Effect Of Oil Droplets Research Articles

Construction and Properties of Oil-Loaded Soybean Protein Isolate/Polysaccharide-Based Meat Analog Fibers.

Rationally designing the fibrous structure of artificial meat is a challenge in enriching the organoleptic quality of meat analogs. High-quality meat analog fibers have been obtained by wet-spinning technique in our previous study, whereas introducing oil droplets will further achieve their fine design from the insight of microstructure. Herein, in this current work, oil was introduced to the soybean protein isolate/polysaccharide-based meat analog fibers by regulating the oil droplets' size and content, which, importantly, controlled the spinning solution characterization as well as structure-related properties of the meat analog fiber. Results showed that the oil dispersed in the matrix as small droplets with regular shapes, which grew in size as the oil content increased. Considering the effect of oil droplets' size and content on the spinnability of the spinning solution, the mechanical stirring treatment was chosen as the suitable treatment method. Importantly, increasing the oil content has the potential to enhance the juiciness of meat analog fibers through improvements in water-holding capacity and alterations in water mobility. Overall, the successful preparation of oil-loaded plant-based fiber not only mimicked animal muscle fiber more realistically but also provided a general platform for adding fat-soluble nutrients and flavor substances.

Application of gas/liquid two-phase flow in cross-flow microfiltration of oil-in-water emulsion; permeate flux and fouling mechanism analysis

The effects of gas–liquid two-phase flow regimes on permeate flux and fouling mechanisms were investigated in a gas sparging assisted microfiltration of oil-in-water emulsion. Different two-phase flow patterns were attained by introducing gas stream into the liquid phase. It was found that the permeate flux was increased due to disruption of the local deposited cake layer and concentration polarization as the gas velocity increased. Flux enhancement of up to 35% was observed at slug-flow pattern and it was also found that gas sparging is less efficient at high liquid velocities in which turbulence was high. Fouling mechanisms were examined through four individual blocking laws. Membrane resistance curves were used to find dominant fouling mechanism during filtration and as a result, cake formation showed the best agreement with the experimental data in flux decline prediction. The effect of oil droplets on the membrane surface, pore blockage, and accumulation of fouling layer were also analyzed through scanning electron microscopy images.

Control of Crystal Size during Oiling Out Crystallization of an API

The oiling out crystallization of a pharmaceutical compound API-T dissolved in acetone/water was conducted using a 100 mL crystallizer, and the effect of oil droplets on the resulting crystal size was investigated. The size of oil droplets was controlled by varying agitation speed, and the resulting crystal size decreased with an increase in the size of oil droplets, namely, with a decrease in agitation speed. The observed phenomenon could be explained by the difference of nucleation rate in large and small droplets. The generation of small crystals was caused by the ease of primary and secondary nucleation in large droplets. A decrease in oil droplet size restrained the primary nucleation and also the secondary nucleation. In this case, the small amount of crystals that were released to the continuous phase grew by absorbing small droplets. On the other hand, in single-phase crystallization without liquid–liquid phase separation, the crystal size did not depend on agitation speed.

Effect of Oil Droplets and Their Solid/Liquid Composition on the Phase Separation of Protein–Polysaccharide Mixtures

The phase separation of a model system consisting of sodium caseinate + xanthan ± a low fraction (up to 3 wt %) of an oil-in-water emulsion was studied at room temperature (20-25 °C). The composition of the oil phase was either 100 wt % n-tetradecane (TD); 50% TD + 50% eicosane (EC) or 100% EC. The droplets in these three "emulsions" were therefore totally liquid, partially solid, and totally solid, respectively. In the presence of 22 mM CaCl2, the mixed TD+EC droplets were most effective at inhibiting phase separation, while the EC emulsions could not prevent phase separation at all. At 32 mM CaCl2 the emulsions tended to promote phase separation, possibly due to enhanced calcium ion-induced droplet aggregation. The apparent interfacial viscosity (ηi) between two macroscopically separated phases was also measured. In the presence of the semisolid mixed droplets ηi = 25 mN s m(-1), significantly higher than ηi with the pure (liquid) TD droplets (15 mN s m(-1)) or with the pure solid EC droplets (12 mN s m(-1)) or in the absence of droplets (<3 mN s m(-1)). Confocal microscopy showed that the microstructure of the phase separating regions also depended upon the composition of the oil droplets, and it is tentatively suggested that the more marked effects of the mixed emulsion droplets were due to them forming a stronger network at the interface via partial coalescence. Control of the extent of interfacial aggregation of droplets is therefore possibly one way to influence the course of phase separation in biopolymer mixtures.

Effects of oil droplets by Pieris caterpillars against generalist and specialist carnivores

AbstractPieris rapae larvae secrete small oil droplets from their dorsal setae, which adhere to objects that touch them. The function of the droplets was studied in terms of both generalist and specialist predators. We tested the function of the droplets against ants under laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory observation, Formica japonica ants that touched the larvae with their antennae initiated antennal cleaning and did not prey on the larvae. In the field, predation pressure by ants on larvae with oil droplets was significantly lower than on larvae from which oil droplets were removed. Thus, we concluded that the droplets had a defensive function. By contrast, oviposition by Cotesia glomerata, the specialist parasitic wasp of P. rapae larvae, was not affected by the presence of oil droplets. Furthermore, the wasps exhibited searching behavior and oviposition behavior towards filter paper which had been impregnated with the droplets’ substance, suggesting that the oil functions as a host‐searching cue and an oviposition stimulant for C. glomerata. According to these results, the functions of the droplets are discussed with regard to the prey–predator interaction.

Enhancement of the Instantaneous Mass‐Transfer Coefficient in Large Diameter Pipeline under Water/Oil Flow

A mass‐transfer study was carried out in water and water/oil flow in a large diameter flow loop by a limiting current density technique using oxidation of in 1 M NaOH. High‐frequency and high‐magnitude mass‐transfer coefficients were found by potentiostatic measurements and may account for the corrosion rate enhancement in water/oil flow. The effect of oil droplets on the mass‐transfer enhancement is highlighted and a mechanism of mass‐transfer coefficient oscillation is proposed. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

LITERATURE ABSTRACTS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES

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