Effects Of Moderate Exercise Training Research Articles

Effects of Moderate Exercise Training on Cancer-Induced Muscle Wasting.

Muscle wasting is a common phenomenon in oncology and seems to be attenuated by exercise training. The aim of this study is to determine the degree of aggressiveness of cancer-induced muscle wasting in two different phenotypic muscles. It will also determine whether exercise training can attenuate this muscle dysfunction. Fifty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: two breast cancer model groups (sedentary and exercise) and two control groups (sedentary and exercise). Breast cancer was induced by 1-methyl-1-nitrosoureia (MNU). After 35 weeks of endurance training, animals were sacrificed, and gastrocnemius and soleus muscles harvested for morphometric analysis. In sedentary tumor-bearing animals, a significant reduction in cross-sectional area was found in both muscles (p < 0.05). Interstitial fibrosis was significantly higher in the gastrocnemius muscle of the sedentary tumor-bearing animals (p < 0.05), but not in the soleus muscle. In the gastrocnemius of sedentary tumor-bearing animals, a shift from large to small fibers was observed. This cancer-related muscle dysfunction was prevented by long-term exercise training. In sedentary animals with tumors, the gastrocnemius muscle showed a very pronounced reduction in cross-sectional area and a marked degree of interstitial fibrosis. There was no difference in collagen deposition between tumor groups, and the soleus muscle showed a less pronounced but significant reduction in cross-sectional area. These contrasting results confirm that cancer-induced muscle wasting can affect specific types of fibers and specific muscles, namely fast glycolytic muscles, and that exercise training can be used to improve it.

Effects of Moderate Exercise Training On ApoE And ApoCIII In Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an endocrinopathy with a combination of cardiovascular and metabolic compounds. In our study, it is expected to obtain results showing that mortality rate, loss of workforce, and treatment costs due to disorders caused by MetS can be reduced by physical exercise. The study analyses the effect of moderate exercise training on this Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), Apolipoprotein CIII (ApoCIII), adiponectin, resistin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) which are thought to have a role in the deterioration of glucose and lipid metabolism in MetS. Methods: This clinical experimental study consists of 3 groups. The MetS+E (n=24) group, which included the participants who agreed to participate in the exercise program in addition to their medical treatment, the MetS (n=23) group who received medical treatment but did not exercise, and the Control+E (n=25) group, which included healthy volunteers who had the same protocol as MetS+E ApoE, ApoCIII, adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, and TNF-α plasma levels of all participants were measured both at the beginning of the study and at the end of the protocol. Results: At the end of the study we reached the following findings; insulin and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) levels decreased in exercise groups (p=0,03). ApoCIII levels increased in all the groups after the study (p&lt;0,01). IL-6 levels decreased in MetS+E (p&lt;0,01) and Control+E (p=0,037). ApoE (p=0,01) and TNF-α (p=0,037) levels decreased only in the Control+E group. Conclusion: Training showed metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and physical improvements independent of ApoE and ApoCIII in those with MetS.

Effect of Moderate Exercise Training on Vitals and Peak VO2 in Different Age Categories of Adults in COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective: To determine the effect of moderate exercise training on vitals i-e., Blood pressure (Systolic and diastolic), Pulse Rate(PR), Respiratory Rate(RR) and Peak VO2 in different age categories of adults during COVID-19 pandemic.&#x0D; Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at a tertiary cardiac care center from Feb 2021 to May 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: It was a descriptive cross sectional study conducted generally for 6 months in tertiary care center. A total of 104 participants were included and divided into three groups i-e., Young adults (17-30 years), Middle age adults (31-45 years) and Old age (&gt;45 years) Participants were selected through non-probability convenient sampling technique and allocated in groups based on their age. Participant, after meeting inclusion criteria were supervised during moderate exercise training which includes walking for 23 minutes, cycling for 23 minutes and stepping for 5 minutes. Participants were assessed Pre and Post through Manual sphygmomanometer for BP, NMQ for muscle discomfort. Borg scale was used to assess exertional level and 6 Minute Walk test to assess Peak VO2.&#x0D; Results: Post intervention between the groups showed the significant effect on all three assessment factors of VO2,Borg Scale and SBP with Kruskal Wallis test (p&lt;0.05). Post intervention within the group showed significant effect on all three assessment factors of SBP,DBP,PR,RR,VO2 and Borg RPE scale with Friedman test (p&lt;0.05). Post assessment of muscle discomfort shows highest frequency i-e 13.8(4%) in shoulder, thigh, upper and lower back region.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study reported that disturbed vitals and reduced VO2 due to inactivity because of COVID-19 pandemic. Post COVID-19 affects can be recovered through 6 weeks of moderate training. Furthermore, this study reported that participants belonging to old age showed maximum improvement in vitals in response to training while showed maximum muscle discomfort frequency in shoulder, thigh, lower and upper back

