Effect Of Induction Heating Research Articles

Effect of non-contact induction heating on HA coatings and bone cement, an ex vivo study

Background Prosthetic joint infection is a serious complication that can arise after total joint replacement surgery. When bacteria colonise an orthopaedic implant, they form biofilms that protect them from their environment, making them difficult to remove. Treatment is further complicated by a global rise of antimicrobial resistance. These protective mechanisms make treatment of prosthetic joint infection increasingly complex. Non-contact induction heating is an upcoming technology that uses heat to eradicate bacteria that are present on the surface of metallic implants. This study aims to provide insight into the feasibility of using non-contact induction heating on metallic implants that are in direct contact with other biomaterials, such as coatings composed of hydroxyapatite and bone cement composed of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Methods Characterisation of hydroxyapatite coatings and adhesion strength tests were conducted according to standards set by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO 13779-2). The fixation strength of acrylic bone cement was tested according to an adapted method from ISO. Results It was found that non-contact induction heating did not significantly affect the adhesion strength of hydroxyapatite coatings. In contrast to hydroxyapatite coatings, acrylic bone cement softened temporarily as the temperature exceeded the glass transition temperature (83.38 ± 10.88°C). However, the induction heating temperature had no significant effect on the fixation strength after the cement was allowed to cool down. Conclusion This study shows the feasibility of using non-contact induction heating up to 80°C when bone cement or ceramic coatings are present in contact with infected metallic implants.

Investigating the Effects of Induction Heating on a Submerged Hollow Cylindrical Element

ABSTRACTThis article proposes an induction heating element that addresses heat transfer and thermal homogenization while being fully submerged in a liquid, specifically focusing on heating of water as a case study. The design calculations, fabrication, and realization of a resonant induction heating system that heats the proposed heating element are presented. The geometric shape of proposed heating element is a hollow cylinder that maintains structural strength while delivering required thermal energy because of an external time‐varying magnetic field. Detailed mathematical modeling of the proposed heating element's equivalent electric circuit has been presented while considering physical parameters including diameter, thickness, height, material properties, magnetic field frequency, and skin effect. A laboratory scale prototype of the induction heating system including the proposed heating element has been built, and experiments have been demonstrated. The experimental results of the working induction heating resonant inverter and RLC resonant circuit inductance and capacitance with induction load are presented. Additionally, the results of thermographic images and temperature–time profile of the water sample, which was heated using the proposed heating element, are provided to demonstrate the heating element's reliability and practicality. This research contributes to the field of induction heating technology by investigating a heating element that is submerged in a liquid medium, resulting in a uniform temperature distribution throughout the liquid. The conventional method of heating water in a stainless steel cup‐shaped container is an inefficient heat transfer process. In stainless steel cup‐shaped containers, a portion of the energy input used to boil the water is lost to the environment through the surface area of the container that is not in direct contact with the water. This heat loss occurs due to the container's design, which exposes a large surface area to the surrounding environment, allowing thermal energy to dissipate through conduction, convection, and radiation.

Research on performance of porous scaffold-based getter activated by induction heating and its application in MEMS device

Non-evaporable getter (NEG) is widely used in vacuum packaging. However, there are two main contradictions. Firstly, the contradiction between bonding temperature of the device and activation temperature of the getter results in the getter being activated first and then packaged, and cannot be repeatedly activated, which seriously reduces the adsorption capacity and life of the getter. Secondly, the contradiction between the small package volume and the large adsorption capacity, how to integrate large adsorption capacity getter in a small space is a tricky problem. In view of the above contradictions, a porous scaffold-based getter activated by induction heating was proposed in this paper, results show that when nickel plating is used as the induction heating layer, the temperature can quickly rise to 700 °C within 10 s, and 1 μm Ti getter can be fully activated for 7 min. The good periodicity of the temperature curves proved that the nickel layer has good repeatable heating characteristics. In addition, the adsorption performance of the getter was tested and characterized at device level. The device level characterization of optical deflection method proves the effectiveness of induction heating to activate getter, which lays a foundation for the application of getter on MEMS devices.

Research on the Relative Placement Angle of the Induction Heater and the Channel in a Four-Channel Induction-Heating Tundish.

