Effects Of Partial Sleep Deprivation Research Articles

Effects of partial sleep deprivation on visual search behavior and complex task performance under low and high threat.

Effects of partial sleep deprivation on visual search behavior and complex task performance under low and high threat.

Supplemental Material for Effects of Partial Sleep Deprivation on Visual Search Behavior and Complex Task Performance Under Low and High Threat

Supplemental Material for Effects of Partial Sleep Deprivation on Visual Search Behavior and Complex Task Performance Under Low and High Threat

Exercise as a strategy to mitigate the cognitive effects of partial sleep deprivation

Exercise as a strategy to mitigate the cognitive effects of partial sleep deprivation

The effects of partial sleep deprivation on adaptive cognitive control

The effects of partial sleep deprivation on adaptive cognitive control

The Effect of Partial Sleep Deprivation and Time-on-Task on Young Drivers’ Subjective and Objective Sleepiness

Despite sleepiness being considered one of the main factors contributing to road crashes, and even though extensive efforts have been made in the identification of techniques able to detect it, the assessment of fitness-to-drive regarding driving fatigue and sleepiness is still an open issue. In the literature on driver sleepiness, both vehicle-based measures and behavioral measures are used. Concerning the former, the one considered more reliable is the Standard Deviation of Lateral Position (SDLP) while the PERcent of eye CLOSure over a defined period of time (PERCLOS) seems to be the most informative behavioral measure. In the present study, using a within-subject design, we assessed the effect of a single night of partial sleep deprivation (PSD, less than 5 h sleeping time) compared to a control condition (full night of sleep, 8 h sleeping time) on SDLP and PERCLOS, in young adults driving in a dynamic car simulator. Results show that time-on-task and PSD affect both subjective and objective sleepiness measures. Moreover, our data confirm that both objective and subjective sleepiness increase through a monotonous driving scenario. Considering that SDLP and PERCLOS were often used separately in studies on driver sleepiness and fatigue detection, the present results have potential implications for fitness-to-drive assessment in that they provide useful information allowing to combine the advantages of the two measures for drowsiness detection while driving.

A study to evaluate psychosocial and physical effects of partial sleep deprivation among post- menopausal women

A study to evaluate psychosocial and physical effects of partial sleep deprivation among post- menopausal women

Effects of partial sleep deprivation on prefrontal cognitive functions in adolescents.

The effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive functions associated with the frontal lobe, such as attention, executive functions, and working memory, is not well known. This study aimed to investigate the effect of partial sleep deprivation in adolescents on the cognitive tasks of the frontal lobe, including visuospatial working memory, processing speed, sustained attention, executive functions, and short-term visual memory. Participants were recruited from voluntary students of Çukurova University. Eighteen adolescents underwent four consecutive nights of monitored sleep restriction (6-6.5h/night) and four nights of sleep extension (10-10.5h/night) in a counterbalanced order and separated by a washout period. Following each sleep period, the cognitive performance was assessed, at a fixed morning time, using a computerized neuropsychological test battery based on frontal lobe functions tasks, which was a timed test providing both accuracy and reaction time outcome measures. Only the spatial working memory performance of cognitive tasks was found to be statistically lower in the restricted-sleep condition than in the extended-sleep condition (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the performance of cognitive tasks evaluating simple attention, constant attention, executive functions, and cognitive flexibility. The findings of this study indicated that partial sleep restriction negatively affects specifically working memory and strategic thinking skills among cognitive functions based on the frontal lobe. Especially the visuospatial working memory and strategic thinking skills of adolescents might be susceptible to chronic partial sleep deprivation.

Effects of partial sleep deprivation: speed management ability and associated crash risk

ABSTRACT This study modelled the effects of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) in terms of sleep debt on mean speed, speed variability and associated crash probability. Fifty male drivers drove the driving simulator in three test sessions (TS): TS1 (night) and TS2 (lunch) after one and two consecutive nights of PSD (sleep ≤4.5h; measured using Actiwatch), respectively and TS3 with no sleep deprivation. The mean sleep debt observed in TS1, TS2 and TS3 were 2.2 h, 1.53 h and no sleep debt, respectively. A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) model results showed that the crash risk increased 1.5 times with increasing sleep debt, 27% with increasing speed and doubled with increasing speed-variability. The findings show that reducing speed by more than 15% could have eliminated the risk of crashes. However, the drivers suffered from loss of speed control under the sleep debt conditions.

