Effects Of Long-term Exercise Training Research Articles

Effects of lifelong exercise training on mammary tumorigenesis induced by MNU in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. Several studies have suggested that exercise training may decrease the risk of breast cancer development. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term exercise training on mammary tumorigenesis in an animal model of mammary cancer. Fifty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: MNU sedentary, MNU exercised, control sedentary and control exercised. Animals from MNU groups received an intraperitoneal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Animals were exercised on a treadmill during 35weeks. When animals were killed, blood samples were collected to determine the hematocrit and to perform the biochemical analysis. Mammary tumors were collected and histologically evaluated; the expression of ERs α and β was evaluated in tumor sections by immunohistochemistry. All survived animals from both MNU groups developed mammary tumors. The number of mammary tumors (p>0.05) and lesions (p=0.056) was lower in MNU exercised than in MNU sedentary animals. MNU exercised animals showed lower number of malignant lesions than MNU sedentary animals (p=0.020). C-reactive protein serum concentration was lower in exercised animals; however, the levels of 17-β estradiol were higher in exercised animals. Tumors from exercised animals exhibited higher expression of ER α than tumors from sedentary animals (p<0.05). This study analyzes the impact of the longest exercise training protocol on mammary tumorigenesis ever performed. We concluded that the lifelong endurance training has beneficial effects on mammary tumorigenesis in female rats (reduced the inflammation, the number of mammary tumors and lesions, and histological grade of malignancy). Additionally, the mammary tumors from MNU exercised group exhibited higher immunoexpression of ER α that is an indicator of well-differentiated tumors and better response to hormone therapy.

Effects of long-term exercise training on adipose tissue expression of fractalkine and MCP-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes and stable coronary artery disease: a substudy of a randomized controlled trial.

PurposeAdipose tissue inflammation plays a role in atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We aimed to investigate whether 12 months of exercise training in patients with both T2DM and coronary artery disease (CAD) reduced the genetic expression of the proinflammatory markers fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor (CX3CR1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. Expression of the genes in the circulating leukocytes and circulating levels of the markers were also investigated.Patients and methodsA total of 137 patients with T2DM and CAD were included to study the effects of exercise on atherosclerosis progression and glucose control. Patients were randomized to exercise training (combined aerobic and strength training) or control. At inclusion and after 12 months, fasting blood samples and a subcutaneous adipose tissue sample were taken. RNA was extracted from the adipose tissue and circulating leukocytes, and the expression levels were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Circulating fractalkine and MCP-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsThe analyses were performed in 114 patients who completed the study and adhered to the intervention principle. At baseline, gene expression of fractalkine and CX3CR1 in the adipose tissue was similar in the two groups. There were no change within either group and no between-group differences in changes from baseline. Circulating fractalkine increased after 12 months in the exercise group (P=0.044), significantly more compared to controls (P=0.042), however only in the patients with advanced vascular disease. Neither the expression levels of MCP-1 nor the circulating levels changed significantly in either group. At baseline, CX3CR1 expression in the adipose tissue was associated with body mass index (P<0.001).ConclusionNo significant effects of long-term exercise training on adipose tissue expression of fractalkine, CX3CR1, or MCP-1 were found in our patients with combined CAD and T2DM. However, a slight increase in circulating fractalkine after the intervention was recorded. The association of CX3CR1 expression with body mass index might indicate increased immune activation in the adipose tissue.

Efectos del entrenamiento físico de larga duración sobre la función y remodelación del ventrículo izquierdo en pacientes con infarto miocárdico de pared anterior

To assess the effects of long-term exercise training on the function and remodeling of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction. We studied 90 patients with a first acute anterior-wall myocardial infarction, all received conventional medical treatment. Symptom-limited maximal exercise stress tests, echocardiograms and effort-rest isotopic ventriculographies at 2, 6 and 12 months after myocardial infarction were performed; the follow-up time averaged 36.3±17 months. All patients joined a cardiac rehabilitation program with moderate or intense exercise training lasting at least a year. Of all patients, 41.1% suffered severe left ventricle dysfunction. Ergometric parameters that expressed functional capacity increased significantly (P<.0005) at the sixth month evaluation and remained unchanged after a year. There was significant decrease (P<.01) of exercise myocardial ischemia at 6 months. The variables that measured size and function of left ventricle did not change during evolution. Morbidity amounted to 16.7% and total mortality of the series was 13.3%, with 8.9% of cardiovascular cause. Long-term exercise training showed no deleterious effects on left ventricle function or remodeling and beneficial functional and clinical effects were obtained in these rehabilitated postinfarction patients.