In order to optimize the application effect of induction heating (IH) tundishes, a four-channel IH tundish is taken as the research object. Based on numerical simulation methods, the influence of different relative placement angles of induction heaters and channels on the electromagnetic field, flow field and temperature field of the tundish is investigated. We focus on comparing the magnetic flux density (B) and electromagnetic force (EMF) distribution of the channel. The results show that regardless of the relative placement angle between the heater and the channel, the distribution of B in the central circular cross-section of the channel is eccentric. When the heater rotates around channel 1 towards the bottom of the tundish, the distribution of B in the central circular cross-section of the channel changes from a horizontal eccentricity to a vertical one. Through the analysis of the B contour in the longitudinal section of the channel, the difference in effective magnetic flux density area (ΔAB) between the upper and lower parts of the channel can be obtained, thereby quantitatively analyzing the distribution of B in this section. The distribution pattern of ΔAB is consistent with the distribution pattern of the electromagnetic force in the vertical direction (FZ) of the channel centerline. The ΔAB and FZ of channel 1 gradually increase as the heater rotates downwards, while those of channel 2 reach their maximum value at a rotation angle of 60°. Compared to the conventional placement, when the heater rotation angle is 60°, the outlet flow velocities at channel 1 and channel 2 decrease by 15% and 12%, respectively. However, the outlet temperature at channel 2 increases by 1.96 K, and the molten steel flow at the outlet of channel 1 and channel 2 no longer exhibits significant downward flow. This shows that when the heater rotation angle is 60°, it has a dual advantage. On the one hand, it is helpful to reduce the erosion of the molten steel on the channel and the bottom of the discharging chamber, and on the other hand, it can more effectively exert the heating effect of the induction heater on the molten steel in the channel. This presents a new approach to enhance the application effectiveness of IH tundish.

Effect of non-contact induction heating on HA coatings and bone cement, an ex vivo study

Background Prosthetic joint infection is a serious complication that can arise after total joint replacement surgery. When bacteria colonise an orthopaedic implant, they form biofilms that protect them from their environment, making them difficult to remove. Treatment is further complicated by a global rise of antimicrobial resistance. These protective mechanisms make treatment of prosthetic joint infection increasingly complex. Non-contact induction heating is an upcoming technology that uses heat to eradicate bacteria that are present on the surface of metallic implants. This study aims to provide insight into the feasibility of using non-contact induction heating on metallic implants that are in direct contact with other biomaterials, such as coatings composed of hydroxyapatite and bone cement composed of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Methods Characterisation of hydroxyapatite coatings and adhesion strength tests were conducted according to standards set by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO 13779-2). The fixation strength of acrylic bone cement was tested according to an adapted method from ISO. Results It was found that non-contact induction heating did not significantly affect the adhesion strength of hydroxyapatite coatings (p=0.697). In contrast to hydroxyapatite coatings, acrylic bone cement softened temporarily as the temperature exceeded the glass transition temperature (83.38 ± 10.88°C). However, the induction heating temperature had no significant effect on the fixation strength after the cement was allowed to cool down (p=0.535). Conclusion This study shows the feasibility of using non-contact induction heating up to 80°C when bone cement or ceramic coatings are present in contact with infected metallic implants.

Effect of Induction Heating on Surface Properties of Hot-Pressed Ceramics Based on Nanopowders Si3N4 and TiN

The effect of induction heating on the surface properties of hot-pressed ceramics based on plasma chemical nanopowders Si3N4 and TiN (additives: Al2O3, AlN, and Y2O3) has been studied. The research demonstrates the formation of a modified layer on the surface of the hot-pressed material. The study examines the porosity, hardness, fracture toughness, brittleness, distribution of elements, and wear of hot-pressed ceramics on the surface before and after additional grinding. Removal of the surface porous layer results in increased density and hardness, leading to a higher number of acoustic emission signals during scratching with a Vickers indenter. A different response to scratching indicates a transgranular or intergranular fracture of the structure. The presence of porosity and carbon contamination on the surface layer of materials negatively impacts the properties of TiN-reinforced ceramics based on Si3N4-Al2O3-AlN (SIALON). However, the addition of Y2O3 effectively prevents carbon penetration and reduces the effect of grinding. Additionally, the dark-colored tone observed on the outer volume of the samples suggests a non-thermal microwave effect of the induction furnace.

Catalytic Sabatier Process under Thermally and Magnetically Induced Heating: A Comparative Case Study for Titania-Supported Nickel Catalyst.

In the present paper, we compare the activity, selectivity, and stability of a supported nickel catalyst in classical heating conditions and in magnetically activated catalysis by using iron wool as a heating agent. The catalyst, 5 wt% Ni supported on titania (Degussa P25), was prepared via an organometallic decomposition method and was thoroughly characterized by using elemental, microscopic, and diffraction techniques. In the event of magnetic induction heating, the % CO2 conversion reached a maximum of ~85% compared to ~78% for thermal conditions at a slightly lower temperature (~335 °C) than the thermal heating (380 °C). More importantly, both processes were found to be stable for 45 h on stream. Moreover, the effects of magnetic induction and classical heating over the catalyst evolution were discussed. This study demonstrated the potential of magnetic heating-mediated methanation, which is currently under investigation for the development of pilot-scale reactors.