운동과 라스베라트롤 투여가 고지방식이 유도 비만쥐의 지방간 섬유화, 염증발현에 미치는 영향

This study was investigated to determine the effect of moderate exercise training and resveratrol supplementation on hepactic fibrosis, inflammation in high fat diet induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups ; (NC, normal diet control; HC, high fat diet control; HRe, high fat diet with resveratrol; HME, high fat diet with moderate exercise). Exercise training was performed for 16 weeks on a treadmill running for 40-60 min/day at 10-22 m/min, 0% grade, 5 days/week. Resveratrol supplementation group (HRe) received a daily dose of resveratrol (25mg/kg of body weight) 5 days/week for 16 weeks.BR As a result, body weight and α-SMA mRNA expression was significantly reduced by moderate exercise training(p.05). TNF-αmRNA expression showed the same tendency as α-SMA(p.05). Moreover, macrophage infiltration marker(CD11c) mRNA expression was significantly decreased by moderate exercise training(p.05). These findings suggest that moderate exercise training has beneficial effects to hepactic fibrosis and inflammation in high fat diet-induced obese mice.

Moderate exercise training since adolescence reduces Walker 256 tumour growth in adult rats.

Cancer growth, cell proliferation and cachexia index can be attenuated by the beneficial programming effect of moderate exercise training, especially if it begins in adolescence. Walker 256 tumour-bearing rats who started exercise training during adolescence did not revert the basal low glycaemia and insulinaemia observed before tumour cell inoculation. The moderate exercise training improved glucose tolerance and peripheral insulin sensitivity only in rats exercised early in adolescence. The chronic effects of our exercise protocol are be beneficial to prevent cancer cachexia and hold clear potential as a nonpharmacological therapy of insulin sensitization. We tested the hypothesis that moderate exercise training, performed early, starting during adolescence or later in life during adulthood, can inhibit tumour cell growth as a result of changes in biometric and metabolic markers. Male rats that were 30 and 70days old performed a treadmill running protocol over 8weeks for 3 daysweek-1 , 44 minday-1 and at 55-65% . After the end of training, a batch of rats was inoculated with Walker 256 carcinoma cells. At 15days after carcinoma cell inoculation, the tumour was weighed and certain metabolic parameters were evaluated. The data demonstrated that physical performance was better in rats that started exercise training during adolescence according to the final workload and . Early or later moderate exercise training decreased the cachexia index, cell proliferation and tumour growth; however, the effects were more pronounced in rats that exercised during adolescence. Low glycaemia, insulinaemia and tissue insulin sensitivity was not reverted in Walker 256 tumour-bearing rats who trained during adolescence. Cancer growth can be attenuated by the beneficial programming effect of moderate exercise training, especially if it begins during adolescence. In addition, improvement in glucose-insulin homeostasis might be involved in this process.

Moderate Exercise Suppresses NF-κB Signaling and Activates the SIRT1-AMPK-PGC1α Axis to Attenuate Muscle Loss in Diabetic db/db Mice.

The clear mechanism of moderate exercise training (Ex) in attenuating muscle loss remains elusive in diabetes. We investigated the effects of moderate exercise training on diabetes-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Skeletal muscle size and atrophy signaling pathways were examined in type 2 diabetic db/db mice with or without moderate exercise training (5.2 m/min, 1 h/day, and 5 days/week for a total of 8 weeks). Exercise training decreased serum leptin, MCP-1, and resistin levels in db/db+Ex mice, but it did not reduce symptoms of insulin resistance including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired glucose tolerance. Moderate exercise training prevented the loss of muscle mass of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles in db/db+Ex mice. The average cross-sectional area of tibialis anterior muscle was increased significantly in db/db+Ex mice compared with untrained mice (830.6 vs. 676.5 μm2). Inhibition of MuRF-1 and K48-linked polyubiquitination was observed in db/db+Ex mice. Exercise training reduced activation of IκBα/NF-κB pathway and lowered IL-6, TNFα, F4/80 (macrophage marker) at mRNA level in db/db+Ex mice compared with untrained mice. Exercise training did not influence FoxO3a phosphorylation and its upstream regulator Akt. Exercise training increased SIRT1 and PGC1α expression and AMPKα and mitochondrial complex IV activities and upregulated genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis/function including Nrf1, Tfam, and mitochondrial complexes I–V. In conclusion, moderate exercise training inhibits NFκB signaling and activates SIRT1-AMPKα-PGC1α axis, thereby attenuating type 2 diabetes-related muscle atrophy.

