Effect Of Malaria Infection Research Articles

Prevalence of Malaria Infection among Pregnant Women Attending Some Antenatal Clinics in Gombe State, Nigeria

Malaria continues to be a major health problem in endemic countries; it has been identified in many studies to worsen certain pregnancy outcomes, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality. There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of malaria among pregnant women living in Gombe State. A total of 725 Pregnant Women attending antenatal clinic from six selected general hospitals in Gombe State were examined, and blood samples collected from the subjects were analysed. Malaria diagnosis were carried out using standard parasitological techniques. The overall results showed that of the 725 samples examined, 31.9% were positive and 68.1% negative. The degree of parasitemia evealed mild in 78.4%, moderate in 17.3% and severe in 4.33%. Age group 21-25 (12.3%) had more infection, followed by age group 31-35 (7.31%), 26 30 (5.65%), 15-20 (4.00%), 36-40 (2.20%), 41-45(0.27%) and 46-50 (0.14%). More infections were recorded among pregnant women in their third trimester 19.7%(143) compared with those in second trimester 10.9%(79) and first trimester 1.24%(9) respectively. Malaria infection was also higher among multigravid 8.8%(136) pregnant women than among primigravid 8.41%(61) and secondigravid 4.68 (34) pregnant women. However, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between prevalence of infection with Age group, trimester and gravidity of the pregnant women. This research work has provided information at the local level on the spread of malaria parasites in pregnant women in Gombe State. There is therefore the need for increase sensitization and awareness on the effect of malaria infection in pregnancy which will in turn enhance prevention, management and control.

Effect of Malaria Infection on Epstein-Barr Virus Persistence in Kenyan Children.

The 2 cofactors in the etiology of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) are Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and repeated Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections. This study evaluated EBV loads in mucosal and systemic compartments of children with malaria and controls. Age was analyzed as a covariate because immunity to malaria in endemic regions is age dependent. Children (2-10 years) with clinical malaria from Western Kenya and community controls without malaria were enrolled. Saliva and blood samples were collected, EBV viral load was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and EpiTYPER MassARRAY was used to assess methylation of 3 different EBV genes. Regardless of the compartment, we detected EBV more frequently in malaria cases compared to controls, although the difference was not significant. When EBV was detected, there were no differences in viral load between cases and controls. However, EBV methylation was significantly lower in the malaria group compared to controls in both plasma and saliva (P < .05), indicating increased EBV lytic replication. In younger children before development of immunity to malaria, there was a significant effect of malaria on EBV load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (P = .04). These data suggest that malaria can directly modulate EBV persistence in children, increasing their risk for BL.

Human Malaria Infection in Nigeria: Critical Review of Prevention and Control Techniques

Human malaria infection is among the leading global parasitic diseases which have substantial effects on all facets of human life. A series of measures have been devised to prevent and control malaria infection, including vaccines and prophylaxis. Nigeria, the most populous country in Sub Saharan Africa, is burdened by the effect of malaria infection. This review critical analysis various preventive and control measures employed in malaria infection with a focus on Nigeria.

EFFECT OF MALARIA INFECTION ON HEPATIC AND RENAL FUNCTIONS IN PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINIC AT GENERAL HOSPITAL DUTSE, JIGAWA-NIGERIA

The effect of malaria infection on hepatic and renal functions in pregnancywas investigated. Three malarious and non-malarious pregnant women of age ranges 15 to 40 years with a mean (SD) of 23.5 (6.6) years and a median (IQR) of 20.5 (18.3 to 27) years were enrolled. Liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) and Kidney (UCE) functions were determined using Randox standard assay kits. The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and albumin were significant as malaria infected pregnant women had significantly lowered levels of ALP and albumin compared to controls (21.3 vs 26.1 IU/L, P = 0.03 and 4.8 vs 6.0 g/dl P = 0.02). There was no significant difference between malaria infected pregnant women and their non-malarious counterparts (P &gt; 0.05) in their renal functions. There was no significant difference in mean concentrations of urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and chloride regardless of the severity of malaria. Usually in pregnancy markers of liver function decrease due to expansion of extracellular fluid except alkaline phosphatase which is elevated due to its placental origin. Results of this study showed decreased level of ALP which could possibly be an indication that the parasite has not reached its hepatic stage. The severity of gestational malaria depends on the initial immunity of the pregnant woman. The impact of malaria on pregnancy and conversely, the impact of pregnancy on malaria, are two factors which must be put into consideration during gestational malaria

