Effect Of Inorganic Salts Research Articles

Effects of salting-out and salting-out extraction on the separation of butyric acid

Abstract The effects of salting-out and salting-out extraction on the separation of butyric acid from the simulated solution were investigated. Ammonium sulfate, monosodium phosphate and calcium chloride were screened out and showed outstanding salting-out ability under acidic conditions, resulting in a butyric acid-rich top phase with a concentration multiple of 6.5–18.7 and an increased selectivity of butyric acid to acetic acid from 4 to 13.8–50.0. However, the salting-out effect of inorganic salt decreased with the acid concentration, indicating that this method was not effective for separation of butyric acid at low concentration. In contrast, salting-out extraction system composed of monosodium phosphate and ethanol exhibited excellent extraction efficiency for both butyric acid (∼99%) and acetic acid (∼90%). The partition coefficient and recovery yield of butyric acid increased with the acid concentration and system composition, while decreased with the hydrophobicity of extractant. Finally, two-step salting-out and salting-out extraction was employed, as a result, the total recovery yield of butyric acid and acetic acid were 99.4–99.5% and 88.5–88.9%, respectively.

Synthesis, aggregation behavior of novel cationic silicone surfactants in aqueous solution and their application in metal extraction

Abstract Two cationic silicone surfactants, 3-[tri-(trimethylsiloxy)]silylpropylpyridinium chloride (Si 4 pyrCl) and N -methyl-3-[tri-(trimethylsiloxy)]silylpropylpiperidinium chloride (Si 4 pipCl), were synthesized. Their aggregation behavior in aqueous solution was investigated through analyses of surface tension, electrical conductivity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Surface-tension measurements showed that the two cationic silicone surfactants decreased the surface tension of water to almost 20 mN m − 1 . This result indicated the surfactants' remarkable surface activity. The effects of inorganic salts, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide and sodium sulfate, on the aggregation behavior of Si 4 pyrCl and Si 4 pipCl were systematically explored. Results showed that the aggregation of Si 4 pyrCl and Si 4 pipCl was promoted by the addition of salts and that aggregation ability followed the order of NaI > NaBr > Na 2 SO 4 > NaCl. Thermodynamic parameters obtained from electrical-conductivity measurements indicated that the micellization of Si 4 pyrCl and Si 4 pipCl was entropy driven. Spherical aggregates with diameters ranging from 200 nm to 600 nm were observed by TEM, and the aggregates' diameter distribution was obtained by DLS. The extraction behavior on several metal ions (Co (II), Mn (II), Fe (III), Ni (II), Cu (II), Al (III), Sn (IV), Zn (II), Ce (III), Li (I), Mg (II), Au (III), and Pd (II)) in chloroform by the surfactants in chloroform was studied for the first time. Results showed that Si 4 pipCl and Si 4 pyrCl had good extraction ability for Au (III) and Pd (II).

Effect of Inorganic Salts on the Thermotolerance and Probiotic Properties of Lactobacilli Isolated from Curdled Milk Traditionally Produced in Mezam Division, Cameroon

The industrial production of most food and probiotic products often requires processing involving high temperatures and physiological stress causing loss of viability of probiotic microbial strains. The viability and stability of probiotic strains is a key determinant of their efficacy during administration in human and animal. Thermotolerance is actually a very important feature for probiotic undergoing industrial processing. This paper aimed at assessing the effect of some mineral salts on the thermotolerance and the probiotic properties of lactobacilli isolated from curded milk produced in Mezam Division, Cameroon. Lactobacilli were isolated by pour plate method on de Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar. Lactobacilli were selected based on their ability to suppress in-vitro and in-vivo food borne pathogenic bacteria; Salmonella enterica serovar Enteridis and Esherichia coli. Inhibitory activities against these food borne pathogens were performed by disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. In-vivo inhibition of Salmonella was achieved using oral administration by gavage of (1.0 × 109 CFU/ml) of selected probiotic strain suspended in sterile water. Thermotolerance was assessed by measuring the survival rate of the strain after heating at various temperatures in the presence and absence of mineral salts. Resistance to bile was determined by measuring the survival rate of probiotics after incubation in the presence of oxgallbille and mineral salts. Two catalase negatives isolates were selected based on their capacity to exhibit inhibitory activities in-vitro and in-vivo against food borne pathogens. They were identified as strain of Lactobacillus casei (LS3) and Lactobacillus plantarum (LM4). These strains exhibited significant reduction (P Salmonella count in caeca swabs of infected chick model. The calcium and magnesium salts increased significantly (P < 0.05) the thermo-tolerance and resistance to bile of probiotic strains studied. These results suggested that calcium and magnesium could be used to monitor the viability of probiotic strains in probiotic products.

