Effects Of International Migration Research Articles

Causes and Consequences of Internal Migration in Bhaktapur District, Nepal

This field-based study, titled "Causes and Consequences of Internal Migration in Madhyapurthimi municipality ward 5, Bhaktapur," aimed to assess the demographic profile of in-migrants, understand the reasons for internal migration in the study area, and explore the outcomes of internal migration. The research relied on both primary and secondary data sources, with information gathered from 110 households through structured and semi-structured interviews. Upon collecting and thoroughly reviewing the data, the study revealed several key findings. It was observed that a significant proportion of in-migrants were students and job seekers, primarily falling within the age group of 20 years, which constitutes the economically active population. The analysis of respondents' income sources in their places of origin indicated that 50% relied on agriculture, 26.4% on business, 19.1% on services, and 4.5% on labor for their income. Regarding the demographic composition of the surveyed population, out of a total of 427 individuals across the 110 selected households, 49.18% were male, and 50.82% were female. The predominant religious affiliations were Hinduism (84.3%), followed by Buddhism (7.5%), Christianity (4.7%), and Kirat (3.7%), with the lowest percentage belonging to the Kirat faith. Education-wise, 56.52% of the population was found to have received formal education. The study highlighted that the primary drivers of in-migration were a lack of access to quality education and healthcare services, limited employment opportunities, and challenges in meeting the household's basic needs.

Effect of Internal Migration on Development in Turkey

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti geç uluslaşan ve buna paralel olarak geç kapitalistleşen bir ülkedir. Kuruluşundan itibaren üç ana iç göç dalgası yaşamış ve yaşamaya devam etmektedir. Bu iç göç dalgası toplumsal sınıf yapısını, kentleşmeyi, sanayi ve tarım üretimini olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Dengesiz bir nüfus dağılımı nedeniyle Türkiye kalkınma sürecinde önemli sorunlar yaşamıştır. Bu değişim sürecinde ülkenin kalkınmasına nüfus ve iç göç etkisinin ne olduğu bu çalışmanın temel sorusudur. Çalışmada yöntem olarak ülkedeki nüfus kayıtları ve literatürdeki çalışmalar esas alınmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda elde edilen bulgular önceki çalışmaları doğrular niteliktedir. Önceki çalışmalara ek olarak mevcut sınıfsal yapının sosyolojik etkilerinin ötesinde kalkınmaya etkisi ortaya konulmuştur. İç göç nedeniyle köylü sınıf yok olmanın eşiğine gelmiş ve kentli sınıf da çok azalmıştır. Kentin çeperlerinde oluşan çarpık kentleşmeye bağlı olarak kaçak yapılaşmayla oluşan varoş mahalleler kentlerin büyük kısmını meydana getirir olmuştur. Bununla birlikte politik değişimlere de bağlı olarak değişken ekonomi politikaları nedeniyle burjuva sınıfında da değişimler meydana gelmiştir. Oluşan sağlıksız sınıfsal yapı nedeniyle üretken nüfus verimsizleşmiştir. Sonuç olarak kalkınma sürecinde iç göç olumsuz bir etkiye neden olmuştur.

Interregional migration of construction workers in China: roles of employment opportunities and environment amenities