A malaria model with Caputo–Fabrizio and Atangana–Baleanu derivatives

In this paper, we study two fractional models in the Caputo–Fabrizio sense and Atangana–Baleanu sense, in which the effects of malaria infection on mosquito biting behavior and attractiveness of humans are considered. Using Lyapunov theory, we prove the global asymptotic stability of the unique endemic equilibrium of the integer-order model, and the fractional models, whenever the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] is greater than one. By using fixed point theory, we prove existence, and conditions of the uniqueness of solutions, as well as the stability and convergence of numerical schemes. Numerical simulations for both models, using fractional Euler method and Adams–Bashforth method, respectively, are provided to confirm the effectiveness of used approximation methods for different values of the fractional-order [Formula: see text].

Malaria infection and its effects on HIV positive and negative patients of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Trauma Center Oba, Nigeria

Background: Interactions between malaria and HIV infections due to the overlap of their geographic distribution pose major public health problems. Malaria and HIV co-infection among the poor and youth will affect the economy adversely. What are the effects of malaria infection in HIV individuals? Methods and materials: Nine hundred and seventy two patients who were referred to the Teaching Hospital from other hospitals for HIV screening and who gave their consent were involved in the study. Demographic data was obtained from each subject. Determine- Tm HIV kit was used to screen the patients while Chembio HIV 1/2 Stat-Pak assay kit was used for confirmatory tests. Giemsa stained, thick blood film was used for malaria parasite determination. Microhaematocrit and cyamethaemoglobin method were used for packed cell volume (PVC) and haemoglobin (Hb) determination respectively. Partec flow cytometry instrument was used for CD4 count. Results: Of the 972 patients, 400 (41.2%) were HIV positive while 572 (58.8%) were negative. A total malaria prevalence of 64%, mean intensity of 2.3 x 103 parasite/μL and that of 54.7% and 1.2 x 103/μL were recorded among HIV positive patients and negative patients respectively, though not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Among the HIV positive patients, the age group 18-28 years had the highest malaria prevalence (78.1%) and mean parasite load (2.6 x 103/μL). Low mean values, PVC (0.32), Hb (10.67) and CD4 count (343.24) were found among malaria positive/HIV positive patients while higher values, PVC (0.42), Hb (14.0) and CD4 count (754.42) were recorded among malaria positive/HIV negative patients and these differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results from the haematological parameters of malaria positive HIV group showed that they were anaemic when compared with the malaria positive HIV negative group. Both malaria and HIV combined effect may have resulted in lowering the observed values. Given the sheer numbers of people living with HIV in Nigeria, an area where malaria transmission is common, there is concern for a significant public health threat. There is therefore greater need for malaria prevention and treatment among HIV infected people.

Meta-Analysis: The Effect of Malaria Infection on the Incidence of Low Birth Weight

Meta-Analysis: The Effect of Malaria Infection on the Incidence of Low Birth Weight

Effect of Malaria Infection in Pregnancy on Some Inflammatory and Haematological Indices at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi

Effect of Malaria Infection in Pregnancy on Some Inflammatory and Haematological Indices at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi

Effects of Malaria Infection on some Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in the General Population and Pregnant Malaria Patients Attending Two District Hospitals in Niger State, Nigeria

Effects of Malaria Infection on some Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in the General Population and Pregnant Malaria Patients Attending Two District Hospitals in Niger State, Nigeria

Effects of Malaria Infection on some Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in the General Population and Pregnant Malaria Patients Attending Two District Hospitals in Niger State, Nigeria

