Effect Of Non-thermal Plasma Research Articles

Synergetic effect of non-thermal plasma and supported cobalt catalyst in plasma-enhanced CO2 hydrogenation

Non-thermal plasma can provide an alternative to CO2 utilization under mild conditions. Understanding the effect of plasma on catalysis is highly desired. Herein, a comparative study was performed on CO2 hydrogenation under thermal-catalytic and plasma-catalytic conditions using an alumina-supported cobalt catalyst. Significant plasma-catalyst synergy was attained at the low-temperature range between 423 K and 498 K where the CO2 conversion increased up to approximately 3.6 times of the sum of that using plasma or catalyst individually. The plasma-catalytic reaction showed a significantly lower activation energy (∼40 kJ/mol), which is only half of that in the thermal catalytic reaction (∼80 kJ/mol). Kinetic analysis and DRIFTS results indicate that CO2 activation is promoted by plasma with the assistance of active H species from gas phase. Furthermore, the total H2 adsorption capacity and the coverage of irreversible adsorbed H species on the metal surface were decreased under plasma. The promotion effect is very likely due to a new reaction pathway introduced by plasma on the 15Co/Al2O3 catalyst under the conditions studied. No obvious difference in the structure and morphology changes was observed between the spent catalysts after thermal and plasma reactions.

Abstract 1053: Combination therapy with nonthermal plasma and tirapazamine selectively targets glioblastoma cells and regulates the gap junction phenotype

Abstract Considering the side effects common to most chemotherapeutic agents, a novel approach was developed to selectively treat cancer by targeting the oxidative stress pathway which is induced in many tumor types. Our previous studies demonstrated that nonthermal plasma (NTP) selectively causes apoptotic cell death in melanoma cells while preserving the normal surrounding keratinocytes. The prodrug, tirapazamine, was shown to potentiate the effects of NTP while maintaining selectivity because tirapazamine only activates in hypoxic conditions, an environment common to many tumors. This patented combination therapy has an additive-to-synergistic effect on inducing apoptosis in melanoma. Previous studies have also demonstrated efficacy in a broad range of tumor cells including cervical carcinoma, colon cancer, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This report demonstrates for the first time that while NTP alone kills a targeted area of glioblastoma cells and tirapazamine alone kills most of the susceptible cells, the combination of NTP and tirapazamine kills all the cells throughout the tissue culture plate. The mechanism for the increase in the surface area of cell death was identified as the passage of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by intercellular communication through gap junctions. The IC50 dose of tirapazamine required to target several glioblastoma cell lines was less than that for melanoma cells. Through parameter optimization with varied plasma conditions and altered drug dosing, the selective killing of glioblastoma cells was achieved without affecting normal primary astrocytes. Primary astrocytes and glioblastoma cells were co-cultured to observe the effect on the optimal targeting dose of tirapazamine. Glioblastoma cells had an IC50 at hypoxia which was reduced as compared to astrocytes in their normoxia state. The Glioblastoma IC50 values were further decreased when co-cultured with astrocytes. This study documents an increase in the Connexin43 (Cx43) gap junction protein, upon treatment with NTP for both astrocytes and glioblastoma cells. However, treatment with tirapazamine alone ameliorates this effect in glioblastoma cells only and not in astrocytes. The combination therapy of NTP and tirapazamine increased this effect to levels comparable to the original expression levels. The regulation of Cx43 may reduce the metastatic potential of the glioblastoma cells while enabling the combination therapy to show efficacy both between glioblastoma cells and in the context of communication with astrocytes. By this mechanism, the astrocytes may act as conduits to transport ROS between pockets of glioblastoma cells. In summary, the results demonstrate that the novel combination therapy of NTP and tirapazamine is an effective method to selectively target glioblastoma cells with a potential for clinical applications with limited adverse reactions. Citation Format: Matthew Yehl, Andrew Nicolais, Samuel Gerardi, Ahmad Dianat, Olivia Kucharski, Timothy C. Hutcherson, Shoshanna N. Zucker. Combination therapy with nonthermal plasma and tirapazamine selectively targets glioblastoma cells and regulates the gap junction phenotype [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1053.