Effect of supervised training on FEV1 in cystic fibrosis: A randomised controlled trial

Long-term exercise interventions have been shown to improve vital capacity in cystic fibrosis (CF). Yet, no data are available indicating positive effects of long-term exercise training on FEV1. 39 Swiss patients with CF were randomly divided into strength training (ST, n=12), endurance training (AT, n=17) and controls (CON(CH), n=10), and also compared with age-matched Swiss (n=35) and German (n=701) CF registry data. A partially supervised training of 3×30 min/week for 6 months took place with measurements at baseline and after 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. Primary outcome was FEV1 at 6 months. FEV1 increased significantly in both training groups compared with CON(CH) (AT:+5.8±0.95, ST:+7.4±2.5, CON(CH):-11.5±2.7% predicted, p<0.001) and both registry groups at 6 months. At 24 months, changes in favour of the training groups persisted marginally compared with CONCH, but not compared with registry data. A partially supervised training over 6 months improved FEV1 but effects were basically gone 18 months off training. Regular long-term training should be promoted as essential part of treatment in CF.

Prolonged endurance exercise decreases fiber loss and fiber atrophy in aged male rats

Sarcopenia is the age‐related loss of muscle mass and function. Effects of long‐term exercise training on sarcopenia have not been well defined. In this study we assessed skeletal muscle adaptations to prolonged exercise training in rats from late‐middle age to old age. Male rats, 24 mo of age, trained on a treadmill at three levels of intensity: high (HI: 13m/min, 5% incline for 30 min, 5 days per week), moderate (MI: 13m/min, 0% incline for 30 min, 5 days per week), minimally active (MA: 5m/min, for 5 min, 2 days per week) and a sedentary group (S). Rats ran for one year until the rats were age 36 months. The rectus femoris (RF) muscle from 24‐month Controls (C), and 36‐month HI, MI, MA, and S. The RF was weighed, bisected, frozen, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Digital images of RF cross‐sections were used to determine muscle area, fiber number and fiber diameter. Aging significantly reduced muscle mass, muscle area, fiber number and fiber diameter, (24‐month C compared to any of the 36‐month old S, MA, MI or HI). Among the 36‐mo. rats (HI, MI, MA, and S), no differences were observed in muscle mass or muscle area. However, there was a significant increase in fiber number and fiber diameter in all exercise groups (HI, MI, and MA) compared to S. These results indicate that any level of exercise, even minimal levels of activity is capable of decreasing the effects of sarcopenia in aging rats.Supported by NIH AG 030423.

Effects of Long-Term Exercise Training on Autonomic Control in Myocardial Infarction Patients

Autonomic dysfunction, including baroreceptor attenuation and sympathetic activation, has been reported in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and has been associated with increased mortality. We tested the hypotheses that exercise training (ET) in post-MI patients would normalize arterial baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), and long-term ET would maintain the benefits in BRS and MSNA. Twenty-eight patients after 1 month of uncomplicated MI were randomly assigned to 2 groups, ET (MI-ET) and untrained. A normal control group was also studied. ET consisted of three 60-minute exercise sessions per week for 6 months. We evaluated MSNA (microneurography), blood pressure (automatic oscillometric method), heart rate (ECG), and spectral analysis of RR interval, systolic arterial pressure (SAP), and MSNA. Baroreflex gain of SAP-RR interval and SAP-MSNA were calculated using the α-index. At 3 to 5 days and 1 month after MI, MSNA and low-frequency SAP were significantly higher and BRS significantly lower in MI patients when compared with the normal control group. ET significantly decreased MSNA (bursts per 100 heartbeats) and the low-frequency component of SAP and significantly increased the low-frequency component of MSNA and BRS of the RR interval and MSNA. These changes were so marked that the differences between patients with MI and the normal control group were no longer observed after ET. MSNA and BRS in the MI-untrained group did not change from baseline over the same time period. ET normalizes BRS, low-frequency SAP, and MSNA in patients with MI. These improvements in autonomic control are maintained by long-term ET. These findings highlight the clinical importance of this nonpharmacological therapy based on ET in the long-term treatment of patients with MI.