Effects of moderate exercise training and detraining on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Context Exercise training programs have been shown to have prophylactic effects on diabetes-associated complications in murine models. Objective The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of moderate exercise training for 4 weeks and detraining for 2 weeks on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 1 diabetic rat model. Materials and methods Type 1 diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptzotocin (45 mg/kg). Exercise training lasted for 4 weeks in trained group, whereas the detrained group stopped training for 2 weeks after training for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, tail flick test latency, body weight, serum glucose, inflammatory markers, and nerve growth factor levels were measured, and the same was done in detrained diabetic rats after 2 weeks of detraining. Results Moderate exercise training for 4 weeks increased significantly tail flick latency and nerve growth factor levels, whereas the inflammatory markers were significantly improved compared with diabetic sedentary rats. Interestingly, the prophylactic effects of exercise training were maintained in the detrained rats after 2 weeks of detraining. Conclusion Our results explore the prophylactic mechanisms underlying the exercise training in diabetic peripheral neuropathy rat model and give further insights into the maintained prophylactic effects that lasted after 2 weeks of detraining.

Effect of moderate exercise training and continuous normobaric hypoxia on postinfarction heart failure in rats

Effect of moderate exercise training and continuous normobaric hypoxia on postinfarction heart failure in rats

Effects of Moderate Exercise Training and Resveratrol Supplementation on Macrophage Infiltration and Inflammation in Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice

Effects of Moderate Exercise Training and Resveratrol Supplementation on Macrophage Infiltration and Inflammation in Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice

Moderate Exercise Training Attenuates Inflammation in Transgenic Sickle Cell Mice

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a monogenic disorder characterized by severe systemic and vascular inflammation. There is strong evidence that moderate exercise training reduces inflammation in healthy people as well as in multiple diseases conditions. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of moderate exercise training in a humanized transgenic mouse model of SCD (Townes) in mice expressing exclusively human sickle hemoglobin (SS). The SS mice display many of the features of human SCD including systemic inflammation and chronic anemia. We designed a treadmill training protocol of 1hr/day, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Prior to the training, the maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) was assessed by an exhaustive incremental exercise. SS mice (n=22) had lower V̇O2max (mean ± SEM: 7,068 ml/kg/hr ± 133 vs. 8,407 ml/kg/hr ± 224.5, p<0.0001) and lower maximal speed (14.3 m/min ± 0.7 vs. 29.3 m/min ± 1.7, p<0.0001) than control AA mice expressing exclusively normal human hemoglobin (n=12). Together these results indicate SS mice have an inherently reduced aerobic exercise capacity; nonetheless, they tolerated a training regimen at 60% of V̇O2max. After eight weeks of training, SS mice had a lower hematocrit (20.3% ± 0.8% vs. 24.4% ± 1.8%, p=0.04; n=8) than untrained SS littermates that were exposed to all other experimental conditions except training. There were only moderate changes in red blood cell count (Trained: 4.8.106/µL ± 0.2, Untrained: 5.7.106/µL ± 0.5, p>0.05) or total hemoglobin (Trained: 5.6 g/dL ± 0.2 vs 6.3 g/dL ± 0.4, p>0.05) between the two groups suggesting the low hematocrit in the trained mice was probably due to increased plasma volume, which is a normal physiological response to exercise training. The spleen/body mass ratio was significantly lower in the trained SS mice compared to the untrained littermates (5.7 mg/g body weight ± 0.3 vs. 7.0 mg/g body weight ± 0.9, p=0.04). Importantly, the spleen was less congested in the trained SS mice, and the magnitude of congestion in all animals (trained and untrained) correlated very strongly with the relative spleen mass (r=0.7, p=0.009). Exercise training significantly increased the percent of oxyhemoglobin in the venous blood of SS mice (Trained: 39% ± 4.3, Untrained: 22.3 ± 4.1, p=0.016). And, there was a corresponding decrease in the percent carboxyhemoglobin (Trained: 2.3% ± 0.7, Untrained 6.2% ± 0.5, p=0.001). These data suggest moderate exercise training may reduce the proportion HbS that is deoxygenated in the venous circulation. In addition, exercise training significantly reduced the peripheral blood white cell count in the SS mice (Training: 14.7.103/µL ± 0.9, Untrained: 21.6.103/µL ± 3.1, p=0.03); this change was reflected by a corresponding lower lymphocyte count in the trained mice (12.103/µL ± 0.8 vs. 17.3.103/µL ± 2.3, p=0.028). Finally, running decreased the liver expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA (p=0.04) and the plasma concentration of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β, p=0.03). Interestingly, HO-1 is implicated in metabolic inflammation and MIP-1β promotes endothelial adhesion of CD8+ T cell through a VCAM-1 dependent pathway. Together with the reductions in leukocyte counts, we suggest that moderate exercise training may reduce sequestration of sickle erythrocytes/congestion, resting blood deoxygenation and inflammation in SCD. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Plasma metabolic signatures reveal the regulatory effect of exercise training in db/db mice.