Effect of non-thermal plasma in the activation and regeneration of 13X zeolite for enhanced VOC elimination by cycled storage and discharge process

A non-thermal plasma (NTP) discharge is used in this study for the activation and regeneration of MS-13X pellets packed in a MS-13X & glass beads packed bed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. NTP activation (in-situ) of MS-13X efficiently removes the adsorbed carbonaceous compounds and moisture resulting in an improved VOC adsorption. In addition, NTP exposure is used for the regeneration of the used MS-13X for cycled storage and discharge (CSD) removal of VOC from air. The amount of adsorbed toluene, products formed and the surface and bulk properties of the regenerated used MS-13X shows complete regeneration of used MS-13X. Finally, the stability of MS-13X during 10 cycles of CSD shows no degradation in performance. Thus, NTP exposure is proven to be successful for both the activation and regeneration of MS-13X pellets used for cyclic CSD process.

Effect of non-thermal plasma using the isolation barrier vacuum reactor (DBD) on seven broccoli cultivars

Seed treatment with a DBD isolation barrier vacuum reactor. Using the drainage of the insulating barrier in the air at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, the effect of non-thermal plasma treatment of seeds on the development rate of seven broccoli cultivars cultivated in Mosul (Al Rashidiya) was investigated. The use of DBD at atmospheric pressure had a significant influence on germination and plant growth of the seven cultivars of broccoli from the seeds used for a period of 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 minutes as compared to the control group. In comparison to the control sample, the favorable effect of plasma therapy on seedling growth for the timing (0.5 and 1 minute) had the optimum timing of exposing (broccoli) seeds to plasma from 3, 5, 10, 15 minutes. On the other hand, a negative effect was found after the seeds were exposed to plasma discharge for an extended period of time. The explanation for this might be due to the mechanical effect of the process of exposing seeds to plasma therapy, which resulted in a decrease in plant development and vitality when compared to the time of 0.5 minutes. These findings revealed that the newly constructed cold plasma reactors may considerably increase seed germination and plant development; however, the plasma processing duration for each seed must be tuned.

Histopathological study of using Fetal caprine acellular dermal matrix alone and in combination with Non-thermal plasma in healing of full-thickness acute skin wounds in bucks

This study aimed to investigate the effect of non-thermal plasma (NTP) with Fetal caprine acellular dermal matrix (FCADM) scaffold in healing of the full-thickness acute skin wound in bucks. eighteen apparently healthy adult local breed bucks aged 1-2 years and weighing 25-30 kg were used. Each animal was subjected to creation of 4 full-thickness acute skin wounds on the shoulder region, two wounds on each side 10cm apart, the animals were divided into 3 groups, at first control group wounds were treated in routine way (cleaning the wound with normal saline every other day and dressing). The second group the wounds were treated with Fetal caprine acellular dermal matrix. The third group skin wounds were exposed to non-thermal plasma treatment with dose 6.6W/cm² for 30 sec (used probe 1cm in dimeter), then application of Fetal caprine acellular dermal matrix. The wounds were histopathologically evaluated at 3,7,21, 35 days post-operation using Hematoxylin & Eosin (H& E) and mason’s trichrome stain.

Use of non-thermal plasma for decontamination of titanium implants

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) has a non-specific bactericidal effect as a result of the synergistic activity of biologically active components contained in the plasma torch. As part of this work, we investigated the potential of using NTP for the antibacterial treatment of titanium implants. Applying samples made of the VT6 titanium alloy used to create implants and a strain of antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus MRSA, we showed that 1) plasma pretreatment of the sample surface led to the formation of a film containing titanium oxides which have a weak bactericidal effect reducing the colonization of the surface with staphylococcus; 2) direct plasma treatment of a polished titanium disk for 120 seconds reduced the contamination of S. aureus by 563 times; 3) the relief of the titanium surface itself plays an important role in the effectiveness of decontamination: the bacteria on the rough surface were less susceptible to the effects of NTP than the bacteria on the polished surface. In total, the data obtained indicate the need to continue research aimed at increasing the effectiveness of the bactericidal activity of NTP against bacteria on the surface of titanium implants.