PurposeWithin the labor-intensive construction industry characterized by distinctly structural shortages in the labor force worldwide, efficient and effective migration of construction workers across regions is critical for the smooth operation of construction activities. This study aims to investigate how the interregional migration patterns of construction workers are impacted by the disparities in both employment opportunities and environment amenities between the origin and destination provinces.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on the push and pull theory and the archival data on 13,728 migrant construction workers in China, descriptive analyses are first performed to characterize the interregional migration patterns of the investigated construction workers. Combining regional data in the National Bureau of Statistics of China, this study uses hierarchical regression modeling techniques to empirically test the relative importance of the employment-related and environment-related factors in driving the interregional migration of construction workers after controlling for the effects of related economic and geographic factors.FindingsThe results provide evidence that the interregional migration of construction workers is principally driven by the disparities in employment opportunities while disparities in environment amenities (including climate comfort disparity, medical service disparity and educational service disparity) generally play much fewer substantive roles. With regard to the impacts of employment opportunities, the results provide evidence that compared with the disparity in job market size, the disparities in job income and industry development level are more significantly relevant factors, which positively pull and adversely push the interregional migration flows, respectively.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to a deepened understanding of how workers specifically balance their employment and amenity needs to make temporary migration decisions in the “laggard” labor-intensive construction industry. This study also adds to the literature on population migration by characterizing the specific characteristics of construction workers and the temporary nature of the workers' migration activities. The findings hold important practical implications for construction organizations and policymakers for effectively managing the mobility of migrant construction workers.Originality/valueThe extant literature on migrant construction workers has primarily focused on the consequences of international migration and the generalization of empirical findings on population migration mechanisms in other domains to the construction industry is substantially limited by the specific characteristics of construction workers and the temporary nature of their migration activities. In addressing this gap, this study represents an exploratory effort to quantitatively characterize the interregional migration patterns of construction workers in the labor-intensive construction industry and examines the roles of employment opportunity and environmental amenity in driving interregional migration.

The Effects of international migration on global income inequality

The Effects of international migration on global income inequality

Believing and belonging in multicultureel Europa: een minderheidsperspectief

As a consequence of international migration, religion has returned – if it had ever disappeared – as an important group boundary in contemporary society. This is evident in research on attitudes and social contacts that repeatedly shows social segregation and negative stereotyping particularly between Muslims and non-Muslims, but also between religious and non-religious individuals. The research outlined in this inaugural lecture focuses on the question under what conditions this group boundary becomes stronger, and when it takes on a more symbolic character or fades altogether. Drawing on large-scale survey research I aim to establish when people with a migration background can identify with and participate in European societies that are prevalently secular but where an anti-Islamic discourse is strong. What role do length of stay and intergroup friendship relations play in this process? I will argue that in addition to counting practice frequencies and the importance of religion, we need to better understand the different meanings that immigrants derive from their religion to get a grip on how and why religion acts as a social boundary in contemporary society.

The Effects of International Migration on Well-Being of Natives and Immigrants: Evidence from Germany, Switzerland and the UK

The Effects of International Migration on Well-Being of Natives and Immigrants: Evidence from Germany, Switzerland and the UK

The effects of international migration on well-being of natives and immigrants: evidence from Germany, Switzerland and the UK

The effects of international migration on well-being of natives and immigrants: evidence from Germany, Switzerland and the UK

Spatial Analysis of the Relationship Between Internal Migration, Education, and Growth in Turkey

People have to migrate to find better jobs, survive for various reasons such as war, famine, and environmental factors, in other words, to have better living conditions. The impact of internal migration, which is considered to be an economic efficiency factor, on growth has been the subject of a limited number of studies. There are conflicting results in these studies regarding the effects of internal migration on growth. In addition, the studies ignore that growth and internal migration is a spatial phenomenon. In this context, the effect of internal migration on growth in Turkey for 2017 is investigated by spatial regression analysis based on 81 provinces. In addition to internal migration, the education variable was also taken into account in the analyzes. However, since it is important whether immigrants are skill-biased or not, the interaction variable is also used to represent the skill-biased labor force in the study. The interaction variable was obtained by multiplying internal migration and educational variables. As a result, spatial dependence exists and is important, both drawing visual attention from maps and the situation in question is supported by the Moran I Index and LM tests. The spatial lag model was found to be appropriate. According to the appropriate model determined, the impact of internal migration and education on growth was statistically significant and positive. It can be concluded that as the internal migration and education level increase, the growth of the provinces also increases. The interaction variable obtained by multiplying internal migration and education was also found to be statistically significant and positive. However, it seems that the interaction variable is greater in absolute magnitude than the education alone or internal migration alone variable. This shows that internal migration significantly increases growth when skills are biased.