The effects of malaria on some haematological and biochemical parameters among males, pregnant and non-pregnant female patients attending district hospitals in Bida and Kagara areas of Niger State, Nigeria was investigated. The subjects were volunteers confirmed to be positive for malaria and without other clinical symptoms. A total of 231 patients (103 males and 128 females) within the age range of 1-50 years were studied. Fifty (20 males and 30 females) apparently healthy individuals in the similar age bracket were used as controls. Haematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed using standard methods. Overall, the reduction in haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume (PCV) in patients were significantly higher/lower from non-infected patients (p&gt;0.05), while there was no significant differences observed in the male patients. The mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (36.03 ± 1.29g/dl) in pregnant subjects was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) compared to the non-infected pregnant control group (32.65 ± 0.46g/dl). There was a significant reduction in neutrophils but increase in lymphocytes in all subjects irrespective of sex. Non-significant (p&gt;0.05) increase existed in serum lipid levels among pregnant and non-pregnant women. When males and females were compared, serum lipids except triglycerides varied significantly. There were apparently no variations in glucose levels between pregnant and non-pregnant subjects, whereas males had significantly higher values. Some of these parameters can thus be useful tools in the monitoring and management of malaria.

Eryptosis of non-parasitized erythrocytes is related to anemia in Plasmodium berghei low parasitema malaria of Wistar rats.

It is known that premature elimination of non-parasitized RBCs (nRBCs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of malarial anemia, in which suicidal death process (eryptosis) of nRBCs has been suggested to be involved. To check this possibility, we investigate eryptosis during infection of P. berghei ANKA in Wistar rats, a malaria experimental model that, similar to human malaria, the infection courses with low parasitemia and acute anemia. As expected, P. berghei ANKA infection was marked by low parasite burdens that reached a mean peak of 3% between days six and nine post-infection and solved spontaneously. A significant reduction of the hemoglobin levels (~ 30%) was also observed on days subsequent to the peak of parasitemia, persisting until day 16 post-infection. In eryptosis assays, it was observed a significant increase in the levels of PS-exposing nRBC, which coincided with the reduction of hemoglobin levels and was positively related to anemia. In addition to PS externalization, eryptosis of nRBC induced by P. berghei infection was characterized by cytoplasm calcium influx, but not caspases activity. These results confirm our previous studies evidencing a pro-eryptotic effect of malaria infection on nRBCs and show that a caspase-independent eryptotic process is implicated in anemia induced by P. berghei ANKA infection in Wistar rats.

Long-term pathogenic response to Plasmodium relictum infection in Culex pipiens mosquito.

The transmission of Plasmodium within a vertebrate host population is strongly associated with the life history traits of its vector. Therefore the effect of malaria infection on mosquito fecundity and longevity has traditionally received a lot of attention. Several species of malaria parasites reduce mosquito fecundity, nevertheless almost all of the studies have focused only on the first gonotrophic cycle. Yet, during their lifetime, female mosquitoes go through several gonotrophic cycles, which raises the question of whether they are able to compensate the fecundity costs induced by the parasite. The impact of Plasmodium infection on female longevity is not so clear and has produced conflicting results. Here we measured the impact of Plasmodium relictum on its vector’s longevity and fecundity during three consecutive gonotrophic cycles. In accordance with previous studies, we observed a negative impact of Plasmodium infection on mosquito (Culex pipiens) fecundity in the first gonotrophic cycle. Interestingly, despite having taken two subsequent uninfected blood meals, the negative impact of malaria parasite persisted. Nevertheless no impact of infection on mosquito longevity was observed. Our results are not in line with the hypothesis that the reduction of fecundity observed in infected mosquitoes is an adaptive strategy of Plasmodium to increase the longevity of its vector. We discuss the different underlying mechanisms that may explain our results.

Malaria, malnutrition, and birthweight: A meta-analysis using individual participant data.