Effects of non-thermal plasma on turbulent premixed flames of ammonia/air in a swirl combustor

The effects of non-thermal plasma (NTP) induced by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor on the stability of turbulent lean and rich premixed ammonia/air flames and the NOx emission characteristics in a modified model gas turbine combustor are experimentally investigated by varying the applied AC voltage, VAC, frequency, fAC, and the mean mixture velocity, U0. Applying NTP to ammonia/air flames augments the flame stability such that the stable flame regime is extended to lower equivalence ratio, ϕ, under fuel-lean conditions or higher ϕ under fuel-rich conditions. NTP is found to significantly reduce the amount of NOx emission for both lean and rich premixed ammonia/air flames and the amount of NOx emission is well correlated with VAC⋅fAC⋅U0−1. The reduction of NOx emission through NH2 reactions is also identified by measuring NH2∗ chemiluminescence.

Effectiveness of Non-Thermal Plasma Induced Degradation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Water

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are omnipresent synthetic chemicals. Due to their industrial importance and widespread use as a key component in various applications and a variety of products, these compounds can be found today in high concentrations (>1 μg/L) in surface and groundwater but also spread throughout the ecosystem, where they represent a serious threat to most living organisms. The removal or degradation of PFAS contaminants from water and soil is becoming a legal obligation in a growing number of countries around the globe. This, however, demands novel techniques for the degradation of PFAS since conventional water treatment techniques are either insufficient or extremely expensive due to the persistent nature of these compounds caused by their extraordinary chemical stability. The goal of this work was therefore to investigate the practical potential of the application-oriented use of atmospheric non-thermal plasma as a powerful advanced oxidation method for the purification of water contaminated with PFAS compounds. Special attention was devoted to the development of the concept that can be scaled up to the capacity level of approximately 100–200 m3 of water per hour, contaminated with PFAS and other contaminants including organic and inorganic material generally present in soil, and surface or groundwater. Our major research interest was to define the minimum required treatment time for optimal purification results, as well as to understand the influence of the initial concentration of PFAS in water and the potential presence of co-contaminants often present in situ on the efficiency of the degradation process. A chemical analysis of the treated samples demonstrated the ability of the atmospheric plasma to reduce more than 50% of the initial PFAS amount in the water samples in less than 300 s of treatment time. PFOA, however, showed more rigidity towards degradation, where a double treatment time was needed to reach similar degradation levels. The obtained results showed that the initial concentration level does not play a major role in the process. However, the PFAS degradation profiles for all tested concentrations show a strongly nonlinear behavior with time, characterized by the fast decrease of the process efficiency in the case of longer treatment times. For prolonged treatment times, a constant increase in the samples’ conductivity was measured, which might be the limiting factor for the degradation rate in the case of prolonged treatment times.

Effect of atmospheric nonthermal plasma on physicochemical, morphology and functional properties of sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps)-damaged wheat flour.

To improve the quality of sunn pests (Eurygaster integriceps)‐damaged wheat flour, the effects of nonthermal plasma on physicochemical, rheological, functional, and microstructural properties were investigated. Gas type (air and oxygen), voltage (22 and 25 volts), and time (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min) were the variables of the experiments conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. The results show that with increasing voltage and time of plasma treatment, the pH decreased significantly (p ≥ .05), and brightness parameter, yellow–blue parameter, water‐solubility, water absorption, oil absorption, and swelling power increased significantly (p ≥ .05). The duration of plasma treatment, voltage, and change in input gas from air to oxygen did not significantly change the gluten index, particle size, and negative electric charge of flour particles, and the amount of zeta potential of samples. Differential calorimetric analysis showed the first and second peaks of the thermogram in the range 55–99°C and also 114–99°C. Infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) showed hydroxyl group, CH bonds, C=O bonds, as well as the presence of types I and II amide bonds in the structure. Microstructural results indicated that plasma treatment reduced the particle size and increased particle sorting. By Increasing voltage and the duration of plasma treatment, peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown viscosity, pasting time and temperature significantly increased and setback viscosity decreased (p ≥ .05), which reduced retrogradation which improved the dough stability during the cooling process.