Changes in the Power Characteristics of the α-Rhythm in Students with Different Levels of Anxiety in Normal Sleep and Partial Deprivation Solving the Go/NoGo Problem

The effect of partial sleep deprivation on cognitive control was studied in 26 students with different levels of trait anxiety. The synchronization–desynchronization reactions of the EEG α-oscillations were evaluated during the Go/NoGo test. In less anxious students, a reduction in sleep time on the night before the study led to a decrease in the desynchronization response to a positive conditioning stimulus (Go) and thus smoothed out the differences with the response to a stimulus that inhibited the behavioral response (NoGo). The smoothing of the α-rhythm responses to stimuli of different signal significance after deprivation indicated deterioration of cognitive control in this group. In students with a high level of anxiety, there were no differences in responses to Go/No Go stimuli either after a night’s sleep of normal duration or after a single sharp reduction of it. They probably had a reduced level of cognitive control, and it did not depend on partial sleep deprivation.

Effects of partial sleep deprivation: A comparative assessment of young non-professional and professional taxi drivers

AimThis study aims to determine the effects of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) on driving performance of professional and young non-professional drivers. MethodsThe study included fifty participants (20 professional taxi drivers and 30 young non-professional drivers) driving the simulator-cab in three conditions. The first test session (TS1) was conducted after one night of PSD followed by the second test (TS2) after two consecutive nights of PSD. The driving performance metrics in two conditions of PSD (i.e., sleep duration = 4.25 ± 0.5 h) were compared with the baseline drive with no sleep loss. Sleep restriction was monitored using Actiwatch. Drivers subjectively self-reported their alertness using Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Driving performance metrics and reaction time to emergency events were collected during each drive. ResultsA preliminary mixed-design ANOVA showed deterioration in driving performance of all drivers in terms of speed (p < 0.1), speed variability (p = 0.06), standard deviation in lateral positions (SDLP) (p < 0.001) and delayed reaction time (p < 0.05). Separate Mixed-Effects Generalized Linear Models for professional and non-professional drivers showed that speed variability, SDLP and reaction time increased from baseline during both the PSD tests, among both the driving groups. The speed variability, SDLP and reaction time of professional drivers differed significantly from other drivers under PSD conditions. Contrary to the existing belief, the professional drivers had significant decrements in driving performance due to PSD. ConclusionA critical and comparative analysis revealed that driving experience/skill of professional drivers does not improve their resistance to deteriorating effects of sleep loss.

Sleep-deprived car-following: Indicators of rear-end crash potential

Safety assessment among sleep-deprived drivers is a challenging research area with only a few sleep-related studies investigating safety performance during car-following. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the effects of partial sleep deprivation on driver safety during car-following. Fifty healthy male drivers with no prior history of any sleep-related disorders, drove the driving simulator in three conditions of varying sleep duration: a baseline (no sleep deprivation), test session (TS1) after one night of PSD (sleep ≤4.5 h/night) and TS2 after two consecutive nights of PSD. The reduced sleep in PSD sessions was monitored using an Actiwatch. Karolinska Sleepiness Scale was used to indicate loss of alertness among drivers. Each drive included a car-following task to measure longitudinal safety indicators based on speed and headway management: normalized time exposed to critical gap (TECG’), safety critical time headway and speed variability with respect to leading vehicle’s speed (SPV). Crash potential index (CPI) was also determined from deceleration rate of drivers during car-following and was found correlated with other indicators. Therefore, to determine the aggregate influence of PSD on safety during car-following, CPI was modelled in terms of TECG, SPV, THW and other covariates. All safety metrics were modelled using generalized mixed effects regression models. The results showed that compared to the baseline drive, critical time headway decreased by 0.65 and 1.08 times whereas speed variability increased by 1.34 and 1.28 times during the TS1 and TS2, respectively, both indicating higher crash risk. However, decrease in TECG’ by 64 % and 56 % during TS1 and TS2, respectively indicate compensatory measures to avoid risks due to sleep loss. A fractional regression model of crash potential revealed that low time-headway and higher speed variability and high time exposed to critical gap (TECG’) significantly contribute to higher CPI values indicating higher safety risk. Other covariates such as sleep duration, professional driving experience and history of traffic violations were also associated with safety indicators and CPI, however no significant effects of age were noticed in the study. The study findings present the safety indicators sensitive to rear-end crashes specifically under PSD conditions, which can be used in designing collisions avoidance systems and strategies to improve overall traffic safety.