BackgroundFour studies previously indicated that the effect of malaria infection during pregnancy on the risk of low birthweight (LBW; <2,500 g) may depend upon maternal nutritional status. We investigated this dependence further using a large, diverse study population.Methods and findingsWe evaluated the interaction between maternal malaria infection and maternal anthropometric status on the risk of LBW using pooled data from 14,633 pregnancies from 13 studies (6 cohort studies and 7 randomized controlled trials) conducted in Africa and the Western Pacific from 1996–2015. Studies were identified by the Maternal Malaria and Malnutrition (M3) initiative using a convenience sampling approach and were eligible for pooling given adequate ethical approval and availability of essential variables. Study-specific adjusted effect estimates were calculated using inverse probability of treatment-weighted linear and log-binomial regression models and pooled using a random-effects model. The adjusted risk of delivering a baby with LBW was 8.8% among women with malaria infection at antenatal enrollment compared to 7.7% among uninfected women (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 1.14 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.91, 1.42]; N = 13,613), 10.5% among women with malaria infection at delivery compared to 7.9% among uninfected women (aRR 1.32 [95% CI: 1.08, 1.62]; N = 11,826), and 15.3% among women with low mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC <23 cm) at enrollment compared to 9.5% among women with MUAC ≥ 23 cm (aRR 1.60 [95% CI: 1.36, 1.87]; N = 9,008). The risk of delivering a baby with LBW was 17.8% among women with both malaria infection and low MUAC at enrollment compared to 8.4% among uninfected women with MUAC ≥ 23 cm (joint aRR 2.13 [95% CI: 1.21, 3.73]; N = 8,152). There was no evidence of synergism (i.e., excess risk due to interaction) between malaria infection and MUAC on the multiplicative (p = 0.5) or additive scale (p = 0.9). Results were similar using body mass index (BMI) as an anthropometric indicator of nutritional status. Meta-regression results indicated that there may be multiplicative interaction between malaria infection at enrollment and low MUAC within studies conducted in Africa; however, this finding was not consistent on the additive scale, when accounting for multiple comparisons, or when using other definitions of malaria and malnutrition. The major limitations of the study included availability of only 2 cross-sectional measurements of malaria and the limited availability of ultrasound-based pregnancy dating to assess impacts on preterm birth and fetal growth in all studies.ConclusionsPregnant women with malnutrition and malaria infection are at increased risk of LBW compared to women with only 1 risk factor or none, but malaria and malnutrition do not act synergistically.

Erratum to: Modelling the effects of malaria infection on mosquito biting behaviour and attractiveness of humans

We develop and analyse a deterministic population-based ordinary differential equation of malaria transmission to consider the impact of three common assumptions of malaria models: (1) malaria infection does not change the attractiveness of humans to mosquitoes; (2) exposed mosquitoes (infected with malaria but not yet infectious to humans) have the same biting rate as susceptible mosquitoes; and (3) mosquitoes infectious to humans have the same biting rate as susceptible mosquitoes. We calculate the basic reproductive number, \(R_0\), for this model and show the existence of a transcritical bifurcation at \(R_0=1\), in common with most epidemiological models. We further show that for some sets of parameter values, this bifurcation can be backward (subcritical). We show with numerical simulations that increasing the relative attractiveness of infectious humans, increases \(R_0\) but reduces the equilibrium prevalence of infectious humans; decreasing the biting rate of exposed mosquitoes increases \(R_0\) and the equilibrium prevalence of infectious humans and mosquitoes; and increasing the biting rate of infectious mosquitoes has no impact on \(R_0\) or the equilibrium prevalence of infectious humans, but decreases the infectious prevalence of infectious mosquitoes. These analyses of a simple malaria model show that common assumptions around the relative attractiveness of infectious humans and the relative biting rates of exposed and infectious mosquitoes can have substantial and counter-intuitive effects on malaria transmission dynamics.

Increased total antioxidant capacity in renal tissue of female BWF1 mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi

We have investigated the effect of malaria infection on the urine biochemistry and the renal and hepatic levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in female BWF1 lupus mice. A total of 30 female BWF1 lupus mice were divided into three groups as follows: group (I) control group; group (II) lupus mice infected with live Plasmodium. chabaudi; group (III) lupus mice infected with irradiated P. chabaudi. Mice were killed at day 14 post-infection and plasma samples were collected. live P. chabaudi infection was associated with decreased level of glucose in urine (glucosuria), increased urinary level of both ketones (ketonuria) and blood (hematuria). Additionally, live P. chabaudi infection was associated with increased level of TAC in the renal tissue with decreased level of TAC in the hepatic tissue of infected mice. In conclusion, P. chabaudi infection has a direct effect on the urine biochemistry and the renal and hepatic levels of TAC in BWF1 mice.

