Effect Of Microbial Contamination Research Articles

Component and microbial community structure change of Huangjiu undergoing rancidification during pottery jar storage

ABSTRACT The effects of microbial contamination on the rancidity of Huangjiu (Chinese rice wine) during pottery jar storage were studied. With the increase in the rancidity of Huangjiu, the alcohol content decreased, while the conductivity increased significantly. The sour taste and umami taste of Huangjiu increased, leading to flavor deterioration. Meanwhile, the increase in biogenic amine content makes Huangjiu unfit for drinking. The changes in components showed that the degree of rancidity was related to the metabolism of organic acids and amino acids caused by contaminated microorganisms. According to the analysis of microbial community structure, more microorganisms were found in the severe rancid Huangjiu. This indicated that with the aggravation of the degree of rancidity, the community structure of the contaminated microorganisms becomes complex, and potentially pathogenic microorganisms such as Arcobacter species were detected. Therefore, the change of components of Huangjiu will also affect the community structure of contaminated microorganisms.

Efficacy of carboxymethyl cellulose as an inert water-soluble carrier for formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae

The relatively short shelf life of many entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) based products is a major constraint which limits their widespread usage in IPM programs. The two primary factors that affect survival of the infective juveniles (IJs) during storage (i.e. shelf life) are the rate at which the IJs utilize their energy reservoirs during storage and the effect of microbial contamination in formulation. In the present study, the suitability of Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as an inert substrate for EPNs formulation was evaluated. Survival and virulence of dehydrated and non-dehydrated CMC formulated IJs of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae in the presence and absence of an antimicrobial agent was evaluated at two temperatures, 15 and 25 °C, over a six-month storage period. After six months of storage at 25 °C, levels of survival of H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae (77% and 93%, respectively) were highest where dehydrated IJs where in CMC which contained an antimicrobial agent. The effect of storage temperature (15 versus 25 °C) with respect to this formulation was species specific: a significant effect was seen in the case of H. bacteriophora, though not for S. carpocapsae. In both species, efficacy of anhydrobiosis on IJs survival emerged as foraging strategy dependent factor; this situation was observed for the efficacy of formaldehyde too. EPNs mortality across all treatments revealed two-stage survival curves, stage I with a steep slope and high mortality rate and stage II with a gentle slope and low rate of mortality. In our results CMC emerged as an efficient substrate for formulation of evaluated EPNs, mainly S. carpocapsae, though the use of antimicrobial agents other than formaldehyde may also make this formulation tool more appropriate for H. bacteriophora. Regarding the two-stage model, we propose that when assessing the suitability of new isolates for mass production, screening IJs from the 2nd stage of this mortality curves could be useful in terms of predicting the long-term viability of EPNs-based products.

Status of Piglets’ Cellular Immunity in the Early Postnatal Period

The results of studying piglets' cellular immunity in the postnatal period in an industrial pig-farming system have been reported. It is ascertained that the cellular immunity in piglets before colostrum intake is characterized by leukocytopenia, lymphocytopenia, T- and B-lymphocyte deficiencies and high ratios of theophylline-resistant (T-helpers) to theophylline-sensitive (T-suppressors) T cells, indicating the low suppressive activity of T lymphocytes. In 1-day-old piglets after colostrum intake and during the whole period of their growing under the sows, the increased counts of white-blood cells and lymphocytes, the T- and B-lymphocyte absolute counts, and T-helper cells, along with a lower count of T-suppressor cells and low T-to-B-cell ratios, indicating the predominant mechanisms of specific cellular defense, were recorded. A reduction in the counts of white-blood cells, lymphocytes, and T- and B-lymphocytes in piglets on the 14th day of life, when compared to the parameters measured on the seventh day of life, is caused by the decline in these cell’s supply via sow milk. A subsequent increase is associated with the activation of the piglets’ own immune system function, whose development is dependent on the effects of microbial contamination within the mucous membranes and the skin.

