace α-Se as the next generation of direct X-ray detection materials. In this paper, we designed an X-ray energy detection system based on micro system, which uses perovskite to detect X-ray. And then we designed a signal amplification and rectification circuit which is used to amplify and rectify the signal because the X-ray energy signal is weak and disorderly. Finally, we used the micro system is used to process and respond to the input signal.

Wastewater preinteraction accelerates the photoaging of disposable box-derived polystyrene microplastics in water

Before being discharged into natural environment, almost all of microplastics (MPs) interact with wastewater constituents in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study investigated the photoaging of disposable box-derived polystyrene (PS) mediated by real wastewater by simulating the case flowing from WWTPs to natural water. Results showed that wastewater influent pretreatment significantly enhanced the photoaging of PSMPs through the sorption of wastewater constituents, e.g., 2.02 times of increase in photooxidation after 30 d of ultraviolet irradiation. Fulvic acid was identified as the leading contributor for the enhancing effect of wastewater relative to other wastewater constituents such as Cl, CO32−, NO3− and clay particles. In-depth mechanism analysis showed that the observed enhancement was critically controlled by the photosensitization effect of wastewater itself and the enhanced utilization of PSMPs for ultraviolet energy. Specifically, various sorbed wastewater constituents can not only generate higher concentrations of •OH and O2⋅− than clean MPs without constituents, but also reinforce the utilization of PSMPs for light energy due to the increased dispersion in solution by increasing hydrophilicity and surface charges. Also, the light-shielding effect was induced by wastewater, but was less important. This study bridges wastewater source and MP aging and fate and suggests the shortened lifetime of (micro)plastic samples via WWTP input to deepen our understanding of MP pollution in the environment.

Atomically precise Au25(GSH)18 nanoclusters versus plasmonic Au nanocrystals: Evaluating charge impetus in solar water oxidation

Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) have been deemed as an emerging class of metal nanomaterials owing to fascinating size-dependent physicochemical properties, discrete energy band structure, and quantum confinement effect, which are distinct from conventional metal nanoparticles (NPs). Nevertheless, metal NCs suffer from photoinduced self-oxidative aggregation accompanied by in-situ transformation to metal NPs, markedly reducing the photosensitization of metal NCs. Herein, maneuvering the generic instability of metal NCs, we perform the charge transport impetus comparison between atomically precise metal NCs and plasmonic metal NPs counterpart obtained from in-situ self-transformation of metal NCs in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting reaction. For conceptual demonstration, we proposed two quintessential heterostructures, which include TNTAs-Au25 heterostructure fabricated by electrostatically depositing glutathione (GSH)-protected Au25(GSH)18 NCs on the TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) substrate, and TNTAs-Au heterostructure constructed by triggering self-transformation of Au25(GSH)18 NCs to plasmonic Au NPs in TNTAs-Au25via calcination. The results indicate that photoelectrons produced over Au25 NCs are superior to hot electrons of plasmonic Au NPs in stimulating the interracial charge transport toward solar water oxidation. This is mainly ascribed to the significantly accelerated carrier transport kinetics, prolonged carrier lifespan, and substantial photosensitization effect of Au25 NCs compared with plasmonic Au NPs, resulting in the considerably enhanced PEC water splitting performance of TNTAs-Au25 relative to plasmonic TNTAs-Au counterpart under visible light irradiation. Our work would provide important implications for rationally designing atomically precise metal NCs-based photosystems toward solar energy conversion.

Construction of a ternary staggered heterojunction of ZnO/g-C3N4/AgCl with reduced charge recombination for enhanced photocatalysis.

In this study, a series of ternary composite photocatalysts ZnO/g-C3N4/AgCl(x) (x is the amount of AgCl added, x=0.05, 0.1, 0.15 g) were synthesized, and various characterization methods were used to analyze the morphology, structural, and photochemical properties of the above samples. The photocatalytic activity of the obtained samples was evaluated by degrading rhodamine B (RhB) and acid orange (AOII) under xenon lamp irradiation. The results show that the degradation rate of ZnO/g-C3N4/AgCl (0.1 g) is 99% within 60 min, which is much higher than the 38% degradation rate of g-C3N4. After five cycles, the degradation efficiency of RhB and AOII by ZnO/g-C3N4/AgCl (0.1 g) were still 85% and 94%, respectively. In addition to colored dyes, the photocatalytic degradation of colorless tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) compounds was also investigated to understand the effect of photosensitization on the degradation process. Based on the electronic structure analysis of the DFT calculations, a staggered heterojunction structure was found between g-C3N4, ZnO, and AgCl. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the ternary composite is mainly attributed to the efficient separation of charge carriers through the synergistic removal of photogenerated electrons in g-C3N4 by ZnO and AgCl. Radical trapping experiments confirmed that •O2- and h+ were the main active species in the reaction system. As a visible light-responsive catalyst, ZnO/g-C3N4/AgCl can be effectively applied to the degradation of organic dye pollutants and has broad application prospects.

