Effects Of Methyl Ethyl Ketone Research Articles

Enhancement of energy, exergy and soot characteristics with the utilization of MEK in diesel engine

This study investigated the effects of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) on a diesel engine’s energy, exergy and emissions. The evaporation of a bi-component droplet of MEK and heptane was modeled. Furthermore, the soot morphology and nanostructure were quantified. Different blends were examined at other engine conditions. Running the engine under idle conditions and optimum speed considerably reduced engine emissions. MEK noticeably decreased the maximum reachable load of the diesel engine. Both specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency increased with MEK. The exergetic efficiency increased while the fuel exergy decreased at the same work exergy. The effects of MEK on combustion characteristics were insignificant. However, a stronger premixed combustion phase was obtained where MEK evaporated first and caused a slightly longer droplet lifetime. Low percentages of MEK reduced CO emissions, while NOx emissions increased consistently with the MEK addition. The engine conditions noticeably influenced the unburned hydrocarbon emissions with MEK. Both smoke opacity and primary particle diameter decreased. The fringe analysis emphasized that MEK decreased fringe length, soot intensity, and alignment, increasing fringe tortuosity and spacing. Clearly, methyl ethyl ketone suppressed soot formation in a diesel engine and decreased its reactivity.Graphical abstract

Microhardness evaluation of root dentin after using resin sealer solvents.

Background. This study aimed to assess the effects of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and ethyl acetate (EA) on dentin microhardness, used as resin sealer solvents. Methods. Eighty halves of single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into four groups to apply MEK, EA, chloroform, or saline solution. Vickers hardness values were measured for three root levels before and after the direct application of solvents for 5 and 15 minutes or a 1-minute application with ultrasonic agitation. The results were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, and adjustments were made for comparisons with Bonferroni tests. Results. The dentin microhardness decreased in all the solvent groups (P < 0.05). The changes in microhardness increased with prolonged exposure times, except for the saline solution group. Chloroform exhibited the most significant decrease in value. Furthermore, ultrasonic agitation elicited a more substantial decline in values. Conclusion. MEK and EA might be preferred over chloroform as a solvent for resin sealers because they offer an attenuated decrease in dentin microhardness and do not have gutta-percha-dissolving properties.

Effect of Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) Organic Solvent Exposure on Incidence of Neurotoxicity in Shoe Manufacturing Workers

Background: Shoe manufacturing factory workers in developing countries are daily exposed to complex mixtures of organic solvents. Chemical exposure occurs through inhalation / respiration and skin which can affect many physiological systems. The main chemical exposure to organic solvents in shoe manufacturing comes from the process of gluing and cleaning process by using organic solvents on footwear in the assembling section. Methyl ethyl ketone is one type of organic solvent which, when entering into the body through inhalation routes can cause irritation of the nose, throat, lungs and chest becomes congested. Acute neurotoxicity is a collection of symptoms in the central nervous system (central nervous system depression, psychomotor disorders, narcosis, drowsiness, headache, dizziness, dyspepsia, and nausea).&#x0D; Method: The research design was a prospective cohort research consisting of 45 people for each high MEK exposed group and low exposed to MEK. Data collection was done by interview, physical examination, MEK level measurement of pre-shift urine and end-shift work, and filling out questionnaires Form Acute symptoms rating questionnaire at the beginning of work shift (07.00), 2 hours after work (09.00), break (12.00), 2 hours after break (15.00), and end of work shift (16.00).&#x0D; Result: The incidence of acute neurotoxicity symptoms in the MEK-high exposed group based on the Acute Symptoms questionnaire was 51.1%. Age factor with symptoms of acute neurotoxicity in workers at PT. X with p value = 0.432, gender factor with p value = 0.162, education factor with p value = 0.897, nutritional status factor with p value = 0.865, alcohol habit factor with p value = 0.181, coffee drinking habit factor with p value = 0.265, and smoking habit factor with p value = 0.968, work duration factor with symptoms of acute neurotoxicity at worker in PT. X with p value = 0.533, and the use factor of personal protective equipment (PPE) with p value = 0.470. In this research, symptoms of acute neurotoxicity were dominant are fatigue (80%), headache (77.8%), nausea (71.1%), dizziness (66.7%), and feeling of intoxication (53.3%).&#x0D; Conclusion: There are no subject and occupational factors that have a significant effect to the symptoms of acute neurotoxicity. Conducting isolation of other work areas for workers exposed to chemicals that because of high potential to harm other workers in the vicinity. Reassessing the hazard risk of using MEK substitutes with other chemicals that are of lower risk or replace with water-based solvents. Provide PPE eligible to all workers exposed to chemicals and workers around them. A PPE fit test is used for workers to feel comfortable while wearing it, giving strict sanctions to workers who do not consistently use personal protective equipment.