INFLUENCE OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF BONE TISSUE ON ITS REGENERATOR POTENTIAL IN TOTAL ARTROPLASTY IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Relevance. Total arthroplasty of large joints in patients with RA in some cases lead to the development of infectious postoperative complications. Treatment of patients with systemic inflammatory pathology of the connective tissue - the process is long and has certain features. Among others, we were interested in the persistence of an autoimmune inflammatory process and associated pathologies, including osteopenia or osteoporosis. Therefore, research into the effects of microbial contamination on bone repair processes is relevant.
 Objective. To identify correlation relationships between bone regenerative potential and microbial factor in identical biopsies of surgical material from RA patients with primary total endoprosthesis (PTE) and to determine their effect on surgical results
 Materials and methods. The data of microbiological researches of operative material after 151 surgical interventions from 118 patients with RA about PTE of joints (337 samples), executed according to the operating methods, are analyzed. 280 bone marrow specimens were examined and 400 cultures of bone marrow stromal fibroblasts were grown from these patients.
 Results. Microorganisms in the culture from surgical material were isolated in 55.4% of RA patients with knee and hip joints PTE. The nature of the microflora was determined: these are staphylococci, streptococci, Corynebacterium spp., Anaerobic non-spore-forming, gram-negative microorganisms. There is a strong (almost functional) linear inverse correlation (coefficient r = ─ 0.98) between osteogenic activity of bone marrow stromal bone marrow cells and data from microbiological studies of surgical material in patients with RA. Contamination of bone spongiosis by microorganisms is likely to reduce the activity of colony-forming units of bone marrow fibroblasts by an average of 81.0% in the depression, by 53.0% in the femoral head and by 64.8% in the intervertebral area. Microbial contamination inhibits osteogenic potential by an average of 30.4%, or almost 2 times, revealing one of the mechanisms of occurrence of probable complications and directing measures for their prevention (changes in postoperative antibiotic therapy).
 Conclusion. The higher the contamination with microorganisms, the lower the osteogenic activity of bone marrow stromal cells of bones forming the knee and hip joints in RA patients.

Does microbial nitrogen contamination affect the estimation of crude protein degradability of concentrate feeds?1

The effects of microbial contamination (MC) on CP degradability of concentrate feeds are still controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use 15N to estimate the impact of MC on estimations of CP fractions (the soluble fraction of CP [a], the insoluble but potentially degradable fraction of CP [b], and the rate of digestion of fraction b [kd]) of concentrate feeds. Twelve types of feed were evaluated: 6 energy concentrates—wheat bran (Triticum aestivum L.), rice meal (Oryza sativa L.), ground corn (Zea mays L.), ground sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), ground corn cob (Zea mays L.), and soybean hulls [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]—and 6 protein concentrates—cottonseed meal (Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybean meal [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], ground bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), peanut meal (Arachis hypogaea L.), sunflower meal (Helianthus annuus L.), and corn gluten meal (Zea mays L.). The feeds were divided into 4 groups and were incubated in the rumen of 4 crossbred bulls. The samples were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 72 h. To estimate the MC of the incubated residues, the ruminal bacteria were labeled with 15N via continuous intraruminal infusion of 15(NH4)2SO4. There was no difference (P = 0.738) between corrected and uncorrected parameters a, b, and kd for all feeds that were evaluated. All of the feed tests followed an exponential model of degradation, and the model fitted well to the data, except for corn gluten meal, probably because the maximum incubation time that was used (72 h) was not long enough to allow for an accurate estimation of the degradation profile. Therefore, correction of ruminal protein degradation to MC is irrelevant with regards to the concentrates that were studied.

The changing face of microbial quality control practices in the brewing industry: Introducing mass spectrometry proteomic fingerprinting for microbial identification

Microbiological quality control testing in breweries is essential for maintaining high product quality and should be performed routinely. The effects of microbial contamination, derived from organisms including bacteria, wild yeast and mould, can range from comparatively minor changes in beer flavour and fermentation performance to gross flavour and aroma defects, turbidity problems and reduced yeast performance. Further implications of batch contamination include significant financial loss and decreased consumer confidence. This review discusses current microbiology testing techniques and their limitations, then focuses on new developments and technologies for routine microbiological control testing. The adoption of new technologies such as proteomic fingerprinting by mass spectrometry would allow breweries to conduct more extensive microbiological analyses that are currently cost- and time-prohibitive, particularly for small breweries. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

Does microbial nitrogen contamination affect the estimation of crude protein degradability of concentrate feeds?