Effect of inorganic salts on bacterial omega-3 PUFA production

ABSTRACTThe increasing demand of omega-3 in the market and the challenges facing its conventional supplies led to an increasing interest to microbial omega-3 sources. This research concentrates on the statistical role of some metal ions on the biosynthesis and productivity of eicosapentaenoic acid (essential omega-3 element) in bacterial isolate, Shewanella 717. A Plackett–Burman design was applied to screen the main effect of all metal salts entrenched in the artificial sea water medium components. Four salts, in particular, in addition to the interaction among them were highlighted as having a statistically significant effect upon the growth and/or eicosapentaenoic acid production. A subsequent central composite design was performed to determine the exact optimum concentration of each of the chosen variables which was found to be 2.5, 1.8, 1.2, and 23 g/l, for Na2HPO4, MgSO4, KCl, and NaCl, respectively. All the experiments were performed with the minimal amount of carbon and nitrogen to eliminate any potential masking effect. A bioreactor batch run was operated and the ion uptake was monitored, using EDAX® electron microscopy, concluding that the process of microbial omega-3 production could be a phosphate-limited process. Optimizing the concentration of the tested metal ions led to a remarkable increase in the omega-3 productivity resulted in a 30, 9, and 10 times increase in yield, concentration, and percentage to the total fatty acids, respectively, even though the carbon and nitrogen were kept constant all over the research work.

Aggregation behavior of aqueous cellulose nanocrystals: the effect of inorganic salts

Natural anisotropic building-blocks such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted considerable attention due to their biodegradability and nanometer-size. In this work the colloidal behavior of CNCs, obtained from sulfuric acid hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose, has been studied in presence of salts of different valences. The influence on the colloidal stability and nature of aggregates has been investigated for monovalent salts (LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CsCl), divalent salts (CaCl2 and MgCl2), and a trivalent salt (AlCl3), both experimentally by means of turbidity and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements, as well as by Monte Carlo simulations using a simple coarse-grained model. For the entire salt series, a critical aggregation concentration (CAC) could be determined by turbidity measurements, as a result of the reduction of effective Coulomb repulsions due to the presence of sulfate groups on the CNC surface. The CACs also followed the Schulze–Hardy law, i.e. the critical aggregation concentration decreased with increasing counterion valence. For the monovalent ions, the CACs followed the trend Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Cs+, which could be rationalized in terms of matching affinities between the cation and the sulfate groups present at the surface of CNCs. From the SAXS measurements it was shown that the density of the aggregates increased with increasing salt concentration and ion valence. In addition, these findings were rationalized by means of simulation, which showed a good correlation with experimental data. The combination of the experimental techniques and the simulations offered insight into interaction-aggregation relationship of CNC suspensions, which is of importance for their structural design applications.

Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Branched Polyether Surfactant

AbstractA novel branched polyether surfactant (TPE) was prepared by anion polymerization with different proportions of propylene oxide (PO) and ethylene oxide (EO) using 1,1,2,2‐tetrakis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethane as a core. The structures and average molecular weight (Mn) of the TPE were characterized by 1H NMR and GPC. The cloud point was determined by turbidimetry in the presence of inorganic salts. Inorganic salts decreased the cloud point of TPE polyether in the following order: Na2CO3 &gt; Na2SO4 &gt; NaCl &gt; CaCl2 &gt; MgCl2. The effects of inorganic salts (NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, and NaSCN) and temperature on the surface activity of TPE in aqueous solution were investigated by surface tension measurements. The surface activity parameters and the thermodynamic parameters were calculated from surface tension data. Similar to the effect of increasing temperature, the salting‐out inorganic salts such as NaCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 favor the micellization and increase the maximum surface excess concentration, while the salting‐in NaSCN has the opposite effect. The influence of NaCl on the morphology of micelles was investigated by TEM. The micellization is entropy‐driven at low temperature and enthalpy‐driven at higher temperature. The TPE polyether has large surface activity and can be used as a demulsifier to break up crude oil emulsions.

Significant Enhancement in the Thermoelectric Properties of PEDOT:PSS Films through a Treatment with Organic Solutions of Inorganic Salts.