Effect of synchronous induction heating on residual stress for laser-based directed energy deposition of thin-walled structures

To reduce the high residual stress during directed energy deposition (DED), induction heating is always integrated. However, traditional pre-heating method has limits to applied in some important fields like repairing and hybrid manufacturing. Synchronous induction-assisted laser deposition (SILD) is a new technology, which have great potential to in-situ control the thermal stress flexibly. Nevertheless, the complex dynamic deposition process resulting from two heat sources complicates the understanding of the underlying mechanism for the generation of residual stress in SILD. This study established a 3D finite-element model based on the indirect coupling thermo-mechanical method to investigate the stress behavior during SILD. The experimental and simulation results were in good agreement and confirmed that the integration of synchronous induction heating significantly reduced the thermal stress during the deposition process, but increased the temperature gradient and thus thermal stress in the cool-down phase. The residual stress of the finished SILD-fabricated part is determined by these two competing mechanisms. As a result, the distribution of residual stress is counterintuitive. Although the maximum residual stress is reduced, residual stress in some part increased with the integration of synchronous induction heating. This study will provide new insight for the in-situ reduction of residual stress in DED.

Study of the Synergistic Effect of Induction Heating Parameters on Heating Efficiency Using Taguchi Method and Response Surface Method

This work designed an intercalation internal induction heating coil in a mold and drew a plate-type steel for the heating mold (size: 300 mm × 200 mm × 40 mm). First, to explore the influence rule of special-shaped coils on induction heating effects, the temperature rise curve on the mold surface was simulated at different heating depths, currents, and frequencies. Next, the extent to which these three factors affect the maximum mean temperature and temperature uniformity was discussed using the Taguchi method and the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results show that heating depth and current are important factors influencing the target results, while frequency only has a small impact. The maximum mean temperature reaches its peak level when the heating depth, current, and frequency are at the respective values of 5 mm, 1200 A, and 40 KHz and the optimal temperature uniformity can be achieved when these values are 7 mm, 800 A, and 20 KHz, respectively. Finally, the synergistic effect of different factors on target results was analyzed using the response surface method (RSM).

INVESTIGATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN THE ZONE OF THE WELDED SEAM OF RAILS OF THE R65 TYPE OF THE DT350 CATEGORY

Rails are the most important element of the superstructure of the railway track. To increase the smoothness of the ride, reduce dynamic loads at the junctions of the rails, contact welding of rails in a whip in stationary conditions and aluminothermic welding directly on the way are becoming more common. Despite the improvement in the quality of the joints, the zone of welded joints, due to a change in the structure due to the physical processes of welding and heat treatment, is still a place with lower mechanical characteristics compared to the metal of solid- rolled rails. The development of defects in welded butt joints is one of the main reasons for removing rails from service. An important component of ensuring the quality of rails and welded joints is the formation of a favorable diagram of residual stresses. In order to assess the effect of induction heating and hardening, a study was made of the distribution of residual stresses before and after heat treatment of the welded joint, full-profile samples of R65 type rails of the DT350 category of steel grade E76HF, the current production of EVRAZ ZSMK JSC. It has been established that compressive residual stresses predominate in the rail head both before and after heat treatment,heating reduces the overall stress level to the level of 210–264MPa, the maximum compressive stress level equal to 586 MPa is fixed at joint No. 224, after hardening heat treatment. Tensile stresses predominate in the neck of the rail, a sharp increase in stresses after hardening heat treatment was noted, the stress level increased more than three times, from 68 MPa to 254 MPa. After heating the welded joint, a slight decrease in residual stresses in this area is observed. Compressive stresses are recorded in the rail sole, with identical diagram, regardless of heat treatment. A minimum of stress is fixed in the center of the sole, with a subsequent increase towards the edge of the feather. The greatest difference was recorded after hardening heat treatment, from 57MPa to 537MPa, respectively.