Internal migration and child health: An investigation of health disparities between migrant children and left-behind children in China.

Using data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), this study empirically examines the association between internal migration and child health through an investigation of health disparities between migrant children and left-behind children in China. The results show that, in comparison with being left behind, migrating with parents significantly improves children’s self-reported health, height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and BMI-for-age z-score (BAZ), and reduces their frequency of sickness. These findings remain robust to a suite of robustness checks. Furthermore, the health effects of internal migration are more prominent for children with a rural hukou compared with urban ones. Although migrant children are more likely to experience teacher discrimination, they have higher levels of parental care, family relationships, and peer relationships relative to their left-behind counterparts, which indicates possible mechanisms behind the association between children’s migration and health. Our findings underline the importance of policy improvement and evidence-based interventions aiming at reducing involuntary parent-child separation and facilitating the development in health of disadvantaged children in developing countries like China.

Managing the rising tide of Nigerian migrants to the West—A policy vacuum or a structural challenge?

AbstractThis analysis explores the growing attraction of migrants to destinations perceived as better pastures as well as the roots and consequences of international migration, especially for irregular migrants. The findings of two focus group discussions with Nigerian scholars, policymakers, service providers, and members of society suggest: (1) public policy on international migration should consider the social, political, and economic challenges that render many Africans desperate to leave the continent regardless of the harsh realities awaiting them along the way or in a new homeland; (2) given the fundamental rights of individuals to migrate, it is crucial that relevant information about the realities of life in Western host societies (especially newer destinations such as Canada) be made available in immigrant‐sending regions, such as Africa; and (3) efforts to engage the new African diaspora should also prioritize their active participation in building equitable societies in their countries of origin.

When husband migrate: effects of international migration of husbands on fetal outcomes, body mass index and gestational weight of female spouses that stay behind

BackgroundInternational labour migration continues to be an integral component in Sri Lanka’s economic development. Previous research indicates an adverse perinatal outcome in association with low maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (PBMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG). However, evidence of this association is limited in migrant families. This study aims to investigate the associations between PBMI, GWG among lactating mothers (LM), and fetal outcomes in migrant households, where the father is the migrant worker.MethodsA secondary data analysis was done using a nationally representative sample of 7,199 LM. There were 284 LM whose husbands were international migrant workers. Maternal factors were taken as PBMI<18.5 kg/m2 and GWG<7kg. Preterm birth and low birth weight (LBW) were taken as fetal outcomes. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the associated factors.ResultsThere was significant difference between LM from migrant and non–migrant households with regards to place of residency, ethnicity, household monthly income, household food security, average household members, husband’s education and husband’s age. Among migrant, PBMI<18.5 kg/m2 was associated with current BMI and mode of delivery. Migrant LM had significantly higher weight gain (≥12 kg) during pregnancy (p=0.005), were multiparous (p=0.008), delivered in private hospital (p=0.000), lesser percentage of underweight (p=0.002) and higher birthweight (p=0.03) than non-migrant LM. Logistic regression model revealed that for each kilogram increment in birthweight and GWG, preterm delivery decreased by 89%(OR=0.11;95%CI:0.04-0.28) and LBW decreased by 12%(OR=0.89;95%CI:0.81-0.97) respectively. Caesarean deliveries were positively associated with low GWG.ConclusionOur study showed LM in migrant families had invested remittances to utilize private health facilities for deliveries, to improve weight gain during pregnancy and adequate PBMI to deliver higher birth weight babies. In depth study is needed to understand further utilisation of remittances to improve fetal outcomes by increasing birthweight and GWG in migrant families.