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is caused by a complex set of interactions between genetic modifications and life styles. This complexity creates challenges for a full understanding of the altered metabolic pathways that contribute to the development of T2DM, which needs a comprehensive metabolic analysis. Exercise training is a common therapeutic approach known to antagonize the metabolic consequences of T2DM. However, the metabolic phenotypes of exercise effected in T2DM have not been clearly characterized. Here, we present the effect of physical activity on biochemical changes in diabetic db/db mice. An untargeted metabolomics study based on liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry was carried out to delineate the plasma metabolic signatures in conjunction with a multivariate statistical analysis. As a result, a total of 24 differential metabolites were identified, covering amino acids, organic acids and lipids. Three biomarkers, including lysine, creatine and uridine, were significantly reversed by exercise training in db/db diabetic mice groups compared to lean db/m+ groups. Of note, pantothenic acid and palmitoylcarnitine, which are involved in fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO), were promoted by exercise training in diabetic mice rather than in lean mice. These findings indicated that diabetic mice might be more susceptible to exercise for energy expenditure. Together, the results might demonstrate that exercise could mitigate insulin resistance in T2DM through improving FAO and that uridine in blood might be an important indicator to reflect insulin sensitivity promoted by exercise training in T2DM mice.

Effects of Moderate Exercise Training on Spatial Behavior Among Old Mice - Preliminary Results

Background: Moderate exercise training has innumerable benefits on physical function, cognition and mental health. However, the effects of exercise training on anxiety reduction that results in increased physical activity is much less appreciated. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of moderate exercise training on anxiety-related behaviors that result in increased physical activity. Methods: Old (17 months) female mice (n=6), C57B6 were allocated to either a sedentary or a running group that underwent 12 weeks of treadmill running (20 minutes/day, 6 days/week). Anxiety-related behavior was assessed using an Open Field Test. Results: Moderate exercise training resulted in increased locomotion in the exercised group. These mice entered the 'inner zone' of the open field more frequently; b) exhibited higher movement velocity within the arena; c) traveled a longer distance; and d) spent less time at the corners of the open field. Conclusion: Our results indicate the beneficial effects of moderate exercise training on reducing anxiety-related behavior and triggering spatial behaviors in an Open Field Test among aged mice.

Aerobic exercise attenuates pulmonary inflammation induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Aerobic exercise has been recognized as a stimulator of the immune system, but its effect on bacterial infection has not been extensively evaluated. We studied whether moderate aerobic exercise training prior to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection influences pulmonary inflammatory responses. BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: Sedentary Untreated (sedentary without infection); Sedentary Infected (sedentary with infection); Trained Untreated (aerobic training without infection); and Trained Infected (aerobic training with infection). Animals underwent aerobic training for 4 wk, and 72 h after last exercise training, animals received a challenge with S. pneumoniae and were evaluated either 12 h or 10 days after instillation. In acute phase, Sedentary Infected group had an increase in respiratory system resistance and elastance; number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL); polymorphonuclear cells in lung parenchyma; and levels of keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-1β (IL-1β) in lung homogenates. Exercise training significantly attenuated the increase in all of these parameters and induced an increase in expression of antioxidant enzymes (CuZnSOD and MnSOD) in lungs. Trained Infected mice had a significant decrease in the number of colony-forming units of pneumococci in the lungs compared with Sedentary Infected animals. Ten days after infection, Trained Infected group exhibited lower numbers of macrophages in BAL, polymorphonuclear cells in lung parenchyma and IL-6 in lung homogenates compared with Sedentary Infected group. Our results suggest a protective effect of moderate exercise training against respiratory infection with S. pneumoniae. This effect is most likely secondary to an effect of exercise on oxidant-antioxidant balance.

