Effect Of Meal Frequency Research Articles

Nitrogen Metabolism of Gravid and Nongravid Female Swine Fed Every Third Day

Crossbred gilts were adapted for 40 d to a 12% crude protein corn-soybean meal gestation diet fed either as a single 1.9-kg meal every day (ED) or as an accumulated 5.7 kg meal every third day (E3D). In the first experiment the effect of meal frequency on N balance was evaluated using eight gravid gilts in a 12-d balance trial. Average N retention was greater (P less than .08) for gilts fed ED (15.32 g/d) than for those fed E3D (12.64 g/d). Daily urinary N excretion showed a quadratic effect (P less than .01) with the greatest N output occurring during the second 24-h period after the meal for gilts fed E3D. The effect of physiological state on the N metabolism response to E3D feeding was measured in a second experiment using four nongravid and four gravid gilts in a 12-d N balance experiment. Average daily N retention was greater (P less than .04) for gravid gilts fed E3D (15.04 g) than for nongravid gilts fed E3D (11.82 g). Digestibility of N and energy was not affected (P greater than .10) by feeding regimen.

Studies on protein and energy requirements in China

Protein and energy requirements of different population groups in China have been studied. Together with the data from other countries, Recommended Dietary Allowances were established and were revised in 1962 and again in 1976. The average BMR of 19 male subjects aged 20–30 was 37.8 kcal/min/m 2 of body surface. The average energy expenditure of 16 male college students was 2420 kcal/day, and the energy absorbed was 2976 kcal/day. The energy expenditure of 6 female students was 2170 kcal/day. There was a wide variation of energy expenditure among workers and peasants according to the intensity of work. From dietary surveys on the senior middle school boys, the energy intake of adolescents was 2618–3938, which is near or above the RDA. The calorie intake of 8 infants in a metabolic study was 100–200 kcal/kg/day. From nitrogen balance studies, the daily protein requirements of Chinese young adults and infants under 6 months of age consuming soybean milk substitute were determined to be 1.0 g/kg, and 4.5 g/kg respectively. Dietary surveys showed that the protein intake of children with 2–3 years of age was about 30–40 g/kg/day. The traditional Chinese diet with high plant protein and crude fiber content may be beneficial in preventing coronary heart disease. However, the question of absorption and utilization of protein and energy requires further investigation. The effect of meal frequency in relation to the health of the student has been studied, but further study is necessary. Based on our experience over the last 30 years, food rationing determined by age and physical activity appears to be the most efficient method of fighting hunger and malnutrition.

The Effects of Meal Frequency on Body Composition and Hunger during Weight Reduction

The Effects of Meal Frequency on Body Composition and Hunger during Weight Reduction

Diurnal patterns of blood sugar, plasma insulin, free fatty acid and triglyceride levels in normal subjects and in patients with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia and the effect of meal frequency.

Diurnal patterns of plasma triglycerides, free fatty acids, blood sugar and insulin were studied in 6 normal subjects and in 6 patients with the type IV hyperlipoproteinemia in order to assess the effect of a formula diet of balanced composition(19% protein, 37% fat, 44% carbohydrate) and of frequency of meal intake (3 versus 6 meals). In addition, the endogenous component of alimentary lipemia was estimated for the 24-hour period. The results demonstrate, that all-day levels of nutrients and insulin are similar with both meal patterns and that, regardless of feeding frequency, a considerable portion of ‘alimentary lipemia’ is contributed by pre-beta lipoprotein triglycerides.

Effect of Meal Frequency in Schoolchildren: Changes in Weight-Height Proportion and Skinfold Thickness

In three boarding schools where the daily food intake was experimentally divided between three, five and seven meals per day, respectively, 226 children of both sexes six to sixteen years of age were studied for a period of one year. Among older children (boys eleven to sixteen years and girls ten to sixteen years) in the school serving three meals per day (school A) there was a significantly greater percentage of subjects in whom the weight-height proportionality changed in favor of body weight than in the other two schools. In school A the increment of the skinfold thickness was also significantly greater compared with that found in children of similar age who ate five or seven meals per day. The difference in both parameters was more marked in girls than in boys. In the younger children (boys six to eleven years and girls six to ten years) no significant differences were found among the three schools.