Recent Advances of Emerging Organic Pollutants Degradation in Environment by Non-Thermal Plasma Technology: A Review

Emerging organic pollutants (EOPs), including endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), constitute a problem in the environmental field as they are difficult to completely degrade by conventional treatment methods. Non-thermal plasma technology is a novel advanced oxidation process, which combines the effects of free radical oxidation, ozone oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, shockwave, etc. This paper summarized and discussed the research progress of non-thermal plasma remediation of EOPs-contaminated water and soil. In addition, the reactive species in the process of non-thermal plasma degradation of EOPs were summarized, and the degradation pathways and degradation mechanisms of EOPs were evaluated of selected EOPs for different study cases. At the same time, the effect of non-thermal plasma in synergy with other techniques on the degradation of EOPs in the environment was evaluated. Finally, the bottleneck problems of non-thermal plasma technology are summarized, and some suggestions for the future development of non-thermal plasma technology in the environmental remediation were presented. This review contributes to our better understanding of non-thermal plasma technology for remediation of EOPs-contaminated water and soil, hoping to provide reference for relevant practitioners.

Effect of nonthermal plasma with different ozone concentrations on the oxidation and removal of different components in particulate matter

Nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology can oxidize and decompose diesel particulate matter (PM) under much lower temperatures (≤200 °C) without catalyst, showing promise for potential applications. A self-made NTP generator was used to produce NTP gas that reacted with PM at a certain reaction temperature and reaction time, and the concentration of O3 in NTP was modified by adjusting the working parameters. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze changes in the surface functional groups, component oxidation activity, removal effect, and the soluble organic fraction (SOF) of PM samples before and after processing. As the O3 concentration increased, the effect of NTP on PM removal strengthened. PM surface functional groups can be converted from C–OH into CO under the action of NTP at high O3 concentrations. The oxidation activity of the volatile fraction (VF) and soot in PM can be substantially improved under high O3 concentrations. Higher O3 concentrations resulted in increases in the number of oxygen-containing groups in the molecular formula of SOF and the ratio of components. This study provide a certain reference value for the strategy of removing PM pollutants from diesel engines and even the atmosphere.

Quality enhancement and microbial reduction of mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprouts by non-thermal plasma pretreatment of seeds

Mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprouts are widely consumed worldwide due to their high nutritional value. However, the low yield and microbial contamination of mung bean sprouts seriously reduces their economic value. This study investigates the effects of non-thermal plasma on the quality and microbial reduction of mung bean sprouts by pretreatment of seeds in water for different times (0, 1, 3 and 6 min). The quality results showed that short-time plasma treatment (1 and 3 min) promoted seed germination and seedling growth, whereas long-time plasma treatment (6 min) had inhibitory effects. Plasma also had a similar dose effects on the total flavonoid and phenolic contents of mung bean sprouts. The microbiological results showed that plasma treatment achieved a reduction of native microorganisms ranging from 0.54 to 7.09 log for fungi and 0.29 to 6.80 log for bacteria at 96 h incubation. Meanwhile, plasma treatment could also efficiently inactivate artificially inoculated Salmonella typhimurium (1.83–6.22 log) and yeast (0.53–3.19 log) on mung bean seeds. The results of seed coat permeability tests and scanning electron microscopy showed that plasma could damage the seed coat structure, consequently increasing the electrical conductivity of mung bean seeds. The physicochemical analysis of plasma-treated water showed that plasma generated various long- and short-lived active species [nitric oxide radicals (NO·), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), singlet oxygen (1O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitrate (), and nitrite ()] in water, thus the oxidizability, acidity and conductivity of plasma-treated water were all increased in a treatment time-dependent manner. The result for mimicked chemical mixtures confirmed the synergistic effect of activity of H2O2, and on bacterial inactivation and plant growth promotion. Taken together, these results imply that plasma pretreatment of mung bean seeds in water with moderate oxidizability and acidity is an effective method to improve the yield of mung bean sprouts and reduce microbial contamination.

Can Cold Plasma Be Used for Boosting Plant Growth and Plant Protection in Sustainable Plant Production?