Effects of Methyl Ethyl Ketone and Methanol on the Survival and Reproduction of Paronychiurus kimi (Collembola: Onychiuridae)

Effects of Methyl Ethyl Ketone and Methanol on the Survival and Reproduction of Paronychiurus kimi (Collembola: Onychiuridae)

Anticonvulsant effects of methyl ethyl ketone and diethyl ketone in several types of mouse seizure models

The anticonvulsant effects of acetone have been reported in various animal models of epilepsy. We recently demonstrated that other ketone bodies, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and diethyl ketone (DEK), suppressed status epilepticus that was induced by lithium-pilocarpine in rat. In the present study, the anticonvulsant effects of MEK and DEK were evaluated by using four different types of mouse seizure models, which were induced by pentylenetetrazole, kainic acid, methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (DMCM), and electroshock. The effects of clonazepam, a typical anticonvulsant, and acetone were also evaluated and compared with MEK and DEK. In this study, MEK (5 and 10 mmol/kg, i.p.) and DEK (2.5 and 5 mmol/kg, i.p.) produced anticonvulsant activity against all types of seizure models. Furthermore, MEK and DEK showed almost the same potencies against four different seizure models used, while clonazepam showed significant higher ED 50 values against kainic acid-induced and electroshock-induced seizure models as compared with the pentylenetetrazole- or DMCM-induced seizure model. In each study, the highest doses of clonazepam (1 or 3 mg/kg) did not show clear anticonvulsant effects against the kainic acid- or electroshock-induced seizures. In conclusion, MEK and DEK showed broad-spectra anticonvulsant effects in both chemically- and electroshock-induced experimental seizure models.

Studies of VOCs removed from packed-bed absorber by experimental design methodology and analysis of variance

Indoor air quality is affected by volatile organic compound (VOC) pollutants and these are often emitted by furniture and building materials. To enhance indoor air quality, removing VOCs from indoor environment is an important task. Triethylene glycol (TEG) solution was used as working solution to absorb VOCs from ambient air in this study. Plastic 5/8 in. polaring-type was packed in the packed-bed absorber, and the packed length was about 34 cm. Toluene, methanol, ethyl ether, and methyl-ethyl ketone were absorbed separately by TEG solution. Two-level factorial experimental design methodology was applied to schedule the operating variables in the experiment. The advantage of experimental design methodology is to obtain reasonable experimental results with fewer experimental runs. In addition, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the effect of operating variables (factors) on mass transfer coefficient (response). The p-value was used to assess the mass transfer performance of VOCs absorbed by packed-bed absorber. From experimental results, effect of air flux on mass transfer coefficient was significant except for methanol because the p-values were smaller than 0.1 for toluene, ethyl ether, and ketone. For VOCs concentration, the effect of methanol concentration on mass transfer coefficient was extremely significant; the effect of concentration of ethyl ether was very significant; the effect of concentration of toluene was significant; the effect of methyl-ethyl ketone was insignificant. Since all the p-values were smaller than 0.01 for liquid flux, the effect of liquid flux on mass transfer coefficient was very significant. By analyzing the factorial interaction, the factorial couples, toluene concentration × liquid flux, TEG concentration × methanol concentration, TEG concentration × ethyl ether concentration, and ketone concentration × liquid flux can be chosen as main variables to operate the absorption system for absorption of toluene, methanol, ethyl ether, and ketone to acquire the desired mass transfer coefficient.