TiCp reinforced Ti6Al4V of follow-up synchronous electromagnetic induction-laser hybrid directed energy deposition: Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties

In this work, the follow-up synchronous electromagnetic induction-laser hybrid directed energy deposition (FEMI-DED) was proposed to prepare 10 wt% TiC p reinforced Ti6Al4V. Compared with DED, microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC p reinforced Ti6Al4V were improved by the Joule heat and Lorentz force of the electromagnetic field in FEMI-DED. Moreover, the effectiveness of surface induction heating in front and back of the molten pool was elucidated. The results show that in DED and FEMI-DED, primary TiC and eutectic TiC were both reinforced phase, and the primary TiC had the semi-coherent interface with α-Ti. In the DED, the primary TiC were coarse dendrite. The tensile strength and elongation were 893 ± 4.1 MPa and 0.70 ± 0.04 %, and the premature cracking of dendritic TiC was found by fracture analysis. But in the FEMI-DED, the quantity of refined dendritic primary TiC was decreased by ~26.2 %, and lots of granular TiC with the size of ~1.45 µm appeared. This is because the Joule heat reduced temperature gradient and increased growth rate, then the nucleation of granular TiC was promoted. Meanwhile, the Lorentz force increased dendrite fragmentation. By load-bearing strengthening of granular TiC, the tensile strength increased to 960 ± 11.5 MPa with the elongation of 0.73 ± 0.04 %.

Development of rails of a new category for use in particularly harsh operating conditions

Introduction. In the conditions of an annual increase in load stress on the roads of the Eastern Polygon, an effective technical solution to the problem of an increased number of rolling stock derailments due to rail breakage is the creation of rails for cold climate conditions with increased hardness to increase wear resistance and contact endurance with simultaneously high values of impact strength. Such a set of properties can be achieved by using separate heating for quenching and cooling with a quenching medium with a high cooling capacity. Rails manufactured using this technology will belong to a new category. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to create a new category of rails for their use in particularly harsh operating conditions.Materials and methods. In this paper the effect of separate induction heating before differentiated quenching with compressed air of controlled humidity on the microstructure and mechanical properties (hardness, mechanical properties during tensile and impact tests, endurance limit, cyclic crack resistance) of rails of type R65 was investigated.The results of the study. A comparative analysis of the results obtained with similar indicators for rails of the DT350, DT350NN and DT370IK categories according to GOST R 51685-2013 was carried out. Studies of the chemical composition, mechanical properties, hardness on the rolling surface of the rail head and cross-section, as well as the microstructure of the rails of the experimental batch showed compliance with the requirements of GOST R 51685-2013 for rails of categories DT350, DT370IK, DT350NN.Discussion and conclusion. It is shown that as a result of the application of differentiated thermal hardening of the rail using compressed air of controlled humidity as a quenching medium, a new category of DTO350NN rails was obtained, characterized by a favorable combination of strength properties, plasticity characteristics and brittle fracture resistance indicators. Rails of the new category can be recommended for use in particularly severe operating conditions (in curved sections of the track of a small radius at low temperatures), including on the roads of the Eastern Polygon.

Effectiveness of mechanical cleaning, antibiotics, and induction heating on eradication of Staphylococcus aureus in mature biofilms.

AimsHere we used a mature seven-day biofilm model of Staphylococcus aureus, exposed to antibiotics up to an additional seven days, to establish the effectiveness of either mechanical cleaning or antibiotics or non-contact induction heating, and which combinations could eradicate S. aureus in mature biofilms.MethodsMature biofilms of S. aureus (ATCC 29213) were grown on titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) coupons for seven days and were subjected to the following treatments or their combinations: antibiotics, mechanical cleaning, or heat shock by induction heating of 60°C for one minute. Experiments were repeated at least five times.ResultsIn the untreated biofilm, growth up to 1.8×1011 colony-forming units (CFU)/cm2 was observed. Treatment with ciprofloxacin, flucloxacillin, vancomycin, cefuroxime, and amoxicillin all with rifampicin gave 6.0 log, 6.1 log, 1.4 log, 4.8 log, and 3.6 log reduction in CFU/cm2, respectively. Mechanical cleaning alone resulted in 4.9 log reduction and induction heating in 7.3 log reduction. There was an additional effect of ciprofloxacin, flucloxacillin, and induction heating when used in combinations. There was no additional effect for mechanical cleaning. No bacterial growth could be detected after induction heating followed by seven days of ciprofloxacin with rifampicin.ConclusionMechanical cleaning, antibiotics, and non-contact induction heating reduced the bacterial load of mature S. aureus biofilms with approximately 5 log or more as a single treatment. The effect of mechanical cleaning on mature S. aureus biofilms was limited when used in combination with antibiotics and/or induction heating.Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(9):629–638.

Assessment of Corrosive Behaviour and Microstructure Characterization of Hybrid Friction Stir Welded Martensitic Stainless Steel

AbstractThis study examined the effect of induction heating on the microstructure and corrosion characteristics of hybrid friction stir welded AISI 410 stainless steel. Five joints have been produced with different friction stir welding parameters like welding speed, spindle speed, plunge depth, and induction power. Their microstructures were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope, and chemical composition was examined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The rate of corrosion was found out via the weight loss method in a 1 M HCL solution. The hybrid friction stir welding method used for this work is induction assisted friction stir welding; the results show that this method could produce sound AISI 410 stainless steel Joints. The experiment results show that the joint made at a spindle speed of 1150 rpm, welding speed 40 mm/min, plunge depth 0.5 mm, and in-situ heat by induction 480°C show a better corrosion resistance property with a fine grain structure.