Long-term exercise attenuates blood pressure responsiveness and modulates kidney angiotensin II signalling and urinary sodium excretion in SHR

Observations have been made regarding the effects of long-term exercise training on blood pressure, renal sodium handling and renal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAS) intracellular pathways in conscious, trained Okamoto-Aoki spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKy) normotensive rats, compared with appropriate age-matched sedentary SHR and WKy. To evaluate the influence of exercise training on renal function and RAS, receptors and intracellular angiotensin II (AngII) pathway compounds were used respectively, and lithium clearance and western blot methods were utilised. The current study demonstrated that increased blood pressure in SHR was blunted and significantly reduced by long-term swim training between the ages of 6 and 16 weeks. Additionally, the investigators observed an increased fractional urinary sodium excretion in trained SHR (SHR(T)) rats, compared with sedentary SHR (SHR(S)), despite a significantly decreased creatinine clearance (C(Cr)). Furthermore, immunoblotting analysis demonstrated a decreased expression of AT1(R) in the entire kidney of T(SHR) rats, compared with S(SHR). Conversely, the expression of the AT2(R), in both sedentary and trained SHR, was unchanged. The present study may indicate that, in the kidney, long-term exercise exerts a modulating effect on AngII receptor expression. In fact, the present study indicates an association of increasing natriuresis, reciprocal changes in renal AngII receptors and intracellular pathway proteins with the fall in blood pressure levels observed in T(SHR) rats compared with age-matched S(SHR) rats.

British Society for Heart Failure First Nurse Study Day

British Journal of Cardiac NursingVol. 6, No. 4 Meeting ReportBritish Society for Heart Failure First Nurse Study DayAnnie MacCallum, Jane Butler, Suzy HughesAnnie MacCallumSearch for more papers by this author, Jane ButlerSearch for more papers by this author, Suzy HughesSearch for more papers by this authorAnnie MacCallum; Jane Butler; Suzy HughesPublished Online:27 Sep 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/bjca.2011.6.4.192AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Ades PA (2001) Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 345: 892–902 Crossref, Google ScholarBlue L (2010) Managing elderly heart failure patients in the community: The role of heart failure nurses. [Presentation at British Geriatrics Society Spring Meeting, April 2010] http://www.bgs.org.uk/powerpoint/spr10/blue_hf_nurses.pdf (accessed 22 March 2011) Google ScholarDepartment of Health (2008a) Impact Assessment of Commissioning Quality and Innovation Payment Framework. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsLegislation/DH_091699 (accessed 18 March 2011 Google ScholarDepartment of Health (2008b) End of Life Care Strategy: Promoting High Quality Care for All Adults at the End of Life. http://tinyurl.com/ydtjtxn (accessed 18 March 2011) Google ScholarDickstein K, Vardas PE, Auricchio Aet al. (2008) ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008.The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur Heart J 29: 2388–442 Crossref, Google ScholarGatrad AR (2000) A completed audit to reduce hospital outpatient non-attendance rates. Arch Dis Child 82: 59-61 Crossref, Google ScholarGiannuzzi P, Temporelli PL, Corrà U, Tavazzi L. ELVD-CHF Study Group (2003) Anti remodeling effect of long-term exercise training in patients with stable chronic heart failure: results of the Exercise in Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Chronic Heart Failure (ELVD-CHF) Trial. Circulation 108(5): 554–9 Crossref, Google ScholarLloyd-Williams F, Mair FS, Leitner M (2002) Exercise training and heart failure: a systematic review of current evidence. Br J Gen Pract 52: 47–55 Google ScholarNational Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (2003) Chronic Heart Failure: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care [Full version of NICE Clinical Guideline 5] July. Royal College of Physicians, London Google ScholarNational Clinical Guidelines Centre for Acute and Chronic Conditions (2010) Chronic Heart Failure: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care. [Full version of NICE Clinical Guideline 108]. Royal College of Physicians, London Google ScholarRich MW, Beckham V, Wittenberg C, Leven CL, Freedland KE, Carney RM (1995) A Multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 333: 1190–5 Crossref, Google ScholarScottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (2007) Management of Chronic Heart Failure: A National Clinical Guideline [SIGN 95]. SIGN, Edinburgh. Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 1 April 2011Volume 6Issue 4ISSN (online): 2052-2207 Metrics History Published online 27 September 2013 Published in print 1 April 2011 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

The influence of training status on oxidative stress in young male handball players