Glucose utilization in the brain during acute seizure is a useful biomarker for the evaluation of anticonvulsants: effect of methyl ethyl ketone in lithium-pilocarpine status epilepticus rats

Enhancement of glucose utilization in the brain has been well known during acute seizure in various kinds of animal model of epilepsy. This enhancement of glucose utilization might be related to neural damage in these animal models. Recently, we found that methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) had both anticonvulsive and neuroprotective effects in lithium-pilocapine (Li-pilo) status epilepticus (SE) rat. In this article, we measured the uptake of [(14)C]2-deoxyglucose ([(14)C]DG) in the Li-pilo SE and Li-pilo SE with MEK rat brain in order to assess whether the glucose utilization was a useful biomarker for the detection of efficacy of anticonvulsive compounds. Significant increase of [(14)C]DG uptake (45 min after the injection) in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus during acute seizure induced by Li-pilo were observed. On the other hand, the initial uptake of [(14)C]DG (1 min after the injection) in the Li-pilo SE rats was not different from the control rats. Therefore, the enhancement of glucose metabolism during acute seizure was due to the facilitation of the rate of phosphorylation process of [(14)C]DG in the brain. Pretreatment with MEK (8 mmol/kg) completely abolished the enhancement of glucose utilization in the Li-pilo SE rats. The present results indicated that glucose utilization in the brain during acute seizure might be a useful biomarker for the evaluation of efficacy of anticonvulsive compounds.

Inhibitory effect of methyl ethyl ketone upon the enhancement of cerebral blood flow during status epilepticus induced by lithium-pilocarpine

Significant increases in local cerebral blood flow during lithium-pilocarpine (Li-P) induced seizure have been reported. We recently found that both acetone and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) showed anticonvulsive effects in status epilepticus induced by Li-P in rats. In this study, we examined whether MEK also suppressed the enhancement of local cerebral blood flow induced by Li-P with a simplified autoradiographic method using [14C]-para-iodo-N-isopropyl amphetamine ([14C]-IMP). Significant increases in local cerebral blood flow in the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and cerebellum were observed in Li-P induced status epilepticus rats. Pretreatment with MEK (8mmol/kg) completely suppressed the enhancement of local cerebral blood flow to or below the control level in all regions.

김해시 공업지역의 대기 중 Methylethylketone 측정과 활성산소종 생성에 관한 연구

This study assessed the characteristics of emission and cell toxicology of Methylethylketone(MEK) in ambient air of industrial area. MEK is produced by the oxidation of sec-butyl alcohol and used as the solvent for making ink, printing, coating of film, bonding material and drug extraction. The MEK concentrations in the ambient-air of industrial area in Gimhae City was detected in the range of with an average . The concentration of MEK showed a descending tendency from April to August followed by its increased tendency since then. The effects of MEK on the human lung cancer A549 cells was examined by the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS) and cytotoxicity. The range of MEK concentration detected in the area induced ROS generation affecting the oxidation state with a little effects on the viability of the cells.

Effect of solvent composition on dispersing ability of reaction sialon suspensions

This work focuses on the optimization of the rheological behavior of suspensions considering different solvent compositions. The effects of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)/ethanol (E) solvent mixtures on reaction sialon suspensions were investigated by measuring sedimentation behavior, adsorption of dispersant, and flow behavior. It was shown that both the flow behavior and the sedimentation behavior strongly depended on selection of solvent composition. Using 3 wt% KD1 as dispersant, well-dispersed colloidal suspensions could be obtained in MEK-rich solvents. The suspensions with 60 vol% MEK/40 vol% E as solvent could be fitted to the Bingham model with very low yield stress, while suspensions with pure MEK or ethanol-rich mixtures as solvent showed pseudoplastic behavior with relatively high yield stress values. A model was proposed to explain the different flow behaviors of suspensions considering the different configurations of dispersant at particles' surfaces.

Effects of methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, or toluene coadministration on 2,5-hexanedione concentration in the sciatic nerve, serum, and urine of rats.

