Effects Of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Research Articles

Effect of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) on the mineralization, metabolism and uptake of 14C-phenanthrene in a model ecosystem (water–lava–plant–air)

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS, 200 mg l −1) on the fate of phenanthrene in a model ecosystem “water–lava–hydrophytes–air”. The experiments were conducted using two closed cultivation chamber systems. Rushes ( Juncus effesus) were selected as a representative hydrophyte. Five hundred micrograms per liter of phenanthrene in a culture solution containing a 14C-activity of 75 μCi per chamber was applied (i) to investigate the degradation of the labeled test substance and the transfer processes within the system; (ii) to determine the mass-balance possible and (iii) to detect the occurrence of volatile test substances, their volatile metabolites and the degradation end-product CO 2 in the gas phase. Most of the applied 14C-activity was found in the plant (41–45%), in which ≈95% was associated with plant roots and ≈5% with shoots. The 14C-activity recovered in the form of VOCs and CO 2 was measured in lava (18–29%, 8–11%), and in the culture solution (10–14% and 1%), respectively. Majority of the applied 14C-activity existed in two forms, i.e. (1) polar metabolites (26%), of which 91% were found in plant roots, and (2) un-extractable residues (23%), most of which were in plant roots (40%) and bounded to lava (58%). The presence of LAS significantly increased the volatilization of phenanthrene and its metabolites, inhibited its mineralization and decreased the level of 14C-activity in lava. Moreover, LAS reduced the phenanthrene level in plant roots.

Effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) on ion transport and intracellular calcium in kidney distal epithelial cells (A6)

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is found in near-shore environments receiving wastewater from urban treatment plants in a concentration reported to have physiological and toxic effect on aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect LAS on ion transport and homeostasis in epithelia cells. A6 cells form a polarised epithelium when grown on permeable supports, actively absorb sodium and secrete chloride. Only the addition of LAS (100 μ m) to the apical solution of A6 epithelia resulted in an increase in the active ion transport measured as short circuit current (SCC) and transepithelial conductance (G t). This increase could not be affected by the sodium channel inhibitor amiloride (100 μ m), indicating that LAS stimulated the chloride secretion. Change in the intracellular calcium concentration (Ca 2+) i was measured in fura-2 loaded A6 cells, since it known that increase in (Ca 2+) i stimulate chloride secretion. LAS induced a concentration-dependent increase in (Ca 2+) i from 5 to 200 μ m, where the half-maximal stimulating concentration on 100 m m resulted in an increase in (Ca 2+) i from 108±15 to 570±26 n m ( n=4; P<0.01). The increase in (Ca 2+) i could be blocked by the calcium chelator ethylenebis(5-oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid (EGTA), showing that the effect of LAS was due to influx of extracellular calcium. Furthermore, it was shown that the calcium channel inhibitor verapamil (0.2 m m) abolished the LAS induced increase in (Ca 2+) i and Gt when applied to the apical solution. However, verapamil has no inhibitory effect on these parameters when the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 (100 μ m) was added to A6 cells. These results indicate that LAS induced a specific activation of calcium channels in the apical membrane of A6 epithelia, leading to increase in (Ca 2+) i and thereby increased chloride secretion as a result of stimulation of calcium-dependent chloride channels in the apical membrane. The change in ion homeostasis is thought to be the fundamental reason to the physiological and toxic effects induced by LAS in marine organism.

Effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on population growth of Daphnia galeata: a life table evaluation.

The chronic effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS12) on a daphnid species (Daphnia galeata) was examined by the life table experiment. The estimated responses in the intrinsic rate of population growth r were analyzed with two alternate concentration-response functions, i.e., the power function and the quadratic function. Based on the best-fit power function model with biases corrected by the jackknife procedure, the population-level EC50, which is defined as the concentration of chemicals that reduces the population growth rate (the intrinsic rate of natural increase) by 50%, was estimated as 2.5 mg/L. The 48-h acute immobility test yielded EC50 of 4.6 mg/L. The population-level effect of LAS12 on this test species is considerably more sensitive than the acute lethal effects to neonates.

Influence of plant growth on degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in sludge-amended soil.