Worldwide malaria incidence and cancer mortality are inversely associated

BackgroundInvestigations on the effects of malaria infection on cancer mortality are limited except for the incidence of Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) in African children. Our previous murine lung cancer model study demonstrated that malaria infection significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the life span of tumor-bearing mice. This study aims to assess the possible associations between malaria incidence and human cancer mortality.MethodsWe compiled data on worldwide malaria incidence and age-standardized mortality related to 30 types of cancer in 56 countries for the period 1955–2008, and analyzed their longitudinal correlations by a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM), adjusted for a nonlinear year effect and potential confounders such as country’s income levels, life expectancies and geographical locations.ResultsMalaria incidence was negatively correlated with all-cause cancer mortality, yielding regression coefficients (log scale) of −0.020 (95%CI: −0.027,-0.014) for men (P < 0.001) and-0.020 (95%CI: −0.025,-0.014) for women (P < 0.001). Among the 29 individual types of cancer studied, malaria incidence was negatively correlated with colorectum and anus (men and women), colon (men and women), lung (men), stomach (men), and breast (women) cancer.ConclusionsOur analysis revealed a possible inverse association between malaria incidence and the mortalities of all-cause and some types of solid cancers, which is opposite to the known effect of malaria on the pathogenesis of Burkitt’s lymphoma. Activation of the whole immune system, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by Plasmodium infection may partially explain why endemic malaria might reduce cancer mortality at the population level.

Effect of malaria infection on hematological profiles of people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Gambella, southwest Ethiopia

BackgroundMalaria and human immunodeficiency virus are the two most devastating global health problems causing more than two million deaths each year. Hematological abnormalities such as anemia, thrombocytopenia and leucopenia are the common complications in malaria and HIV co-infected individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of malaria infection on hematological profiles of people living with HIV attending Gambella Hospital ART clinic, Southwestern Ethiopia.ObjectiveTo determine the effect of malaria infection on hematological profiles of people living with HIV attending Gambella Hospital ART clinic, Southwestern Ethiopia.MethodsA facility based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from May 25 to November 11, 2014 in Gambella Hospital. A total of 172 adult people living with HIV (86 malaria infected and 86 malaria non-infected) participants were included in the study. Demographic, anthropometric and clinical data were collected. Venous blood samples and stool specimen were collected for laboratory analysis. Microscopic examination of peripheral blood films was done for detection of malaria parasites. Descriptive statistics, student T- test, bivariable and multivariable analyses were performed using SPSS V-20. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsA total of 172 adult people living with HIV were included in the study. The prevalence of anemia, thrombocytopenia and leucopenia in malaria and HIV co-infected participants were 60.5%, 59.3%, and 43.0%, respectively. Resident (AOR: 4.67; 95% CI: 1.44, 15.14), malaria infection (AOR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.16, 5.04) and CD4 + count were predictors for anemia. A predictor for thrombocytopenia was malaria infection (AOR: 9.79; 95% CI: 4.33, 22.17). Malaria parasitic density (AOR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.57) and CD4 + count (AOR: 4.77; 95% CI: 1.23, 18.45) were predictors of leucopenia.ConclusionsFindings suggest that the prevalence of anemia and thrombocytopenia were significantly higher in the malaria and HIV coinfected participants than the HIV mono-infected participants. Mean values of hematological profiles were significantly different in the two groups. Future prospective studies with larger sample size from other settings are needed to substantiate the findings.

MALARIA;