Although exercise-induced oxidative stress receives considerable scientific attention, there is still little information available regarding exercise-induced adaptations of the antioxidant defence system in adolescent and child athletes. The aim of our study was to establish the effects of long-term exercise training on the redox state of adolescents, and to find correlations between elements of redox homeostasis and aerobic power. Thirty-three handball players and 14 non-athletes, 16-19-years old, were subjected to blood sampling to measure levels of nitric oxide (NO; estimated through nitrites (NO₂⁻), superoxide anion radical (O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), lipid peroxidation (estimated through TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Subjects were also subjected to maximal progressive exercise test to estimate their maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max). Athletes had significantly (P < 0.05) higher SOD activity and lower CAT activity compared with non-athletes (SOD: 2175.52 ± 362.07 compared with 1172.16 ± 747.40 U/g of hemoglobin x 10³, and CAT: 2.19 ± 0.31 compared with 3.08 ± 0.47 U/g of hemoglobin x 10³). These differences were the most obvious when comparing non-athletes and athletes with poor/average aerobic power. H₂O₂ and TBARS levels differed among subjects with poor, average or good aerobic power (P < 0.01, and P < 0.05, respectively). Sports engagement and aerobic capacity are important factors in inducing changes in redox status.

Women with TT genotype for eNOS gene are more responsive in lowering blood pressure in response to exercise

The aim of this study was to investigate whether -786T>C endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphism might influence the effect of long-term exercise training (ET) on the blood pressure and its relationship with NO production in healthy postmenopausal women. Longitudinal study. Fifty-five postmenopausal women were studied in a double-blinded design. ET was performed for 3 days a week, each session consisting of 60 min during 6 months, in an intensity of 50-70% VO2max. After that, eNOS genotype analysis was performed and women were divided into two groups: TC+CC (n=41) and TT (n=14) genotype. No changes were found in the anthropometric parameters after ET in both the groups. Systolic and diastolic BP values were significantly reduced in both the groups, but women with TT genotype were more responsive in lowering BP as compared with those with TC+CC genotype. Plasma nitrite/nitrate concentrations were similar at baseline in both the groups, but the magnitude of increment in NO production in response to ET was higher in women with TT genotype as compared with those with TC+CC genotype. Our study shows clearly that women with or without eNOS gene polymorphism had no differences in NO production at basal conditions, but when physical exercise is applied an evident difference is detected showing that the presence of -786T>C eNOS gene polymorphism had a significant impact in the health-promoting effect of aerobic physical training on the blood pressure in postmenopausal women.

Effects of long-term exercise training on cardiac baroreflex sensitivity in patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial

Objective: To investigate whether a structured long-term exercise training programme in patients with coronary artery disease affects baroreflex function and cardiorespiratory efficiency. Patients: Twenty-five elderly male patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: The patients were randomized into exercise (group A) or control group (group B). Group A followed a seven-month supervised exercise programme, consisting of three sessions of aerobic interval training weekly at moderate intensity. Twenty patients completed the study (group A: 10 patients and group B: 10 patients). At the beginning and end of the study, all subjects underwent a tilt test for the baroreflex sensitivity assessment and a graded exercise treadmill test with spiroergometry for the evaluation of their cardiorespiratory efficiency. Results: There were no differences between the two groups for any baseline variable. After training in group A, peak oxygen consumption, maximal treadmill tolerance time and anaerobic threshold were significantly increased by 21.9% (P < 0.001), 19.8% (P < 0.001) and 18.6% (P < 0.05), respectively. There were also significant increases in baroreflex sensitivity by 21.2% (P < 0.01), in baroreflex effectiveness index by 23.9% (P < 0.01), in event count by 45.1% (P < 0.01) and in ramp count by 13.2% (P < 0.05). Moreover, significant correlations were observed between the autonomic and cardiorespiratory parameters in group A at the end. Conclusion: The results suggest that long-term exercise training leads to beneficial effects on baroreflex activity and cardiorespiratory performance in coronary patients, and thus could constitute an efficient nonpharmacological intervention in this population.