PSS) films through a treatment with organic solutions of inorganic salts. N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) and a common inorganic salt like zinc chloride (ZnCl2) are used as the solvent and solute of the solutions, respectively. The treatments can significantly increase both the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of the PSS films. The thermoelectric properties of the PSS films are sensitive to the experimental conditions, such as the salt concentration, treatment temperature, and the cation of the salts. After treatment at the optimal experimental conditions, the PSS films can exhibit a Seebeck coefficient of 26.1 μV/K and an electrical conductivity of over 1400 S/cm at room temperature. The corresponding power factor is 98.2 μW/(m·K(2)). The mechanism for the enhancement in the thermoelectric properties is attributed to the segregation of some PSSH chains from PSS and the conformation change of PEDOT chains as a result of the synergetic effects of inorganic salts and DMF.

Does a voltage-sensitive outer envelope transport mechanism contributes to the chloroplast iron uptake?

Based on the effects of inorganic salts on chloroplast Fe uptake, the presence of a voltage-dependent step is proposed to play a role in Fe uptake through the outer envelope. Although iron (Fe) plays a crucial role in chloroplast physiology, only few pieces of information are available on the mechanisms of chloroplast Fe acquisition. Here, the effect of inorganic salts on the Fe uptake of intact chloroplasts was tested, assessing Fe and transition metal uptake using bathophenantroline-based spectrophotometric detection and plasma emission-coupled mass spectrometry, respectively. The microenvironment of Fe was studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Transition metal cations (Cd2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+) enhanced, whereas oxoanions (NO3-, SO42-, and BO33-) reduced the chloroplast Fe uptake. The effect was insensitive to diuron (DCMU), an inhibitor of chloroplast inner envelope-associated Fe uptake. The inorganic salts affected neither Fe forms in the uptake assay buffer nor those incorporated into the chloroplasts. The significantly lower Zn and Mn uptake compared to that of Fe indicates that different mechanisms/transporters are involved in their acquisition. The enhancing effect of transition metals on chloroplast Fe uptake is likely related to outer envelope-associated processes, since divalent metal cations are known to inhibit Fe2+ transport across the inner envelope. Thus, a voltage-dependent step is proposed to play a role in Fe uptake through the chloroplast outer envelope on the basis of the contrasting effects of transition metal cations and oxoaninons.

Effect of Inorganic Salts on the Aggregation Behavior of AOT at the Air/Water Interface

AbstractThe aggregation behavior of sodium bis‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐sulfosuccinate (AOT) at the air/water interface in the absence and presence of inorganic salts was investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. Both monovalent and divalent ions were studied, such as LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2. It has been proved that these inorganic ions have great influence on the structure of the AOT monolayer and water molecules around its headgroup. In the presence of inorganic salts, AOT molecules are relatively ordered at the interface and water around the headgroups of AOT shows a lower diffusion coefficient compared with the situation without inorganic salts. All the counterions are prone to move toward the headgroups and locate at the interface. Divalent ions have a strong interaction with AOT, thus they affect the aggregation behavior of AOT remarkably.

Effects of inorganic salts on the structural and physicochemical properties of high-hydrostatic-pressure-gelatinized sweet potato starch

Effects of inorganic salts on the structural and physicochemical properties of high-hydrostatic-pressure-gelatinized sweet potato starch

Effects of inorganic salts on denitrifying granular sludge: The acute toxicity and working mechanisms

It is highly significant to investigate the toxicity of inorganic salts to denitrifying granular sludge (DGS) and its mechanism since the application of high-rate denitrification is seriously limited in the treatment of saline nitrogen-rich wastewaters. The batch experiments showed that the IC50 (half inhibition concentration) and LC50 (half lethal concentration) of NaCl, Na2SO4 and Na3PO4 on DGS were 11.46, 21.72, 7.46g/L and 77.35, 100.58, 67.92g/L respectively. Based on the analysis of specific denitrifying activity, the live cell percentage, the cell structure, and the DNA leakage, the toxicity of low salinity was ascribed to the inhibition of denitrifying activity and the toxicity of high salinity was ascribed to both the inhibition of denitrifying activity and the lethality of denitrifying cell.