To clarify changes in the serum, nerve, and urinary levels of 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) in rats on coadministration with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), acetone (AC), and toluene (TO). 2,5-HD alone or combined with MEK, AC, and TO was injected subcutaneously into a total of 306 male Wistar rats. The rats were divided as follows into 7 groups: (1) 2.6 mmol/kg 2,5-HD alone (HD) and (2) 2.6 mmol/ kg 2,5-HD combined with 2.6 mmol/kg MEK (HD + MEK), (3) with 2.6 mmol/kg AC (HD + AC), (4) with 2.6 mmol/kg TO (HD + TO), (5) with 13.0 mmol/kg MEK (HD + 5MEK), (6) with 13.0 mmol/kg AC (HD + 5AC), and (7) with 13.0 mmol/kg TO (HD + 5TO). 2,5-HD concentrations in the serum, sciatic nerve, and urine of rats were determined within 16 h of the injections and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. It was observed that (1) the 2,5-HD concentration and AUC value (area under concentration versus time curve) determined in the serum and nerve increased significantly in the cotreated groups as compared with the HD group; (2) the effect MEK had in elevating the 2,5-HD concentration and AUC in the serum and nerve was stronger than that of AC, and the effect AC had was stronger than that of TO; (3) a. dose increase from 2.6 to 13.0 mmol/kg for MEK and AC induced further increases in the 2,5-HD concentration and AUC determined in the serum and nerve; (4) elimination constants recorded for 2,5-HD (Ke) from the serum and nerve decreased in all the cotreated groups, and the degree of the decrease correlated inversely with the elevation in 2,5-HD concentration and AUC in the serum and nerve; and (5) urinary 2,5-HD concentrations measured in the 13.0-mmol/kg cotreated groups increased in parallel with the elevation in serum 2,5-HD concentrations. Coadministration of 2,5-HD with MEK, AC, or TO can increase the concentration and AUC of 2,5-HD in serum and the sciatic nerve, and these increases can be further enhanced by an increase in the concomitant doses of MEK and AC.

Effect of Coexposure to Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) onn-Hexane Toxicokinetics in Human Volunteers

In order to study the effects of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) on the toxicokinetics ofn-hexane and, in particular, the formation of 2,5-hexanedione fromn-hexane in humans, volunteers were exposed ton-hexane (approx. 60 ppm, 2.4 μmin the inhaled air) with or without simultaneous inhalatory coexposure to MEK for 15.5 min. The concentration–time course ofn-hexane (in exhaled alveolar air) and its neurotoxic metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione (in serum), were studied. The concentration–time courses obtained after exposure ton-hexane alone were compared with those obtained after coexposure to 200 or 300 ppm MEK in the same volunteer on the same day. No effect of MEK was observed on the concentration–time course of exhaledn-hexane. The concentration–time course of the metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione, revealed a decrease in the rate of formation of 2,5-hexanedione (about threefold) after coexposure to MEK. Furthermore, the time to reach the peak concentration was increased from 18 to 30 min after the start of exposure. These changes in the concentration–time course of 2,5-hexanedione caused by MEK are most likely the result of inhibition of the biotransformation of one of the intermediate steps in the conversion ofn-hexane to 2,5-hexanedione. These results indicate that the interaction ofn-hexane and MEK leads to a decreased concentration of the neurotoxic metabolite 2,5-hexanedione (after short-term, acute exposure).

Sensory Irritation Effects of Methyl Ethyl Ketone and its Receptor Activation Mechanism

The burning and painful effect in nose and eyes, termed sensory irritation, of methyl ethyl ketone vapours was investigated in a mouse bioassay. Sensory irritation is mediated via the trigeminal nerves and results in a reflexively induced decrease in respiratory rate in mice. Methyl ethyl ketone was used as a model substance for ketones. At the lower exposure concentrations a partial fading (desensitization) of the response was seen. Little desensitization was seen at higher concentrations. n-Propanol, a model substance for alcohols, desensitized the receptor at all exposure levels. Preexposure to propanol did not influence the response at high methylethyl ketone concentrations. This suggests that the two substances bind to different receptive sites with different properties, if the ketone response is due to a high exposure concentration. A decrease in tidal volume was also mediated from the upper respiratory tract. The tidal volume effect is mediated by nerves different from those mediating the frequency response, as the time-response relationship, the desensitization pattern, the maximum response and the apparent dissociation constants were different for the two types of effect. Neither the location nor the perceived response related to the volume response is known.

Morphological Effects of methyl ethyl ketone on cultured nerve tissues

Morphological Effects of methyl ethyl ketone on cultured nerve tissues