Sleep Deprivation Deteriorates Heart Rate Variability and Photoplethysmography.

IntroductionSleep deprivation has deleterious effects on cardiovascular health. Using wearable health trackers, non-invasive physiological signals, such as heart rate variability (HRV), photoplethysmography (PPG), and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) can be analyzed for detection of the effects of partial sleep deprivation on cardiovascular responses.MethodsFifteen participants underwent 1 week of baseline recording (BSL, usual day activity and sleep) followed by 3 days with 3 h of sleep per night (SDP), followed by 1 week of recovery with sleep ad lib (RCV). HRV was recorded using an orthostatic test every morning [root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD), power in the low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) bands, and normalized power nLF and nHF were computed]; PPG and polysomnography (PSG) were recorded overnight. Continuous blood pressure and psychomotor vigilance task were also recorded. A questionnaire of subjective fatigue, sleepiness, and mood states was filled regularly.ResultsRMSSD and HF decreased while nLF increased during SDP, indicating a decrease in parasympathetic activity and a potential increase in sympathetic activity. PPG parameters indicated a decrease in amplitude and duration of the waveforms of the systolic and diastolic periods, which is compatible with increases in sympathetic activity and vascular tone. PSG showed a rebound of sleep duration, efficiency, and deep sleep in RCV compared to BSL. BRS remained unchanged while vigilance decreased during SDP. Questionnaires showed an increased subjective fatigue and sleepiness during SDP.ConclusionHRV and PPG are two markers easily measured with wearable devices and modified by partial sleep deprivation, contradictory to BRS. Both markers showed a decrease in parasympathetic activity, known as detrimental to cardiovascular health.

Effects of partial sleep deprivation after prolonged exercise on metabolic responses and exercise performance on the following day.

[Purpose]We determined the effect of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) after an exercise session on exercise performance on the following morning.[Methods]Eleven male athletes performed either a normal sleep trial (CON) or a PSD trial. On the first day (day 1), all subjects performed an exercise session consisting of 90 min of running (at 75% ) followed by 100 drop jumps. Maximal strength (MVC) was evaluated before and after exercise. In the CON trial, the sleep duration was 23:00–7:00, while in the PSD trial, the sleep duration was shortened to 40% of the regular sleep duration. On the following morning (day 2), MVC, the metabolic responses during 20 min of running (at 75% ), and time to exhaustion (TTE) at 85% were evaluated.[Results]On day 2, neither the MVC nor during 20 min of running differed significantly between the two trials. However, the respiratory exchange ratio was significantly lower in the PSD trial than in the CON trial (p = 0.01). Moreover, the TTE was significantly shorter in the PSD trial than in the CON trial (p = 0.01).[Conclusion]A single night of PSD after an exercise session significantly decreased endurance performance without significantly changing muscle strength or cardiopulmonary response.

Vaccination and sleep

The current worldwide pandemic of a new coronavirus infection has posed new challenges for medicine and the human community. In particular, the issue of widespread mass vaccination and improving its effectiveness has become acute. In this regard, the contribution of sleep to innate and acquired immunity has attracted the attention of researchers. It has been shown that lack of sleep significantly increases the risk of adenovirus infection in healthy young people. For example, people who slept 5-6 hours were 4 times more likely to have a viral infection compared to those who slept 7 hours or more. Several studies have examined the effect of partial sleep deprivation on vaccine effectiveness. Subjects who adhered to a normal, 7-8-hour sleep schedule had a 2.5-fold higher antibody titer for the H1N1 influenza virus than those who slept 4 hours. Studies using polysomnography demonstrated that lack of sleep at night immediately after immunization against hepatitis A virus reduced both humoral and cellular immunity. Consequently, the need to improve sleep quality in the general population also has an epidemiological rationale.