Effect of inorganic salts and glucose additives on dose–response, melting point and mass density of genipin gel dosimeters

Genipin gel dosimeters are hydrogels infused with a radiation-sensitive material which yield dosimetric information in three dimensions (3D). The effect of inorganic salts and glucose on the visible absorption dose–response, melting points and mass density of genipin gel dosimeters has been experimentally evaluated using 6-MV LINAC photons. As a result, the addition of glucose with optimum concentration of 10% (w/w) was found to improve the thermal stability of the genipin gel and increase its melting point (Tm) by 6 °C accompanied by a slight decrease of dose–response. Furthermore, glucose helps to adjust the gel mass density to obtain the desired tissue-equivalent properties. A drop of Tm was observed when salts were used as additives. As the salt concentration increased, gel Tm decreased. The mass density and melting point of the genipin gel could be adjusted using different amounts of glucose that improved the genipin gel suitability for 3D dose measurements without introducing additional toxicity to the final gel.

The deleterious effect of inorganic salts on hydrocarbon yields from catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and its mitigation

Abstract The effect of alkali and alkali earth metals (AAEMs) on yields of hydrocarbons from catalytic pyrolysis of biomass was investigated. Experiments were performed in a tandem micro-reactor that segregates the biomass from the zeolite catalyst ( ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis). It was found that even trace amounts of AAEMs added to cellulose as acetate salts dramatically reduced the yields of hydrocarbons. Both the concentration and types of AAEM salts impacted product distribution. The yield of aromatics and olefins decreased monotonically with increasing concentration of AAEMs. The effect of AAEMs on reducing hydrocarbon yields followed the order: K + > Na + > Ca 2+ > Mg 2+ . Two pretreatments of biomass were investigated to alleviate the catalytic effects of AAEMs that naturally occurs in biomass: acid-washing and acid-infusion. It was found that pretreated biomass increased yields of hydrocarbons apparently by suppressing reactions that would otherwise convert carbohydrate to non-condensable gases and char.

Effect of Inorganic Salt in the Culture on Microbial Fuel Cells Performance

Effect of Inorganic Salt in the Culture on Microbial Fuel Cells Performance

Effects of inorganic salts on the degradation of 2,5-dihydroxy-[1,4]-benzoquinone as a key chromophore in pulps by hydrogen peroxide under basic conditions

Abstract 2,5-Dihydroxy-[1,4]-benzoquinone (DHBQ) is one of the key chromophores in cellulosics. Due to its special resonance stabilization, it is a prime survivor of bleaching treatments and its degradation is essential in pulp bleaching. The clarification of the degradation mechanism of this compound is indispensable for targeting improvements of pulp bleaching processes. Previous studies revealed that DHBQ degradation by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is influenced by salts. This study addresses the effects of alkaline metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, and Al2(SO4)3 on the degradation of DHBQ under simulated conditions of pulp bleaching in a peroxide stage. The degradation by excess H2O2 followed first-order kinetics in the presence of alkaline metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts, which enhanced and retarded the reaction, respectively. Kinetic studies and theoretical computations provided detailed mechanistic insights: Li+, Na+, and K+ stabilize several reaction intermediates by complex formation, causing the enhancement of the degradation, whereas Mg2+ and Ca2+ coordinate and stabilize the reactant, resulting in the observed retardation. Al2(SO4)3 exhibited a strong enhancing effect, but the degradation followed second-order kinetics with regard to DHBQ, suggesting a fundamentally different degradation mechanism.

Ozonation of Acid Red 14 in the Presence of Inorganic Salts in a Microporous Tube-in-Tube Microchannel Reactor

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of inorganic salts on the mass-transfer coefficient of O3 and decolorization of azo dye (Acid Red 14, AR14) solution through ozonation in a microporous tube-in-tube microchannel reactor (MTMCR). The overall volumetric mass-transfer coefficient (KGa) of O3 in the MTMCR was deduced by material balance. The effects of different salts on the KGa of O3 and decolorization efficiency of the AR14 solution were studied, and results show that both were significantly affected by the inorganic salts. Although the KGa of O3 and the decolorization efficiency of AR14 increased with increasing salt concentration and pH, the effect of NaNO3 was much weaker than that of NaCl, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and NaHCO3. The enhanced KGa of O3 and decolorization could be due to the generation of species with high oxidizing ability in the presence of the salts.

Effect of inorganic salts on the volatility of organic acids.