Effect of photovoltaic performance of plant-based cocktail DSSCs and adsorption of nano TiO2 onto the solvent-influenced dye sensitizers

The purpose of this article is to fabricate an effective solar cell from extracts of Aloe Vera, False Daisy, Papaya leaves, and a cocktail of these extracts in a side-by-side configuration. The sensitization time of photoanode-based DSSC and the extraction procedure of the natural dye sensitizers were optimized and analyzed. The absorbance spectra of the natural dyes and the characteristic functionalities of the dye molecules were examined by using UV–Vis and FTIR Spectrum. DSSCs photovoltaic characteristics were analyzed by various parameters such as open circuit voltage, short circuit current, fill factor, and light to electron conversion efficiency. The nano TiO2-based DSSC by using Cocktail extract reported an efficiency of about 1.79% whereas Aloe Vera extract attained an efficiency of about 0.75% respectively. Among the dyes considered in terms of solar cell output, the combination extract in ethanol has displayed comparatively high photosensitization effects due to solvent properties.

Hydrogen sulfide activatable metal-organic frameworks for Fluorescence Imaging-Guided Photodynamic Therapy of colorectal cancer.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative and palliative therapeutic strategy for colorectal cancer (CRC). A novel photosensitizer with higher selectivity for CRC and fewer side effects is vital for clinical application. Given that the overexpression of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in CRC, it is expected to provide a selective stimulus for activatable photosensitizers that in respond to the specific microenvironment. Herein, we report a novel development of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) composed of meso-Tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (TCPP) and ferric ion (Fe3+) through a facile one-pot process. Experiments both in vitro and in vivo reveal that the MOF is capable of depredating in response to the high content of H2S in tumor microenvironment of CRC. Accompanying with the degradation and release of TCPP, the fluorescence and photosensitivity effect is switched from “off” to “on”, enabling the MOF to serve as a H2S activatable nano-photosensitizer for real-time fluorescence imaging-guided and targeted PDT of CRC.

Development of Tetrapod Zinc Oxide-Based UV Sensor for Precision Livestock Farming and Productivity.

In order to ensure the health and welfare of livestock, there has been an emphasis on precision farming of ruminant animals. Monitoring the life index of ruminant animals is of importance for intelligent farming. Here, a wearable sensor for monitoring ultraviolet (UV) radiation is demonstrated to understand the effect of primary and secondary photosensitization on dairy animals. Thin films of wide bandgap semiconductor zinc oxide (ZnO) comprising multilevel of nanostructures from microparticles (MP) to nanoparticles (NP), and tetrapod (T–ZnO), were prepared as the UV sensing active materials. The sensitivity was evaluated by exposing the films to various radiation sources, i.e., 365 nm (UV A), 302 nm (UV B), and 254 nm (UV C), and measuring the electrical resistance change. T–ZnO is found to exhibit higher sensitivity and stable response (on/off) upon exposure to UV A and UV B radiation, which is attributed to their higher surface area, aspect ratio, porosity, and interconnective networks inducing a high density of chemical interaction sites and consequently improved photocurrent generation. A wearable sensor using T–ZnO is packaged and attached to a collar for dynamic monitoring of UV response on ruminant animals (e.g., sheep in this study). The excellent performance of T–ZnO wearable sensors for ruminant animals also holds the potential for a wider range of applications such as residential buildings and public spaces.

Merocyanine Complexes Coupled with Plasmonic Au Nanoparticles for Inhibiting Tau Aggregation

Singlet oxygen (1O2) has been recently identified as the key mechanism for depressing β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Slow cell internalization and short half-life of photosensitizing effects still impede the application of nanophotosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The current major challenge of using spiropyran for PDT is the extremely short half-life of its ring-opened isomer, merocyanine. Merocyanine is the center of generation of 1O2. Here, we report that the complexation of spiropyran onto Au nanoparticles greatly enhances the stability of merocyanine (half-life is 91.6 h). Additionally, Au nanoparticles sharply decelerate the reversion of merocyanine back to spiropyran (a ring-closed form) by modifying the energy configuration of merocyanine, resulting in generation of a long-lived 1O2 phototherapy response (24 h) in the intracellular environment for depressing tau aggregation (a 32% reduction of NFT formation).