Effect of long-term exercise training on the sensitivity of calcium-induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and uncoupling protein 3 expression

Effect of long-term exercise training on the sensitivity of calcium-induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and uncoupling protein 3 expression

Moderate Exercise Training Improves Survival and Ventricular Remodeling in an Animal Model of Left Ventricular Volume Overload

Exercise training has beneficial effects in patients with heart failure, although there is still no clear evidence that it may impact on their survival. There are no data regarding the effects of exercise in subjects with chronic left ventricular (LV) volume overload. Using a rat model of severe aortic valve regurgitation (AR), we studied the effects of long-term exercise training on survival, development of heart failure, and LV myocardial remodeling. One hundred sixty male adult rats were divided in 3 groups: sham sedentary (n=40), AR sedentary (n=80), and AR trained (n=40). Training consisted in treadmill running for up to 30 minutes, 5 times per week for 9 months, at a maximal speed of 20 m/minute. All sham-operated animals survived the entire course of the protocol. After 9 months, 65% of trained animals were alive compared with 46% of sedentary ones (P=0.05). Ejection fractions remained in the normal range (all above 60%) and LV masses between AR groups were similar. There was significantly less LV fibrosis in the trained group and lower LV filling pressures and improved echocardiographic diastolic parameters. Heart rate variability was also improved by exercise. Our data show that moderate endurance training is safe, does not increase the rate of developing heart failure, and most importantly, improves survival in this animal model of chronic LV volume overload. Exercise improved LV diastolic function, heart rate variability, and reduced myocardial fibrosis.

Long‐term Exercise Training in Overweight Adolescents Improves Plasma Peptide YY and Resistin

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term exercise training on concentrations of five hormones related to appetite and insulin resistance in overweight adolescents. In addition, we were interested in the relationships of these hormones with each other and with anthropometric and/or cardiovascular disease marker changes. Participants were >or=the 85th percentile for BMI for age and sex and participated in an 8-month supervised aerobic training program. Anthropometrics, cardiovascular fitness assessment, and fasting blood samples were taken pre- and post-training. Glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, leptin, active ghrelin, total peptide YY (PYY), adiponectin, and resistin concentrations were measured. The participants increased their time to exhaustion on an incremental treadmill test and decreased both percent body fat and blood triglyceride concentrations. Total PYY concentration increased and resistin concentration decreased after long-term exercise training, which are favorable outcomes. Leptin concentrations were related to weight, percent body fat, waist circumference, and triglyceride concentrations pre- and post-training. The changes in resistin concentrations were related to the changes in triglyceride concentrations. We conclude that long-term exercise training has beneficial effects for overweight adolescents with respect to PYY and resistin, hormones related to appetite and insulin sensitivity.

Alterations of atrial natriuretic peptide in cardiomyocytes and plasma of rats after different intensity exercise

To characterize the effect of long-term exercise training at different intensities on endocrine structure and function of the heart, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels, expression of ANP in cardiomyocytes, and ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes were examined by radioimmunoassay, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy in Sprague-Dawley rats trained on a treadmill at different intensities for 8 weeks. The plasma ANP increased gradually with increasing exercise intensity. The immunoreactivity of ANP in cardiomyocytes increased in the moderate- and high-intensity exercise group and decreased in the exhaustive exercise group. The ANP electron-dense granules and the quantity and volume of mitochondria increased in moderate and high-intensity exercise group. The ANP electron dense granules decreased and the mitochondria tumefied in the exhaustive exercise group. The changes of plasma ANP have a tendency of increasing gradually with increase in exercise intensity. Moderate and high-intensity exercise increases ANP synthesis and storage in cardiomyocytes and induces adaptive changes in the ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes. The decrease of ANP immunoreactivity in cardiomyocytes after exhaustive exercise is probably the result of massive depletion and induces damaging changes in the ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes.

Heart rate variability modifications following exercise training in type 2 diabetic patients with definite cardiac autonomic neuropathy

Objectives:Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) as a result of diabetic autonomic neuropathy is positively related to a poor prognosis in diabetic patients. The measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) is a...

Long-term effects of cardiac rehabilitation on end-exercise heart rate recovery after myocardial infarction