Widespread application of sewage sludge to agricultural soils in Denmark has led to concern about the possible accumulation and effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in the soil ecosystem. Therefore, we have studied the uptake and degradation of LAS in greenhouse pot experiments. Sewage sludge was incorporated into a sandy soil to give a range from very low to very high applications (0.4 to 90 Mg dry wt. ha(-1)). In addition, LAS was added as water solutions. The soil was transferred to pots and sown with barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Apex), rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Hyola 401), or carrot (Daucus carota L.). Also, plant-free controls were established. For all additions there was no plant uptake above the detection limit at 0.5 mg LAS kg(-1) d.w, but plant growth stimulated the degradation. With a growth period of 30 d, LAS concentrations in soil from pots with rape had dropped from 27 to 1.4 mg kg(-1) dry wt., but in plant-free pots the concentration decreased only to 2.4 mg kg(-1) dry wt. When LAS was added as a spike, the final concentration in soil from planted pots was 0.7 mg kg(-1) dry wt., but in pots without plants the final concentration was much higher (2.5 mg kg(-1) dry wt.). During degradation, the relative fraction of homologues C10, C11, and C12 decreased, while C13 increased.

Short‐term effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on freshwater plankton studied under field conditions

AbstractThe toxic effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) on several planktonic freshwater organisms were studied over a 5‐d period using small in situ enclosures. The experimental setup, an unreplicated regression design, made it possible to calculate no effect concentrations (NEC), an environmental risk assessment. The NEC varied several orders of magnitude between the different groups of organisms, with ciliates and heterotrophic nanoflagellates being the most sensitive groups (NEC as low as 0.02 mg LAS/L). The high sensitivity of the protozoans makes their exclusion from most ecotoxicological studies questionable, and this must be reconsidered in the future. Most other planktonic organisms were only affected at concentrations higher than normally found in aquatic habitats. Exceptions to this general trend were the photosynthetic activity of the phytoplankton and cryptophyte abundance, which both were nearly as sensitive parameters as the protozoan abundance. The toxicity of LAS was generally higher in the present investigation, compared with the vast majority of laboratory‐derived results, indicating a limited relevance of the latter and the need for field experiments in order to determine impacts of xenobiotics in the aquatic environments.

Toxic effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, quaternary alkylammonium chloride and their complexes onDunaliellasp. andChlorella pyrenoidos

AbstractThe toxic effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), quaternary alkylammonium chlorides (cationic surfactants[CS]), and their complexes (LAS‐CS) were examined inDunaliellasp. by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of glycerol and inChlorella pyrenoidosaby growth inhibition. The glycerol content decreased quantitatively with increased concentrations of LAS, CS, and LAS‐CS complexes. The 24‐h median effective concentration (EC50] values of LAS and CS in free form were 0.38 to 18 mg/L and the toxic effects were in the order alkyltrimethylammonium chloride (TM) &gt; alkyldimethylbenzylam‐monium chloride (BM) &gt; LAS &gt; dialkyldimethylammonium chloride (DM). The 24‐h EC50 values of LAS‐CS complexes at molar ratios of 1:1 and 2:1 were 1.3 to 13 and 5.6 to 9.6 mg/L as LAS‐equivalent concentration, respectively. The order of toxic effects was LAS‐TM &gt; LAS = LAS‐BM &gt; 2LAS‐BM &gt; 2LAS‐DM &gt; 2LAS‐TM &gt; LAS‐DM. The toxic effect of LAS was enhanced by equimolar complex formation with TM. The 96‐h EC50 values of LAS and CS on the inhibition of growth inC. pyrenoidosawere 0.28 to 29 mg/L for the compounds in free form and their toxic effects were in the order TM &gt; BM ≫ DM &gt; LAS. The 96‐h EC50 values of LAS‐CS complexes at molar ratios of 1:1 and 2:1 were 1.4 to 59 and 11 to 86 mg/L, respectively, and the order of toxic effects was LAS‐BM &gt; LAS‐TM &gt; 2LAS‐BM &gt; 2LAS‐TM &gt; LAS &gt; LAS‐DM &gt; 2LAS‐DM. The toxic effects of LAS were also enhanced by the formation of complexes with TM or BM at molar ratio of 1:1 and 2:1. Thus, not only LAS but also its CS complexes might exert toxic effects on organisms in the environment.

Effects of an anionic surfactant, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, on survival, reproduction and growth of the soil-living collembolanFolsomia fimetaria

Sewages sludge is widely used as a fertilizer or disposed of by land application. Sewage sludge often contains potentially toxic compounds and elements in significant concentrations. A major component is the anionic detergent, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), which is frequently used in industrial and household detergents, and which may be found in the range 4 to 10 g kg−1 dry matter. The effects of LAS on Folsomia fimetaria L. were investigated by use of a single species test system with 30 g soil spiked with LAS. Tests with either newly hatched individuals or adults (16–19 d old) were run for 3 weeks followed by extraction in a high-gradient extracting system. Juvenile mortality increased with increasing concentrations of LAS, whereas adult mortality was unaffected at the LAS levels tested (0–1,000 mg/kg dry soil). Effective concentration, 10%, values were estimated as 163 mg/kg for growth of juveniles, 185 mg/kg for molting frequency, and 147 mg/kg for reproductive output. Rough estimates show that significant negative direct effects on populations of F. fimetaria may be expected at concentrations 8 to 20 times higher than those likely to be found in sludge-amended soils.