The effects of microbial contamination (MC) on CP degradability of concentrate feeds are still controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use N to estimate the impact of MC on estimations of CP fractions (the soluble fraction of CP [a], the insoluble but potentially degradable fraction of CP [b], and the rate of digestion of fraction b [kd]) of concentrate feeds. Twelve types of feed were evaluated: 6 energy concentrates-wheat bran ( L.), rice meal ( L.), ground corn ( L.), ground sorghum ( Pers.), ground corn cob ( L.), and soybean hulls [ (L.) Merr.]-and 6 protein concentrates-cottonseed meal ( L.), soybean meal [ (L.) Merr.], ground bean ( L.), peanut meal ( L.), sunflower meal ( L.), and corn gluten meal ( L.). The feeds were divided into 4 groups and were incubated in the rumen of 4 crossbred bulls. The samples were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 72 h. To estimate the MC of the incubated residues, the ruminal bacteria were labeled with N via continuous intraruminal infusion of (NH)SO. There was no difference ( = 0.738) between corrected and uncorrected parameters a, b, and kd for all feeds that were evaluated. All of the feed tests followed an exponential model of degradation, and the model fitted well to the data, except for corn gluten meal, probably because the maximum incubation time that was used (72 h) was not long enough to allow for an accurate estimation of the degradation profile. Therefore, correction of ruminal protein degradation to MC is irrelevant with regards to the concentrates that were studied.

Effect of Microbial Contamination Induced during the Preservation of Ova via Vitrification (Open System)

The cryopreservation of sperm, embryos and, oocytes plays an important and increasing role in assisted reproduction, due to improvements of old, and introduction of new technologies. In parallel, concerns are increasing about the technical and biological safety of this procedures.Cryopreservation of embryos is an established tool in human assisted reproductive technologies, and the clinical application of oocyte and ovarian tissue cryopreservation is increasing worldwide. Vitrification is a cryopreservation technique that leads to a glass-like solidification, with rapid cooling of cells or tissues. Today vitrification is seen as the future of cryopreservation of human oocytes and embryos, owing to improved survival rates and clinical outcomes.The aim of this study is to investigate the hypothetical risk of disease transmission through LN2 during the vitrification procedure if the cells are directly plunged into accidentally contaminated LN2. The need to guarantee the absolute sterility of LN2 for vitrification purposes is considered a critical problem.In this study we used different kind of microbes to infect group of mice oocyte stored in the same LN2 tank. The results of this study demonstrate absence of cross infection between samples during the cryopreservation and vitrification procedures. Although the microbes have grown in different kind of media such as embryo culture media or nutrient agar media to provide ideal environment for bacterial growing and more even the vitrification seems cause degeneration microbes. However, Safe and successful cryopreservation of oocytes requires screening of patients for infectious diseases, and application of the appropriate sanitary and cryoprocedures to ensure high postthaw survival of gametes and to minimize the risk of disease transmission to recipients.

Characterization studies on the additives mixed l-arginine phosphate monohydrate (LAP) crystals

l-arginine phosphate monohydrate (LAP), potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) mixed LAP (LAP:KSCN) and sodium sulfite (Na 2SO 3) mixed LAP (LAP:Na 2SO 3) single crystals were grown by slow cooling technique. The effect of microbial contamination and coloration on the growth solutions was studied. The crystalline powders of the grown crystals were examined by X-ray diffraction and the lattice parameters of the crystals were estimated. From the FTIR spectroscopic analysis, various functional group frequencies associated with the crystals were assigned. Vickers microhardness studies were done on {1 0 0} faces for pure and additives mixed LAP crystals. From the preliminary surface second harmonic generation (SHG) results, it was found that the SHG intensity at (1 0 0) face of LAP:KSCN crystal was much stronger than that of pure LAP.