The Impact of Remittances of Ukrainian Migrants on the Stabilisation of the Economy During the Covid Crisis

International labour migration is a global process that has affected the populations of all countries and continents. Today, migrants face a new additional barrier – the COVID-19 pandemic, which has drastically affected all forms of human mobility. Today, labour-based migration from Ukraine is directed mainly to EU Member States. The main motives for international labour migration is the potential of earning money, financial security of the family etc. Accordingly, the consequence of international migration is the inflow of money into the country of migrant origin. Remittances from migrant workers are an important source of income for Ukraine. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in migrant remittances, contributing to the development of households, human potential, the reduction of poverty and inequality, and the inflow of foreign currency. This article proposes an econometric model of the impact of migrant remittances on the stabilisation of the country’s economy during the pandemic. As a result of the calculations, it was found that the income from people working abroad initially reduces the deviation of GDP from the equilibrium trend, but over time there is a clear procyclical impact. This feature is favourable for the Ukrainian economy and may mean that migrant transfers in times of crisis help to overcome the effects of global economic downturns.

Examination of the Causes and Consequences of International Migration in Nigeria

This study examined the leading causes and consequences of international migration in Nigeria. A survey research design was utilized for the study. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire. The opinions of 100 respondents selected through the purposive sampling technique were obtained on the principal causes and consequences of international migration in Nigeria. The findings revealed that the principal causes of international migration in Nigeria were job opportunities, unemployment, wealth prospects, safety and security, better conditions of service, low salaries and higher standards of living. These foremost causes of international migration in Nigeria were mostly economic factors. Furthermore, the findings showed that the foremost positive and negative effects of international migration in Nigeria were integrated development, increase in remittances, cheap and surplus labour, urban services and social infrastructure under stress, stricter immigration norms, multi-ethnic society and increased tolerance, Xenophobia, close gaps in skills and cultural dilution. These effects were economic, social and political. Among others, the study, thus, recommends that: the strategies of the government for stemming international migration should address push factors of unemployment, safety and security and low salaries and pull factors such as job opportunities, wealth prospects, better conditions of service and higher standards of living since they are the root causes of international migration. Furthermore, migration, a long-standing poverty reduction and strategy for human development need to be mainstreamed into policies of development in Nigeria at the Federal, State and Local Governments.

Effect of internal migration on diabetes and metabolic abnormalities in India - The ICMR-INDIAB study

AimsTo assess the effect of migration (rural-to-urban and vice versa) on prevalence of diabetes and metabolic disorders in Asian Indians participating in the Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Materials and methodsThe ICMR–INDIAB study is a national study on diabetes and associated cardiometabolic disorders in individuals aged ≥20 years from 28 states and 2 union territories of India. Individuals who moved to a different place from their place of birth and had resided in the new location for at least one year were considered as migrants. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure estimation and a capillary oral glucose tolerance test were performed. ResultsOf the 113,043 participants, 66.4% were non-migrant rural dwellers, 19.4% non-migrant urban dwellers, 8.4% rural-urban migrants, 3.8% multiple migrants and 2.0% urban-rural migrants. Weighted prevalence of diabetes was highest in rural-urban migrants followed by urban dwellers, urban-rural migrants and rural dwellers [14.7%, 13.2%, 12.7% and 7.7% respectively (p < 0.001)]. Rural-urban migrants had highest prevalence of abdominal obesity (50.5%) compared to the other three groups. The risk for diabetes was 1.9 times higher in rural-urban migrants than among rural dwellers. Five risk factors [hypertension, abdominal and generalized obesity, physical inactivity and low fruit and vegetable intake] together explained 69.8% (partial population attributable risk) of diabetes among rural-urban migrants and 66.4% among non-migrant urban dwellers. ConclusionsRural-to-urban migration is associated with increased risk of developing diabetes and other cardiometabolic abnormalities. Adoption of healthier lifestyle patterns among migrants could help prevent/delay onset of these abnormalities in this population.