Chronic effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and ammonia on rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry at water criteria limits

Rainbow trout fry was chronically exposed (54 days) to 0.2 mg l −1 LAS(C 11–12). Although this concentration is considered to be the NOEC (no observed effect concentration), lamellar gill epithelia hypertrophied and swimming capacity was reduced. Furthermore, the exposure of the fish to a secondary stressor (low salinity challenge test) caused increased mortality. Un-ionized ammonia did not affect the above-mentioned parameters when fish were treated with a NOEC of 24 μg 1 −1. At 72 μg l −1, however, un-ionized ammonia caused distinct hypertrophy of gill epithelia. This effect was significantly enhanced when combined with LAS (additive effect). Only in this group, growth was reduced.

Effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) on the adsorption behaviour of phenanthrene on soils

Experimental measurements of adsorption of phenanthrene were made at 25°C with and without the presence of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) on two soils from Shenyang, P. R. China and LUFA, Speyer, Germany. Effects of LAS on the adsorption of phenanthrene were studied in LAS concentration range around its critical micelle concentration (cmc) with emphasis on low LAS levels which are relevant to the environment. Two methods were used to simulate different environmental conditions (contacting sequence of soils with test chemicals): “soil+phenanthrene+LAS” and “soil+LAS+phenanthrene”. The contacting sequences were found to have significant influence on phenanthrene adsorption at low LAS levels <50 μm ml −1. The combination of “soil+phenanthrene+LAS” resulted in an increase in phenanthrene adsorption probably due to partition of phenanthrene to LAS hemimicelles/admicelles formed on the soil surface, while the combination of “soil+LAS+ phenanthrene” decreased the adsorption because of occupation of active hydrophobic adsorption sites by LAS. In the presence of higher concentrations (>50 μm ml −1) of LAS, results obtained with both methods indicated that adsorption of phenanthrene decreased. The values of K d decreased from 250.7 in the absence of LAS to 112.3 and 31.9 in the presence of 500 μg ml −1 and 1000 μg ml −1 LAS, respectively. Solubilization of phenanthrene by LAS may be the dominant effects that cause the decrease of phenanthrene adsorption at high LAS concentrations.

Phycotoxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate

Dose- and time-dependent effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, a major component of synthetic detergent, to the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum, were studied under laboratory conditions. Toxicity was evident, at doses above 0.001%, from the decrease in biomass, heterocyst number, and protein content and pathomorphological alterations.

Effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on Scenedesmus quardicauda in culture

Synthetic detergents are among the most prevalent of water pollutants leading to ecological disturbances. Therefore, their potential ecotoxicological impact was studied using a laboratory model system. The effect of different concentrations of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), a major component of synthetic detergent, on experimental cultures of the fresh water alga Scenedesmus quardicauda has been studied. The threshold level for LAS was found to be 0.05%, above that level marked toxicity was evident and growth and survival of exposed cultures were adversely affected. There was also a decrease in nutrient uptake and in protein and DNA syntheses. Pathomorphological alterations were also evident from scanning electron microscopic observations. The significance of the above data in relation to aquatic toxicity and ecotoxicological impact of synthetic detergents is discussed.

Effects of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Orally Administered to Pregnant Mice on the Pregnant Mice and Their Fetuses

Effects of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Orally Administered to Pregnant Mice on the Pregnant Mice and Their Fetuses

Effects of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate on Dam, Foetus, and New Born Rat

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) was administered to pregnant rats in order to examine the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects.Administration of LAS to rats during pregnancy did not give remarkable effects in groups feeded with 0.1 and 1.0% LAS diet.No signifficant difference was found in external and internal abnomalities of the fetuses between the administered and control groups.No deleterious effects were observed on delivery and lactation as well as on development of new-born until 5 weeks after parturition.Skeletal abnormalities, to be due to LAS administration, were not observed in all groups.The results of this study suggest that there was no conclusive evidence of teratogenic effects, assumed due to LAS administration, even in 1.0% LAS diet group.