Objectives: To see the effects of malaria infection on platelet count and haemoglobin in children suffering from malaria.Design: Descriptive study. Setting: CMH Okara and CMH Pano Aqil Cantt. Period: July 2008 to June 2012. Methodology: Childrenadmitted with fever of less than seven days duration who had positive smear for malaria parasite were included in the study. After detailedhistory and thorough examination, patients were investigated to find out the cause of fever. All the patients with localizing cause for feverand history of drug intake were excluded. All patients were investigated with complete blood counts and serial peripheral smears formalaria parasite. Peripheral blood smear examination for malarial parasite was taken as gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria. Cut off9 value for low hemoglobin (anemia) was taken as 10gm/dl and platelet count of less than 150x10 /L, was used to definethrombocytopenia. Patients with thrombocytopenia were divided in to three categories. Mild thrombocytopenia was defined as patients9 9 9 with platelet count of &lt;50x10 /L to &gt;150x10 /L, moderate thrombocytopenia included patients with platelet counts of &lt;20x10 /L to9 9 &gt;50x10 /L and severe thrombocytopenia consisted of patients with platelet counts of &lt;20x10 /L. Results: A total of one hundred andfourteen smear positive patients were analyzed, out of which 93% had low and 7% had normal platelet count. 95% had Vivax and only 5%9 9 9 had Falciparum malaria. Mean platelet count was 87x10 /L. Mean platelet count in Falciparum was 42x10 /L whereas it was 88 x10 /L inVivax malaria. Sixty two (54%) patients had anaemia. Mean haemoglobin was 9.54gm/dl. Mean Hb in Falciparum malaria was 7.5gm/dland in Vivax it was 9.6gm/dl. Conclusions: Higher frequency of mild to moderate thrombocytopenia and anaemia was observed inhospitalized children suffering from malaria. Plasmodium Vivax was found to be the most common species.

Presentation, complications, and impact of concurrent malaria infection on anticancer therapy

There is very limited data on the effects of malaria on on-going anticancer therapy. We performed a retrospective analysis of adult solid tumor patients who contracted malaria while on active anticancer therapy. We noted their demographic profile, clinical course and the effects of malaria infection on their on-going anticancer therapy. Analysis was done with simple percentages. We analyzed 33 malarial episodes in 30 patients over 3 months. Plasmodium vivax was the most common type of infection (75%). Presenting symptoms included the typical triad of fever with chills and rigors. Malaria caused multiple complications, necessitating hospitalization in half of the patients and intensive care unit care in 1 of 8 patients. Common complications included thrombocytopenia (73%), anemia (67%), hyponatremia (66%), hepatic dysfunction (27%), and hypotension (12%). There were no deaths as a result of malaria. Malaria caused treatment delays with an average of 2.42 days per event. Plasmodium vivax caused more complications and therapy delays, average: 3.7 days per event, while non-vivax malaria caused an average of 0.5 days delay per event. There was a high level of resistance to chloroquine. Malaria is a significant problem in adult solid tumor patients, leading to multiple complications and therapy delays.

Antitumor Effect of Malaria Parasite Infection in a Murine Lewis Lung Cancer Model through Induction of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

BackgroundLung cancer is the most common malignancy in humans and its high fatality means that no effective treatment is available. Developing new therapeutic strategies for lung cancer is urgently needed. Malaria has been reported to stimulate host immune responses, which are believed to be efficacious for combating some clinical cancers. This study is aimed to provide evidence that malaria parasite infection is therapeutic for lung cancer.Methodology/Principal FindingsAntitumor effect of malaria infection was examined in both subcutaneously and intravenously implanted murine Lewis lung cancer (LLC) model. The results showed that malaria infection inhibited LLC growth and metastasis and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Histological analysis of tumors from mice infected with malaria revealed that angiogenesis was inhibited, which correlated with increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated (TUNEL) staining and decreased Ki-67 expression in tumors. Through natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity activity, cytokine assays, enzyme-linked immunospot assay, lymphocyte proliferation, and flow cytometry, we demonstrated that malaria infection provided anti-tumor effects by inducing both a potent anti-tumor innate immune response, including the secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α and the activation of NK cells as well as adaptive anti-tumor immunity with increasing tumor-specific T-cell proliferation and cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells. Notably, tumor-bearing mice infected with the parasite developed long-lasting and effective tumor-specific immunity. Consequently, we found that malaria parasite infection could enhance the immune response of lung cancer DNA vaccine pcDNA3.1-hMUC1 and the combination produced a synergistic antitumor effect.Conclusions/SignificanceMalaria infection significantly suppresses LLC growth via induction of innate and adaptive antitumor responses in a mouse model. These data suggest that the malaria parasite may provide a novel strategy or therapeutic vaccine vector for anti-lung cancer immune-based therapy.