Effects of Moderate Exercise Training and Quercetin Supplementation after Maximal Exercise on Immunocompetence in High-Fat Diet Mice

Effects of Moderate Exercise Training and Quercetin Supplementation after Maximal Exercise on Immunocompetence in High-Fat Diet Mice

Physical Activity Reduces Stress and Anxiety

Feeling stress and anxious is a common experience among elderly people. These feelings are part of “defense mechanism” to better combat unusual situations or “adaptive behavior. There are many reasons triggered elderly people to be unrest and stressful such as losing a loved one which leads to chronic grief, ongoing illness, chronic pain, loneliness, adverse drugs reactions, physical or mental abuse or neglect, new social interactions, relocation, physical deficiency (e.g., poor vision or hearing) and nutritional deficiency. But when feeling stress and anxious becomes chronic and overwhelming it might affects daily activities, cognitive impairment and memory interferences, poor sleep, lack of energy or motivation, changes in appetite (weight loss or gain), and quality of life. These outcomes can end up with depression, self care neglect and losing social interest. Yet, older adults with anxiety disorders often undiagnosed and untreated. Moreover, in many cases older adults may not seek treatment because they do not feel comfortable to reveal or to admit this feeling. Physical exercises as treatment option: It is probably impossible to eliminate stress and anxiety, but one can learn to manage them. While there are variety of treatments for stress and anxiety reduction such as medication, cognitive behavior therapy, relaxation techniques, coping skills, recreational activities and family support, physical exercises may be the one most recommended by health care professionals and very successful to deal and to relieve stress and anxiety symptoms. In recent investigation done in my lab we measured the effects of exercise training on spatial behavior among old mice. Previously, anxiety as a function of insecurity or lack of self-control has been evaluated using various laboratory measures such as chemical changes in saliva, cortisol [1], blood levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, using physiological parameters of blood pressure, heart rate, cholesterol, oxidative stress and free radicals [2], or using behavioral factors such as sleeping and eating [3,4]. In our study the results indicated the beneficial effects of moderate exercise training on reducing anxiety-related behavior and triggering spatial behaviors in an Open Field Test (OFT). Rodents that lack a sense of security prefer markedly prolonged stays at the edges or corners of the open field arena [5] while staying in or moving to the center of the arena indicates confidence and less anxiety [6]. Increase in the amount and speed of locomotion in the OFT and the number of times the running mice entered the center of the arena indicate a sense of security and higher “sensory-motor inner pressure” [7] to

Moderate Exercise Training Induces ROS-Related Adaptations to Skeletal Muscles

Aim of the present work was the evaluation of the effects of moderate exercise training on 2 skeletal muscles differing in fibre-type composition, Tibialis Anterior (TA) and Soleus (SOL). Fibre adaptations, including their metabolic shift and mechanisms underlying proliferation and differentiation, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant and cytoprotective molecules, activity of Ca2+-handling molecules were examined. 6 male 2-month-old rats trained on a treadmill for 1 h/day, 3 days/week, for 14 weeks, reaching 30 m/min at the end of training. 6 age-matched sedentary rats served as controls. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after the last training session. Muscle regulatory factors increased in both muscles, activating satellite cell proliferation, which led to moderate hypertrophy in SOL and to moderate hyperplasia in TA, where the upregulation of desmin and TNFR2 expression suggests that myotube formation by proliferating myoblasts is somehow delayed. Changes leading to a more oxidative metabolism together with the upregulation of a number of antioxidant enzymes occurred in TA. HSP70i protein was upregulated in both SOL and TA, while oxidative stress markers increased in SOL alone. The status of ionic channels and pumps was preserved. We suggest that the increase in ROS, known to be associated with exercise, underlies most observed results.

Moderate Exercise Restores Pancreatic Beta-Cell Function and Autonomic Nervous System Activity in Obese Rats Induced by High-Fat Diet

Background/Aims: Metabolic syndrome has been identified as one of the most significant threats to human health in the 21^st century. Exercise training has been shown to counteract obesity and metabolic syndrome. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of moderate exercise training on pancreatic beta-cell function and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Weaning rats were divided into four groups: rats fed a standard chow or HFD (sedentary, Control-SED and HFD-SED; or exercised, Control-EXE and HFD-EXE, respectively). Exercised rats ran (from 21- to 91-days-old) for 60 minutes (3 times/week) over a 10-week period. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. Pancreatic islets were isolated to study glucose-induced insulin secretion (GIIS). Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve electrical signals were measured, and liver samples were processed and histologically analyzed. Results: Exercise prevented obesity, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis as well as improved total cholesterol, ALT, and AST levels. Islets from HFD rats showed insulin hypersecretion which was ameliorated by exercise. Exercise decreased vagal nerve activity in the HFD-EXE group and increased the activity of the sympathetic nervous system in both exercised groups. Conclusion: Exercise prevents obesity and liver steatosis and restores pancreatic beta-cell function and ANS activity in HFD-obese rats.