A combined fMRI and EMG study of emotional contagion following partial sleep deprivation in young and older humans

Sleep deprivation is proposed to inhibit top-down-control in emotion processing, but it is unclear whether sleep deprivation affects emotional mimicry and contagion. Here, we aimed to investigate effects of partial sleep deprivation on emotional contagion and mimicry in young and older humans. Participants underwent partial sleep deprivation (3 h sleep opportunity at the end of night), crossed-over with a full sleep condition in a balanced order, followed by a functional magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography (EMG) experiment with viewing of emotional and neutral faces and ratings of emotional responses. The final sample for main analyses was n = 69 (n = 36 aged 20–30 years, n = 33 aged 65–75 years). Partial sleep deprivation caused decreased activation in fusiform gyri for angry faces and decreased ratings of happiness for all stimuli, but no significant effect on the amygdala. Older participants reported more anger compared to younger participants, but no age differences were seen in brain responses to emotional faces or sensitivity to partial sleep deprivation. No effect of the sleep manipulation was seen on EMG. In conclusion, emotional contagion, but not mimicry, was affected by sleep deprivation. Our results are consistent with the previously reported increased negativity bias after insufficient sleep.The Stockholm sleepy brain study: effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive and emotional processing in young and old. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02000076.

Partial sleep deprivation affects endurance performance and psychophysiological responses during 12-minute self-paced running exercise

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the effects of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) on physical performance and psychophysiological responses during 12-minute self-paced running exercise. MethodsTwenty runners (20.8±1.1 years, 70.6±4.9 kg, 175.1±3.9 cm) performed, in a randomized order, two running self-paced field exercises after a normal sleep night (CONT, bedtime from 22:30 h to 06:30 h) and one night of PSD (bedtime from 00:30 h to 04:30 h). Core temperature and motivation were recorded before exercise. Speed, covered distance, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and respiratory parameters (i.e., minute ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2)) were assessed during exercise. Blood lactate concentration [La] was assessed 2 min after exercise. Simple reaction time (SRT), mood and barrage test (BT) were assessed before and after exercise. ResultsHigher RPE (p=0.01, d=0.90) and lower physical performance (i.e., p=0.001, d=0.59 for running speed and p=0.01, d=0.7 and Δ (%)=-6% for covered distance), following PSD, were obtained compared to CONT. Similarly, PSD attenuated core temperature (p=0.01, d=0.84), HR (p=0.006, ɳp2=0.45), VE (p=0.001, ɳp2=0.73), VO2 (p=0.001, ɳp2=0.96), BT (p<0.0005, ɳp2=0.86), SRT (p=0.0009, ɳp2=0.44) and mood (p<0.0005). However, VCO2, [La] and motivation score were not affected by sleep conditions. ConclusionThe decrease of running performance and the increase of physical discomfort after PSD could be the origin of the lower cardio-respiratory responses to the 12-minute self-paced exercise. Effective strategies should be introduced to overcome the deterioration of physical performance and physiological responses after PSD.

Effects of Partial Sleep Deprivation on Braking Response of Drivers in Hazard Scenarios

This study aimed at modeling the Response Time (RT) and Total Braking Time (TBT) of drivers under Partial Sleep Deprivation (PSD). Fifty male participants drove the driving simulator in three experimental conditions: two test sessions and a baseline. The two test sessions were conducted after one and two nights of PSD (sleep = 4.25 ± 0.5 h), respectively. Sleep reduction was recorded using a wrist-worn Actiwatch. The baseline session was conducted after full rest (7-8 h sleep/day for a week). The order of test sessions and baseline was randomized. Each test included two hazard events: 1) pedestrians crossing a road and 2) parked vehicles merging into a roadway. Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and Sleepiness Symptoms Questionnaire (SSQ) ratings were also recorded during each drive. Four separate models using parametric accelerated failure time (AFT) with Weibull distribution were developed for RT and TBT in the two events. The models were chosen with clustered heterogeneity to account for intra-group heterogeneity due to repeated measures across tests. In the case of pedestrians crossing event, RT increased by 10% in the first test session and no significant effect observed on RT in the second test session. The overall TBT reduced by 25% and 28% during the first and second PSD sessions, respectively. In the case of vehicle merging event, both response time and total braking time delayed by 44% and 17% respectively after PSD. Other factors such as age, experience, work-rest hours, KSS and SSQ rating, often exercising, approaching speed and braking force were also found significant in the analysis. The parametric AFT approach adopted in this study showed the change in ‘response time’ and ‘total braking time’ concerning the type of hazard scenario and partial sleep-deprivation.