Heart rate recovery (HRR) is a marker of vagal tone that is a powerful predictor of mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. This study aims at evaluating the effects of long-term exercise training on HRR after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in order to clarify whether prolonged exercise training could maintain a long-term improvement of HRR. Forty-four patients after AMI were enrolled in a 3-month hospital-based exercise training programme. At the end, patients were subdivided into two groups: group A (n=22), patients discharged with a specific home-based exercise training programme and instructions for improving leisure-time physical activity; group B (n=22), patients discharged with generic instructions to maintain physical activity. All patients underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test before, at the end of 3 months exercise training and at 6 months follow-up. At the end of the hospital-based exercise training programme we observed an increase in peak oxygen consumption [VO2peak; from 13.9+/-3.6 to 18+/-2.7 ml/kg per min (A) and from 14.1+/-3.9 to 17.9+/-2.1 ml/kg per min (B), P<0.001] and in HRR [from 17.1+/-1.8 to 23.4+/-1.4 beats/min (A), and from 18.8+/-2.1 to 24.3+/-1.9 beats/min (B), P<0.001]. At 6 months' follow-up we observed a further improvement in VO2peak (from 18.0+/-2.7 to 20.3+/-2.7 ml/kg per min, P<0.001) and in HRR (from 23.4+/-1.4 to 27.8+/-2.1 beats/min, P<0.001) in group A, but a significant decrease in VO2peak and in HRR in group B (P<0.001). Long-term exercise training is useful for maintaining or improving the beneficial results of the standard 3-month exercise training programme on cardiovascular capacity and HRR. This observation may bear beneficial prognostic effects on patients after AMI.

Exercise training can modify the natural history of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Background Diabetes is the most important cause of peripheral neuropathy (DPN). No definitive treatment for DPN has been established, and very few data on the role of exercise training on DPN have been reported. Aim of the study We sought to examine the effects of long-term exercise training on the development of DPN in both Types 1 and 2 diabetic patients. Participants and methods Seventy-eight diabetic patients without signs and symptoms of peripheral DPN were enrolled, randomized, and subdivided in two groups: 31 diabetic participants [15 f, 16 m; 49±15.5 years old; body mass index (BMI)=27.9±4.7], who performed a prescribed and supervised 4 h/week brisk walking on a treadmill at 50% to 85% of the heart rate reserve (exercise group: EXE), and a control group of 47 diabetic participants (CON; 24 f, 23 m; 52.9±13.4 years old; BMI=30.9±8.4). Vibration perception threshold (VPT), nerve distal latency (DL), nerve conduction velocity (NCV), and nerve action potential amplitude (NAPA) in the lower limbs were measured. Results We found significant differences on Δ (delta) in NCV for both peroneal and sural motor nerve between the EXE and CON groups during the study period ( P<.001, for both). The percentage of diabetic patients that developed motor neuropathy and sensory neuropathy during the 4 years of the study was significantly higher in the CON than the EXE group (17% vs. 0.0%, P<.05, and 29.8% vs. 6.45%, P<.05, respectively). In addition, the percentage of diabetic patients who developed increased VPT (25 V) during the study was significantly higher in the CON than the EXE group (21.3% vs. 12.9%, P<.05). Change on Hallux VPT from baseline to the end of the study was significantly different between the EXE and CON groups ( P<.05); no significant change in Malleolus VPT between the two groups occurred. Conclusions This study suggests, for the first time, that long-term aerobic exercise training can prevent the onset or modify the natural history of DPN.

Long-Term AICAR Administration and Exercise Prevents Diabetes in ZDF Rats

Lifestyle interventions including exercise programs are cornerstones in the prevention of obesity-related diabetes. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been proposed to be responsible for many of the beneficial effects of exercise on glucose and lipid metabolism. The effects of long-term exercise training or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-d-riboruranoside (AICAR) treatment, both known AMPK activators, on the development of diabetes in male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were examined. Five-week-old, pre-diabetic ZDF rats underwent daily treadmill running or AICAR treatment over an 8-week period and were compared with an untreated group. In contrast to the untreated, both the exercised and AICAR-treated rats did not develop hyperglycemia during the intervention period. Whole-body insulin sensitivity, as assessed by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp at the end of the intervention period, was markedly increased in the exercised and AICAR-treated animals compared with the untreated ZDF rats (P < 0.01). In addition, pancreatic beta-cell morphology was almost normal in the exercised and AICAR-treated animals, indicating that chronic AMPK activation in vivo might preserve beta-cell function. Our results suggest that activation of AMPK may represent a therapeutic approach to improve insulin action and prevent a decrease in beta-cell function associated with type 2 diabetes.

Antiremodeling effect of long-term exercise training in patients with stable chronic heart failure results of the exercise in left ventricular dysfunction and chronic heart failure (ELVD-CHF) trial

Antiremodeling effect of long-term exercise training in patients with stable chronic heart failure results of the exercise in left ventricular dysfunction and chronic heart failure (ELVD-CHF) trial