Moderate exercise training modulates cytokine profile and sleep in elderly people

Aging causes several physiological alterations, including alterations in sleep. It is possible that difficulty sleeping can be exacerbated by increased inflammation in older individuals. Moderate exercise training may be a modality of non-pharmacological treatment for sleep disorders and inflammation. We aimed to assess the effects of moderate exercise training on sleep in elderly people as well as their cytokine profiles. Additionally, we examined the effect of exercise training on quality of life parameters using a SF-36 questionnaire. Twenty-two male, sedentary, healthy, elderly volunteers performed moderate training for 60min/day, 3days/week for 24week at a work rate equivalent to their ventilatory aerobic threshold. The environment was kept at a temperature of 23±2°C, with a humidity of 60±5%. Blood and polysomnograph were collected twice: at baseline (1week before training began) and after 6months of training. Training increased aerobic capacity parameters (p<0.0001), decreased REM latency (p<0.02), and decreased time awake (p<0.05). After training, the levels of IL-6 (p<0.0001) and TNF-α (p<0.0001) and the ratio of TNF-α/IL-10 (p<0.0001) were decreased, whereas IL-10 levels were increased after training (p<0.001). Furthermore, exercise training was shown to improve quality of life parameters. Our results suggest that 6months of training can improve sleep in the elderly and is related to the anti-inflammatory effect of moderate training, which modifies cytokine profiles.

Effect of moderate exercise training and low-fat diet on peritoneal macrophage immunocompetence in high-fat diet-induced obese mice model

This study investigated the effect of moderate exercise training on macrophage immunocompetence in high fat diet-induced obese mice. To determine the differential effects of exercise training and low fat diet on macrophage, C57BL/6 male mice (4 week old, n=32) were fed high-fat diet for 5 weeks to induce obese. The high fat-induced obese mice were then divided into four groups and differently treated by high/low fat diet and exercise training for a further 8 weeks; HHC (13 weeks high-fat diet), HHE (13 weeks high-fat diet with 8 weeks Exercise training) and HLC (5 weeks high-fat diet and 8 weeks low-fat diet), HLE (5 weeks high-fat diet and 8 weeks low-fat diet with exercise training). The exercise groups were performed on a motorized treadmill, running for 30-60 min/day at 10-22 m/min, 0% grade for 8wks. Body weight was significantly decreased for those with a low-fat diet and exercise training (HLE). Macrophage phagocytosis was significantly increased by low-fat diet and exercise training (HLE). The percentage of stimulation of NO release induced by LPS was higher in HLE than in other groups. The percentage of stimulation of IL-1β release induced by LPS was higher in HHE and HLE than in other groups. The percentage of stimulation of IFN-γ release induced by LPS was higher in HLE than in other groups. These findings suggest that moderate exercise and low-fat diet have beneficial effects on macrophage immunocompetence in high fat diet-induced obese mice.

Chronic Exercise Promotes Alterations in the Neuroendocrine Profile of Elderly People

Aging and physical inactivity are 2 factors that favour the development of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes. In contrast, adopting a habitual moderate exercise routine may be a nonpharmacological treatment alternative for neuroendocrine aging disorders. We aimed to assess the effects of moderate exercise training on the metabolic profiles of elderly people with sedentary lifestyles. Fourteen sedentary, healthy, elderly male volunteers participated in a moderate training regimen for 60 min/day, 3 days/week for 24 weeks at a work rate equivalent to their ventilatory aerobic threshold. The environment was maintained at a temperature of 23±2°C, with a humidity of 60±5%. Blood samples for analysis were collected at 3 intervals: at baseline (1 week before training began), and 3 and 6 months after training. The training promoted increased aerobic capacity (relative VO(2), and time and velocity to VO(2)max; (p<0.05)) and reduced serum α-MSH (p<0.05) after 3 months of training when compared with the baseline data. In addition, serum thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) was reduced after 6 months of training compared with baseline levels. Our results demonstrate that a moderate exercise training protocol improves the metabolic profile of older people, and metabolic adaptation is dependent on time.