A simplified management of the in situ evaluation of feedstuffs in ruminants: Application to the study of the digestive availability of protein and amino acids corrected for the ruminal microbial contamination

The ruminal effective degradability (RED) and intestinal effective digestibility (IED) for dry matter, crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) were estimated by a simplified in situ method using pooled samples from rumen-incubated residues, which represented the ruminal outflow of undegraded feed. The effect of microbial contamination in the rumen was corrected using 15N infusion techniques. Studies were carried out for soybean meal (SBM), barley grain (BG) and lucerne hay (LH) in three wethers cannulated in the rumen and the duodenum. Uncorrected values of RED for CP obtained either by mathematical integration or our simplified method were similar in all feeds. Microbial N in the pooled samples of SBM, BG and LH were 2%, 11% and 24% of total N, respectively. However, intestinal incubation eliminated this microbial charge by 100%, 99% and 88%, respectively. With microbial corrections, RED showed an increase, and IED showed a decrease, except for SBM. With this correction, intestinal digested CP was reduced by 2% in SBM, 13% in BG and 34% in LH. Corrected IED of AA was relatively similar in SBM (97–99%). However, large variations were observed in BG (74–93%) and in LH (10–88%). Digestion in the rumen and intestine changed the essential AA pattern. Overall, our results support that AA digestion is affected by the characteristics of their radicals and their contents in plant cell wall proteins. The accurate estimation of feed metabolisable AA or protein requires effective measures that are corrected by ruminal microbial contamination. The proposed in situ method largely simplifies these tasks and allows a more complete and less expensive feed evaluation.

Discussion on microbial contamination of naval fuels

Article Deals with problem of naval fuels’ microbial contamination. This problem in Poland is not well known and described, but operational problems encountered very often prove that this is a very serious problem. Examples of laboratory tests performed on real samples are presented as well as possible effects of microbial contamination are discussed. Authors also suggest continuous monitoring of naval fuels as main preventive tool. Article covers following topics:• general information about microorganisms present in naval fuels• conditions necessary for microbial growth, with special attention to conditions encountered on vessels• operational problems resulting from microbial contamination• methods of microorganisms detection and examples of preventive actions.

Effect of Microbial Contamination of Water-Based Metalworking Fluids on the Aerosolization of Particles and Microbial Fragments

Abstract Aerosolization of particles from metalworking fluids (MWFs) was studied using a laboratory-scale set-up that simulates grinding operations. Semi-synthetic MWF and soluble oil were contaminated with Pseudomonas fluorescens, and the aerosolized particles were measured using a photometric mass monitor, optical particle counter, and a condensation nucleus counter. Microbial contamination of both semi-synthetic MWF and soluble oil increased the mass concentration as measured by the photometric aerosol mass monitor and the fine particle number concentration as measured by the condensation nucleus counter. These effects were seen most clearly for the fine size range of particles aerosolized from contaminated semi-synthetic MWF. Endotoxin results indicate that the increase in the fine particle concentration occurs at least partially due to the increase in the microbial cell wall components (fragments).

Nucleation kinetics, growth and characterization of dLAP, dLAP:KF and dLAP:NaN 3 crystals

The nucleation parameters, such as interfacial tension, radius of the critical nucleus and critical free energy change have been estimated for deuterated l-arginine phosphate (dLAP), potassium fluoride mixed dLAP and sodium azide mixed dLAP single crystals. Pure and additive mixed dLAP single crystals are grown by slow cooling technique. The effect of microbial contamination and colouration on the growth solutions has been studied. The crystalline powder of the grown crystals has been examined by X-ray diffraction and thermal analyses in order to estimate the lattice parameters and study thermal properties respectively.