Sustainable agriculture with low inputs of chemicals and fertilizers has been recently attracting more attention from producers and researchers in the EU. The main reason for such attention is The European Green Deal—the EU’s latest growth strategy concerning environmental degradation and climate change. One of its main components is the Farm to Fork strategy, which especially features the reduction in pesticide and mineral fertilizer application and also supports the development of organic farming. At the same time, food demand is rising. These ambitious challenges require extensive research, development and innovation. Therefore, new non-chemical techniques for improving plant growth and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses must be explored for their potential in this field. One of the most promising is the use of non-thermal plasma for such purposes. As this physical factor is a complex mixture of ions, atoms, electrons, radicals and molecules, its effect on plants and pathogens is also complex. This review presents different aspects of the effect of non-thermal plasma on seed germination, development of seedlings, plants and pathogens. The literature was explored to provide evidence for the possible use of non-thermal plasma for boosting plant growth and plant protection.

Biochemical and Physiological Plant Processes Affected by Seed Treatment with Non-Thermal Plasma.

Among the innovative technologies being elaborated for sustainable agriculture, one of the most rapidly developing fields relies on the positive effects of non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment on the agronomic performance of plants. A large number of recent publications have indicated that NTP effects are far more persistent and complex than it was supposed before. Knowledge of the molecular basis and the resulting outcomes of seed treatment with NTP is rapidly accumulating and requires to be analyzed and presented in a systematic way. This review focuses on the biochemical and physiological processes in seeds and plants affected by seed treatment with NTP and the resulting impact on plant metabolism, growth, adaptability and productivity. Wide-scale changes evolving at the epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolic levels are triggered by seed irradiation with NTP and contribute to changes in germination, early seedling growth, phytohormone amounts, metabolic and defense enzyme activity, secondary metabolism, photosynthesis, adaptability to biotic and abiotic stress, microbiome composition, and increased plant fitness, productivity and growth on a longer time scale. This review highlights the importance of these novel findings, as well as unresolved issues that remain to be investigated.

Effects of Nonthermal Plasma (NTP) on the Growth and Quality of Baby Leaf Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. acephala Alef.) Cultivated in an Indoor Hydroponic Growing System

The aim of this research was to develop an effective protocol for the application of nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology to the hydroponic nutrient solution, and to investigate its effects on the growth and quality of baby leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. acephala Alef.) grown in a hydroponic growing system (HGS) specifically designed for indoor home cultivation. Four HGSs were placed in separate growth chambers with temperature of 24 ± 1 °C and relative humidity of 70 ± 5%). Lettuce plants were grown for nine days in nutrient solutions treated with NTP for 0 (control) to 120 s every hour. Results of the first experiments showed that the optimal operating time of NTP was 120 s h−1. Fresh leaf biomass was increased by the 60 and 120 s NTP treatments compared to the control. Treating the nutrient solution with NTP also resulted in greater leaf content of total chlorophylls, carotenoids, total phenols, and total antioxidant capacity. NTP also positively influenced chlorophyll a fluorescence in Photosystem I (PSI) and photosynthetic electron transport. These results revealed that the NTP treatment of the nutrient solution could improve the production and quality of hydroponically grown baby leaf lettuce.

NON-THERMAL PLASMA EFFECT OF LI DOPED NIO THIN FILMS PREPARED BY THE SPRAY PYROLYSIS TECHNIQUE FOR SENSOR APPLICATIONS226

In, this research, pure nickel oxide NiO and Lithium-nickel oxide NiO:Li films were prepared on to glass substrates at a temperature of 450°C, by using the spray pyrolysis technique to develop the gas sensor, utilizing nickel and lithium chlorides as precursors. The effect of non-thermal plasma at (3,5,7sec) on the structural, optical, and electrical properties for NiO:Li thin films were studied. XRD pattern shows all films are polycrystalline belonging to cubic structure and the intensity was around the plane of (111).In addition, using SEM images, all samples exhibit porous with nanoparticles in the range (16-33nm ) as size. Optical measurements revealed that pure NiO and NiO:Li films have direct energy gaps (Eg) and decrease (from 3.65eV to 3.60eV), respectively. The optical energy gap was reduced after exposure to non-thermal plasma for 3,5,7 seconds (3.50, 3.45, 3.30eV) respectively. The results of Hall effect showed that the electrical conductivity of all films were of the p-type. The gas sensing performance of the prepared films towards NO2 gas was studied at various working temperatures, including (RT, 100 oC, 200 oC, and 300 oC). The current study found that pure NiO and NiO:Li films deposited can detect nitrogen dioxide gas at low work temperatures, where showed pure NiO, NiO:Li films sensitivity towards nitrogen dioxide NO2 gas at an operating temperature RT about 26.1% , 36.8% respectively. After exposure to non-thermal plasma at (3,5,7sec), the sensor NiO:Li showed an increase in sensitivity, and the best sensitivity was towards NO2 gas at room temperature for the sample exposed to non-thermal plasma at (7 sec) (49.9 percent ). The same sample showed a maximum sensitivity towards NO2 gas at 200 oC about (80.2%) with moderate response and recovery time. The influence of non-thermal plasma leads to good sensing performance for NiO:Li films, as shown in the study.

Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma on Osteoporosis by FE-DBD System

The work demonstrates the effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on adult female rats suffering from osteoporosis, the used plasma was generated by a floating electrode-dielectric barrier discharge system with an electrode diameter of 3 cm. The output power was from (12-20) watts. The effect of non-thermal plasma was observed on rats with various exposure times of 20, 30, and 40 sec. It was noted that the blood calcium percentage of animals exposed to cold plasma increased, as well as an increase in the level of vitamin D3 at the same time, it is noted that there is no effect on parathyroid hormone level. For the thyroid gland, it is noticed an increase in the level of T3, and T4 hormones in the blood during the period of induction for osteoporosis, and when exposed to cold plasma, a decrement was noticed in the level of the two hormones reached the normal level at the same time. There was no effect on thyroid-stimulating hormone and for periods of exposure in the female plasma, these results give an indication that cold plasma can be used to treat or reduce osteoporosis. Finally, the histopathology and energy dispersive x-ray anyalysis (EDX) analysis processes were done, This gives a positive indication for the use of cold plasma in the treatment of many bone-related diseases.

Uticaj tretmana netermalnom plazmom na kristaliničnost celuloze i sadržaj lignina u kukuruznoj stabljici

Lignocellulosic biomass is a cheap raw material that, thanks to its high carbohydrate content, can be used in fermentation to produce biofuels, biogas and other compounds. Its complex structure, including cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, requires prior treatment of the biomass to facilitate hydrolysis to simple sugars. Today, biomass is only partially utilized and generates about 14% of the world's energy. This is because the most commonly used physical, chemical and physicochemical treatments are not sustainable. They are energy-consuming but still low in productivity and toxic inhibitors formed during these treatments could hinder later steps of fermentation. Biomass treatment with advanced oxidation techniques has great potential as an environmentally friendly, so-called "green" treatment. These processes generate reactive species (radicals, electrons, ions and peroxides) that attack cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin components. In this work, the effects of non-thermal plasma, the Fenton process, and the combined treatment of corn stalks with non-thermal plasma/Fenton were compared. Grounded biomass of corn stalks was mixed with Fenton reagent and hydrogen peroxide at different ratios and subjected to non-thermal plasma treatment. Carbohydrate content was decreased in non-thermal plasma treated samples both with and without Fe2+. However, a specific biomass: Fe2+:H2O2 ratio was required to achieve the highest rate of lignocellulose decomposition. The cellulose and hemicellulose fractions were affected and reduced by the treatments studied but resulted in almost no changes in the cellulose crystallinity index. The lower lignin content and cellulose crystallinity allow for more efficient enzyme hydrolysis of the treated lignocellulose and new options for valorization in fermentations.

Synergetic Effect of Nonthermal Plasma and Supported Cobalt Catalyst in Plasma-Enhanced Co2 Hydrogenation

Synergetic Effect of Nonthermal Plasma and Supported Cobalt Catalyst in Plasma-Enhanced Co2 Hydrogenation

Synergistic Effect of Non-Thermal Plasma and Ch4 Addition on Turbulent Nh3/Air Premixed Flames in a Swirl Combustor

Synergistic Effect of Non-Thermal Plasma and Ch4 Addition on Turbulent Nh3/Air Premixed Flames in a Swirl Combustor