Partial sleep deprivation after an acute exercise session does not augment hepcidin levels the following day.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) after an exercise session in the evening on the endurance exercise‐induced hepcidin response the following morning. Ten recreationally trained males participated under two different conditions. Each condition consisted of 2 consecutive days of training (days 1 and 2). On day 1, participants ran for 60 min at 75% of maximal oxygen uptake ( V˙O2max) followed by 100 drop jumps. Sleep duration at night was manipulated, with a normal length of sleep (CON condition, 23:00–07:00 hr) or a shortened length of sleep (PSD condition). On the morning of day 2, the participants ran for 60 min at 65% of V˙O2max. Sleep duration was significantly shorter under the PSD condition (141.2 ± 13.3 min) than under the CON condition (469.0 ± 2.3 min, p < .0001). Serum hepcidin, plasma interleukin (IL)‐6, serum haptoglobin, iron, and myoglobin levels did not differ significantly between the conditions (p > .05) on the morning (before exercise) of day 2. Additionally, the 3‐hr postexercise levels for the hematological variables were not significantly different between the two conditions (p > .05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that a single night of PSD after an exercise session in the evening did not affect baseline serum hepcidin level the following morning. Moreover, a 60 min run the following morning increased serum hepcidin and plasma IL‐6 levels significantly, but the exercise‐induced elevations were not affected by PSD.

Effect of Partial Sleep Deprivation on Cognition in Young Adults

Background: Sleep deprivation (SD) is an emerging pandemic. Young adults voluntarily sleep deprive dueto increased social demands and to achieve better in academics. The present study is therefore intended toobserve if partial sleep deprivation improves performance of cognitive functions.Objective: To compare cognitive performance in partially sleep deprived young adults and subjects withadequate sleep duration.Materials and Method: A total of 56 young adults 18-25 years of age were recruited based on inclusion andexclusion criteria. By recall method they were allotted into partially sleep deprived group (n=30) (<6 hr/dayfor 5 consecutive days) and group with normal sleep duration (7-9 hours/day) (n=26). Epworthsleepscale(ESS) was used to measure day time sleepiness. Cognitive domain like sustained attention, executive function,learning and memory were tested for all subjects in both the groups by neuropsychological battery from “Acompendium of neuropsychological test” by Strauss and Spreen. Descriptive statistics and Independent “t”test were used for statistical analysis.Results: Daytime sleepiness was significantly higher in partially sleep deprived group (P=0.0235).Sustainedattention score was significantly lower (p=0.026) in partially sleep deprivation group than the other group.There was no significant difference between the groups in parameters like executive functions, learning andmemory.Conclusion: Partially sleep deprived group showed impaired attention as attention being associated withfrontal regions of the brain that are the first to be affected by sleep deprivation. Executive functions, learningand memory were not statistically different between the 2 groups as other regions of brain involved wouldremain active until the sleep deprivation becomes more severe.

Partial sleep deprivation on dietary energy intake in healthy population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: the restriction of nocturnal sleep has immediate effects, including the presence of excessive daytime sleepiness, general fatigue, or impaired concentration. In the long term, it increases the risk of death from cardiac, respiratory, and metabolic disorders, and the prevalence of obesity in healthy populations. However, despite the existence of a large number of studies on this topic, results have been controversial. Objective: to discuss and analyze the evidence on the effects of nocturnal sleep restriction versus habitual sleep on dietary energy intake, including specific meals, as well as the relationship between ghrelin and leptin levels in a healthy population. Methods: a systematic search of the literature was conducted in October 2016 and February 2019 using the PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs, and Embase databases. Terms used were "sleep," "feeding behavior," "dietary energy intake," "energy intake," "meal," "ghrelin," and "leptin." Results: the bibliographic search identified 384 potential articles. Of a total of eight articles accepted in the review, six contain information available for the analysis of total energy intake. The overall result shows a significant difference in energy intake between study groups (149.86 (95 % CI: 10.09-289.63); p = 0.04), and a higher intake of all macronutrients. Conclusions: the present systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that partial sleep deprivation increases total energy intake, as well as all macronutrients, when compared to habitual sleep.