Particulate phase reactions between organic and inorganic compounds may significantly alter aerosol chemical properties, for example, by suppressing particle volatility. Here, chemical processing upon drying of aerosols comprised of organic (acetic, oxalic, succinic, or citric) acid/monovalent inorganic salt mixtures was assessed by measuring the evaporation of the organic acid molecules from the mixture using a novel approach combining a chemical ionization mass spectrometer coupled with a heated flow tube inlet (TPD-CIMS) with kinetic model calculations. For reference, the volatility, i.e. saturation vapor pressure and vaporization enthalpy, of the pure succinic and oxalic acids was also determined and found to be in agreement with previous literature. Comparison between the kinetic model and experimental data suggests significant particle phase processing forming low-volatility material such as organic salts. The results were similar for both ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride mixtures, and relatively more processing was observed with low initial aerosol organic molar fractions. The magnitude of low-volatility organic material formation at an atmospherically relevant pH range indicates that the observed phenomenon is not only significant in laboratory conditions but is also of direct atmospheric relevance.

Effect of salts on formation and stability of vitamin E-enriched mini-emulsions produced by spontaneous emulsification.

Emulsion-based delivery systems are being utilized to incorporate lipophilic bioactive components into various food, personal care, and pharmaceutical products. This study examined the influence of inorganic salts (NaCl and CaCl2) on the formation, stability, and properties of vitamin E-enriched emulsions prepared by spontaneous emulsification. These emulsions were simply formed by titration of a mixture of vitamin E acetate (VE), carrier oil (MCT), and nonionic surfactant (Tween 80) into an aqueous salt solution with continuous stirring. Salt type and concentration (0-1 N NaCl or 0-0.5 N CaCl2) did not have a significant influence on the initial droplet size of the emulsions. On the other hand, the isothermal and thermal stabilities of the emulsions depended strongly on salt levels. The cloud point of the emulsions decreased with increasing salt concentration, which was attributed to accelerated droplet coalescence in the presence of salts. Dilution (2-6 times) of the emulsions with water appreciably improved their thermal stability by increasing their cloud point, which was mainly attributed to the decrease in aqueous phase salt levels. The isothermal storage stability of the emulsions also depended on salt concentration; however, increasing the salt concentration decreased the rate of droplet growth, which was the opposite of its effect on thermal stability. Potential physicochemical mechanisms for these effects are discussed in terms of the influence of salt ions on van der Waals and electrostatic interactions. This study provides important information about the effect of inorganic salts on the formation and stability of vitamin E emulsions suitable for use in food, personal care, and pharmaceutical products.

Effects of inorganic salts on absorption of CO2 and O2 for absorbents containing diethylenetriamine and piperazine

In this study, inorganic salts potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), lithium chloride (LiCl), or lithium bromide (LiBr) were added, respectively, at 1.5m (molality) into an absorbent containing 15wt% diethylenetriamine (DETA) and 15wt% piperazine (PZ) to capture CO2 from a gas stream containing 10% CO2 in a rotating packed bed (RPB). The experimental results revealed that although the CO2 capture efficiency of each absorbent decreased upon adding the inorganic salt, the CO2 capture efficiency of the absorbent containing KCl was only slightly lower than that of the absorbent in the absence of any inorganic salt. And the height of the transfer unit in the RPB was much lower than that in a packed bed. In addition, the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the absorbent containing KCl was significantly lower than that of the absorbent in the absence of any inorganic salt. A central composite design was applied not only to analyze the effects of the gas flow rate, temperature, and KCl concentration on the CO2 capture efficiency and DO in the absorbent but also to optimize the process to ensure high CO2 capture efficiency and low DO in the absorbent.

Synergistic effects of inorganic salt and surfactant on phenanthrene removal from aqueous solution by sediment.

The economic and effective application of surfactant enhanced remediation (SER) technology in a sediment-freshwater/saline water system was investigated by batch method using the combined effects of inorganic salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) and anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS)) on phenanthrene (PHE) removal via sorption by sediment. In all cases, PHE sorption followed a linear equation and partition as the main mechanism for PHE removal from aqueous solution. Separate addition of SDBS (2 mmol L(-1)) and NaCl (2-100 mmol L(-1)) moderately enhanced PHE removal, while with their combined addition the enhancement was substantial, and the removal efficiency achieved a peak of 92.8%. The combined effect expressed a synergy, and the sorption enhancement increased by factors of 2.7, 3.2 and 3.4 when compared with the sum of the separate entities at elevated salinity. This was because the sorbed SDBS, with increasing amount and a high packing conformation at elevated salinity, outcompeted aqueous SDBS for PHE partition. Moreover, a combination of 2 mmol L(-1) SDBS and 2 mmol L(-1) NaCl was optimal for PHE removal. Therefore, SER technology appears more effective for PHE removal in saline water than in freshwater, and preliminary water quality monitoring is essential for economic and efficient SER application.