The Effect of Internal Migration on the General and Reproductive Health Status of Women Migrating to Aydın Province

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Aydın İli’ne göç eden üreme çağındaki kadınların genel sağlık ile üreme sağlığı durumlarını ve etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma, analitik ve tanımlayıcı tipte olup verileri Aydın İli’nin Aile Sağlığı Merkezlerine başvuran 331 kadından “Göç Eden Kadınların Genel Sağlık ve Üreme Sağlığı Durumlarına İlişkin Anket Formu” ve “Genel Sağlık Anketi” kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Göçmen kadınların %71.3’ü göç etmekten çok memnun olduklarını ifade etmelerine rağmen, göç %14.5’inin ekonomik durumunu olumsuz etkilemiştir. Kadınların %26.9’unun genel sağlık durumu riskli bulunmuştur. Riskli kadınların, gebelik, abortus, küretaj ve ölü doğum sayı ortalamaları sağlıklı gruptan fazla olup, canlı doğum, yaşayan çocuk sayısı ve ilk gebe kalma yaş ortalamaları daha düşüktür. Riskli kadınların yaş ortalamaları sağlıklı gruba göre daha genç (U:8849.0, p&amp;lt;0.01) ve göç edilen yerde yaşama süreleri ise daha uzun bulunmuştur (U:9093.5, p&amp;lt;0.02). Kadınların isteyerek evlenme durumlarının genel sağlık durumlarını etkilediği saptanmıştır (X2=10.032; p&amp;lt;0.00). Sonuç: Genel sağlık durumu riskli çıkan kadınların obstetrik bulgularının daha kötü durumda olduğu ve bu bulguların göç edilen yerde yaşanılan sürenin artması ile doğru orantılı olarak kötüleştiği görülmüştür. Yaşanılan sağlık sorunları arasında menstrual siklus düzensizliği ve ruhsal bunalım gibi problemler yer almaktadır. Göçmen kadınlara; aile planlaması yöntemleri, gebelik ve genel sağlık taramaları konuları ile ilgili eğitimler verilmesi ve psikolojik destek sağlanması gerekmektedir.

Tracing international migration in projections of income and inequality across the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) represent five narratives of future development used for climate change research. They include quantified projections of socioeconomic variables such as population, income levels, inequalities, and emissions over the twenty-first century. The SSP’s population projections embody explicit, pathway-specific international migration assumptions, which are only implicit in the projections of other variables. In this contribution, we explicitly quantify the effects of international migration on income levels and income inequality across and within countries by comparing the original SSP projections to scenarios of zero migration. Income projections without migration are obtained by removing two effects of migration on income dynamics: changes in population size and remittances sent to origin countries. We base our remittance estimates on migrant stocks derived from bilateral migration flow estimates obtained from a gravity model. We find that, on average, migration tends to make the world richer in all SSP narratives. The nature of migration and remittance corridors is shaped by the specific scenario of future development considered. Depending on the particular SSP narrative and world region considered, the effects of migration on income can be substantial, ranging from −5 to +21% at the continental level. We show that migration tends to decrease income inequality across countries and within country in most destination countries but does not affect within-country inequality in origin countries. This new set of projections is consistent with the interdisciplinary framework of the SSPs, which makes it particularly useful for assessing global climate and sustainable development policy options.

A meta-analysis on the effects of internal migration on economic growth and convergence in the Indian states

This paper examines the trajectory of internal migration and its impact on growth leading to convergence in India. The analysis is based on secondary data sourced from the Reserve Bank of India, Census and Economic and Political Weekly Research Foundation. It captures the data for a period of 20 years (1991-2011). An initial review indicates internal migration in the form of intra-state migration is very high compare to inter-state migration. The analysis of convergence/divergence suggests dispersion among states has increased in the concerned period. Similarly, absolute β-convergence indicate that rich states are growing faster than poor states. However, when conditional convergence is tested by various variables, conditional convergence among states is evident. However, migration and literacy rate as important indicator not producing the expected results, as migration which is expected to be negatively correlated to economic growth, is positive. The coefficient of the initial level of per capita income is found to be statistically significant, implying conditional convergence across Indian states during 1991-2011. Further, policy makers need to consider migration, literacy rate, investment, and population growth as means to reduce economic disparities among states. Moreover, migration should be encouraged for economic growth and broader convergence.