Conjugated‐Polymer‐Based Photodynamic Therapy

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising method for cancer treatment owing to its high spatiotemporal precision and minimally invasive properties. The efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by photosensitizers (PSs) directly affects PDT efficacy. Conjugated polymers (CPs) exhibit excellent light‐harvesting capabilities and effective intra‐ and intermolecular energy transfer between CPs and traditional PSs by the “molecular wire effect,” leading to a significant improvement in ROS generation efficiency when PSs are carefully paired with suitable CPs as energy donors. The recently proposed “polymerization‐enhanced photosensitization effect” further reveals that donor–acceptor type CPs can directly function as high‐performance PSs. Recently, two‐photon excitation and chemiluminescence excitation technologies are employed to enhance the penetration depth, a common challenge in phototherapy of CP‐based PDT systems. Furthermore, if precisely designed, CPs can endow the system with useful functions such as photothermal effects and drug‐delivery capacity, which can lead to a synergistic therapy with PDT. Here, recent advances are summarized in CP‐based PDT, including its underlying phenomena, mechanisms, and applications. Strategies for improving PDT performance are the focus of the discussions. In the conclusion, challenges and opportunities are discussed by considering further perspectives.

Regulation of Antimicrobial Effect of Hemicyanine-Based Photosensitizer via Supramolecular Assembly.

An intelligent “antimicrobial switch” has been constructed to reduce prolonged exposure of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics, which could reversibly “turn off” or “turn on” the antimicrobial activity of hemicyanines through self-assembly or dis-assembly of cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). This assembly effectively inhibited the production of ROS under light, shielding the active site of hemicyanines and achieving on-demand antimicrobial ability. Moreover, CB[7] differentially inhibits ROS of molecules with different alkyl chain lengths, which provided reference for the subsequent design of materials with antimicrobial activity regulation, and could effectively delay or even prevent the development of pathogens resistance.

Prussian Blue@Zeolitic imidazolate framework composite toward solar-triggered biodecontamination

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) featuring composition and bandstructure diversity, are an emerging class of photoresponsive disinfectants. In this study, we demonstrated the superiority of core–shell arranged photoactive MOFs (prussian blue (PB) and zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8)) for pathogen inactivation in terms of biocidal efficiency and broad-spectrum sensitivity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was significantly promoted after the integration of PB due to the photosensitization effect and initiation of in situ Fenton reaction. Favorably, another inactivation channel was also opened owing to the unique photothermal effect of PB. Attributed to the facilitated ROS intracellular penetration by heat, the composite outperforms not only individual component but anatase TiO2 in pathogen elimination. Specifically, the Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) inactivation efficiency of the composite (6.6 log) is 2, 1.8 and 5.1 times higher than that of PB (3.3 log), ZIF-8 (3.7 log) and TiO2 (1.3 log) over 45 min of simulated sunlight illumination. Significantly, the infectivity of Bacillus anthracis and murine coronavirus in droplets on composite-coated filter surface could be greatly reduced (approximately 3 log reduction in colony number/coronavirus titer) within few minutes of solar exposure, indicative of the great potential of MOF composites toward life-threatening microbial infection prevention.

Novel Co2+ passivated carbon nanodots with up-conversion effects combined with NH2-MIL-125 for improving photocatalytic NO purification and hydrogen evolution

Novel ionic state Co passivated carbon nanodots (Co-CDs) combined with NH2-MIL-125 as efficient photocatalysts Co-CDs/NH2-MIL-125 were fabricated in a convenient process for the first time. These materials exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity in both NO purification and hydrogen production under visible light irradiation. The NO purification rate of Co-CDs/NH2-MIL-125 increased to 46.6%, which was 20.2% and 13.4% higher than that of NH2-MIL-125 and CDs/NH2-MIL-125, respectively. Moreover, the hydrogen production efficiency of Co-CDs/NH2-MIL-125 reached 2261 μmol g−1, which was 6.86 times and 3.54 times of the values for NH2-MIL-125 and CDs/NH2-MIL-125, respectively. The corresponding properties characterized by Mott-Schottky, UCPL, and in situ DRIFTS, indicated that the introduction of Co2+ could not only passivate the CDs to further improve physicochemical properties, but also enhance the photocatalytic activity via the photosensitization and up-conversion effect. This research provides a promising strategy that adding active metal ions passivated CDs in the catalyst platform to improve photocatalytic performance.