The free fatty acid content of fish oil, part V. The effect of microbial contamination on the increase in free fatty acid content of fish oils during storage at 25°C

In this report evidence is presented that the rapid rise in the free fatty acid (FFA) content of fish oils during storage is due to contamination of the oils by bacteria belonging to the genus Alcaligenes. Der Gehalt an freien Fettsäuren im Fischöl. Teil V. Der Einfluß einer Kontamination durch Mikroorganismen auf die Zunahme des Gehalts an freien Fettsäuren während der Lagerung bei 25°C.In der vorgliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß der starke Anstieg der freien Fettsäuren während der Lagerung von Fischölen eine Folge der Verunreinigung durch Bakterien der Gattung Alcaligenes ist.

Effect of microbial contamination of fuels on the operation of fuel filters

Effect of microbial contamination of fuels on the operation of fuel filters

The effect of microbial contamination and pH changes in storage solutions during in vitro assays of bonding agents

A study of pH changes in, and microbial colonization of, storage solutions being utilized during an in vitro evaluation of luting agent solubility has been made. Microbial growth in storage solutions was observed to occur at as high as 10 5 colony-forming units (cfu)/mL after seven days' incubation. A strong time-dependent inverse correlation between pH and cfu was found, with the pH dropping to as low as 5.3 (p<0.01). Decreases in pH were not found in presterilized control samples (p<0.05). Further, it was demonstrated that presterilization with ethylene oxide or the addition of respiratory inhibitors prevented both microbial colonization and the pH drop when compared with controls (p<0.001). These data suggest that studies of dental materials which include incubations in various fluids should be controlled for the potential effects of micro-organisms and their effect on pH.

The effect of microbial contamination on musculocutaneous and random flaps

Although musculocutaneous flaps have been shown to have the ability to withstand a greater inoculum of bacteria than random flaps, it has not been shown that the musculocutaneous flap has any greater ability to decrease the bacterial population in a contaminated wound. In this series of experiments, granulating wounds were developed containing 10 4, 10 5, or 10 6 bacteria per gram of tissue. These contaminated wounds were then covered either with musculocutaneous flaps, random flaps, or left uncovered as a control. In the heavily contaminated wounds containing 10 6 bacteria per gram of tissue, neither type of flap was able to prevent bacterial proliferation and all flaps dehisced. In the minimally contaminated wounds containing 10 4 bacteria per gram of tissue, both the musculocutaneous and random flaps achieved wound healing and decreased the bacterial level in the wound. However, in the intermediate group containing 10 5 bacteria per gram of tissue, musculocutaneous flaps lowered the bacterial count and allowed wound closure, whereas the random flaps did not control the bacterial growth and failed. Therefore, in the moderately contaminated wound, musculocutaneous flaps are advantageous and can decrease bacterial counts and obtain successful closure when random flaps cannot.

A microtechnique for measuring red cell osmotic fragility of infants.

Chloramphenicol (D-threo-2-dichloroacetamido-1-p-nitrophenylpropane-1,3-diol) added to blood samples did not alter the observed shift in the red cell osmotic fragility curves as the samples were aged in vitro for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Nor was the normal rate of loss of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, ATP, or glutathione from the red cells affected by the presence of chloramphenicol over the same period. Consequently, this bacteriostatic agent can be added to blood samples taken under non-sterile conditions, such as from the heel of an infant, in order to preserve them from the effects of microbial contamination. In this way red cell osmotic fragility results can be obtained on non-sterile samples after their incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. A miniaturisation of the standard osmotic fragility procedure is described, which allows results to be produced from the small, non-sterile samples obtained by heel-prick of infants.

The Effect of Microbial Contamination on the Requirement of Chicks for Certain Nutrients

OBSERVATIONS were made by Edwards et al. (1960) on the growth rate and requirement for magnesium, zinc, and methionine when birds were grown in clean and unclean environments. Their experiments showed that chickens grown in a room immediately after it had been cleaned and fumigated grew at a much faster rate than chicks that were grown in the same room with older chicks present from the start of the experiment. The data also suggest that the requirements of the chick for magnesium and zinc may be higher when the chicks are grown in contaminated quarters as compared to chicks grown in fumigated quarters.The studies reported in this paper were conducted to obtain additional information on this point. The experiments were specifically designed to answer the following questions:(1) Can very clean isolation rooms be used to simulate the effect of both fumigated and contaminated quarters when proper treatment is …