Non-pecuniary Effects of Migration Inflows to Ecuador: Is Residents’ Life Satisfaction Affected?

The migration phenomenon has important implications in both the receiving and sending countries. Regarding developing countries, much less attention has been devoted to their role as receiving countries. This study focuses on Ecuador, a developing country whose migration inflows have significantly increased since its economy formally dollarized. The aim is to know how residents’ perceived life satisfaction is affected by international migration not only at an aggregated level but also at a disaggregated level (by gender, occupation, and nationality). To do so, a multiple-choice econometric model, a generalized ordinal logit, is estimated using pooled data from 2014 to 2015. Results evidence that the effect of international migration on life satisfaction is not linear: it depends on the individuals’ life satisfaction level. Moreover, results evidence that immigrants’ gender, nationality, and occupation matter when studying residents’ perceived life satisfaction. An increase in the share of male migrants is associated with low levels of life satisfaction of residents. While the increase of the share of some nationalities is associated with lower levels of life satisfaction, the increase of others is associated with higher or intermediate levels of life satisfaction. Interestingly, an increase in the share of working immigrants is not associated with low levels of life satisfaction of locals.

Mothers in a 'Strange Land': Migrant Women Farmers' Reproductive Health in the Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana.

As a coping strategy towards climate variability, smallholders from the Upper West Region (UWR) migrate to rural farming areas in the Brong-Ahafo Region (BAR) of Ghana in search of better livelihoods. Although previous migrations were seasonal and maledominated, recent migrations have become permanent and involve more women migrating. Despite these changing dynamics, little is known about the effects of internal migration on women's reproductive health in rural migration destinations. Using qualitative methods, we explored migrant women farmers' reproductive health experiences in BAR. Findings from our study reveal that migrant women face limited autonomy in family planning decisions, lack access to maternal and general health care services, and have limited social support in the migration destination. Our findings contribute to the migration literature and highlight the unique reproductive health challenges of agrarian migrant women in rural receiving societies of Ghana.

Migrant health penalty: evidence of higher mortality risk among internal migrants in sub-Saharan Africa

ABSTRACT Background: Despite the greater attention given to international migration, internal migration accounts for the majority of movements globally. However, research on the effects of internal migration on health is limited, with this relationship examined predominantly in urban settings among working-age adults, neglecting rural populations and younger and older ages. Objectives: Using longitudinal data from 29 mostly rural sub-Saharan African Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSS), this study aims to explore life-course differences in mortality according to migration status and duration of residence. MethodsCox proportional hazards models are employed to analyse the relationship between migration and mortality in the 29 HDSS areas. The analytical sample includes 3 836,173 people and the analysis spans 25 years, from 1990 to 2015. We examine the risk of death by sex across five broad age groups (from ages 1 to 80), and consider recent and past in- and return migrants. Results: In-migrants have a higher risk of mortality compared to permanent rural residents, with return migrants at greater risk than in-migrants across all age-groups. Female migrants have lower survival chances than males, with greater variability by age. Risk of dying is highest among recent return migrant females aged 30–59: 1.86 (95% CI 1.69–2.06) times that of permanent residents. Only among males aged 15–29 who move to urban areas is there evidence of a ‘healthy migrant’ effect (HR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.51–0.77). There is clear evidence of an adaptation effect across all ages, with the risk of mortality reducing with duration following migration. Conclusions: Findings suggest that adult internal migrants, particularly females, suffer greater health disadvantages associated with migration. Policy makers should focus on improving migrant’s interface with health services, and support the development of health education and promotion interventions to create awareness of localised health risks for migrants.