Effect of a Novel Microwave-Assisted Induction Heating (MAIH) Technology on the Quality of Prepackaged Asian Hard Clam (Meretrix lusoria).

The microwave-assisted induction heating (MAIH) method—an emerging thermal technique—was studied to heat the prepackaged raw hard clam (Meretrix lusoria). The cooking effects on microbial and physiochemical qualities of clam were investigated. After the heating of the clam meat samples, the aerobic plate count (APC), psychrotrophic bacteria count (PBC), and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) levels decreased with increasing heating time, but the shucking ratio, area shrinkage, and texture (hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness) increased. In addition, the L* (lightness) and W (whiteness) of the clam meat samples increased significantly at the beginning of the heating period, whereas they decreased significantly with extended heating time. However, a* (redness) had the opposite trend. This study found that when clams were heated for more than 120 s at 130 °C or 150 s at 90 °C, they displayed obvious shrinking and a yellow-brown appearance, indicating that they are overcooked. After heating by MAIH for at least 110 s at 130 °C or 130 s at 90 °C, the samples were cooked well and gains a completely shucking, along with no microbial count detected. Therefore, the results indicated that the optimum heating conditions for prepackaged hard clams subjected to an MAIH machine were 130 °C for 110 s or 90 °C for 130 s.

Microwave Induction Heating of Polymer-Modified Asphalt Materials for Self-Healing and Deicing

This study evaluates the influence of polymer-modification on the induction heating capability of asphalt mastic in a microwave field, and investigates how effectively this approach can be utilized for ice melting and self-healing purposes. To this end, different asphalt mastic mixtures with different polymer-modification and mixing procedures were tested under microwave field exposure for induction heating capability, ice-melting ability, and self-healing capacity. The mixtures were made through warm-mix and hot-mix procedures with four bituminous binders, including virgin (unmodified) asphalt and the same binder modified with three types of polymers. The results showed the effectiveness of microwave induction heating of asphalt mastic for both crack-healing and deicing purposes. The binder type was found to influence the ice melting and crack healing rates, such that using a warm-mix asphalt binder resulted in a more efficient heat generation and conduction than using a virgin asphalt binder. While polymer-modification undermined induction-heating, ice-melting, and self-healing performances, SBS-modified asphalt binders exhibited better performance than the other polymer-modified binders.

3D Printing of Flexible Composites via Magnetophoresis: Toward Medical Application Based on Low‐Frequency Induction Heating Effect

3D Printing of Flexible Composites via Magnetophoresis: Toward Medical Application Based on Low‐Frequency Induction Heating Effect

COMSOL Simulation for Design of Induction Heating System in VULCAN Facility

The experimental facility VULCAN was setup to study the fuel-coolant interaction (FCI) phenomena in a postulated severe accident of light water reactors. The heating system is important for the facility to prepare molten material in a crucible. This article is concerned with the design of the heating system, which applies electromagnetic induction heating method. The COMSOL code was employed to simulate the induction heating characteristics of a graphite crucible under different current and frequency of the work coil (inductor). Given a frequency, the relationship between the crucible’s average temperature and the inductor’s current is obtained, which is instrumental to select the power supply of the induction heating system. Meanwhile, the skin effect of induction heating is analyzed to guide the choice of frequency and inductor of the heating system. According to the simulation results, the induction heating system of frequency 47 kHz is suitable for the experiment, with a good agreement in temperature between the measured and the predicted.

Non-contact induction heating and SAAP-148 eliminate persisters within MRSA biofilms mimicking a metal implant infection.

Implant-associated infections are the primary cause of complications following orthopaedic surgery. Due to biofilm and persister formation, current treatments, i.e. surgical debridement followed by antibiotics, often fail. There is an urgent need for alternative strategies to combat such infections. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of non-contact induction heating (NCIH), the antimicrobial peptide SAAP-148 and combinations thereof on bacterial counts in 7 d mature biofilms and in persister-enriched biofilms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on titanium-aluminium-niobium (TAN) discs. Enrichment of persisters was achieved by daily exposure of mature biofilms to high doses of rifampicin and ciprofloxacin for 3 consecutive days. To heat up the TAN discs, a miniaturised induction heater was built and successfully validated. Using this apparatus, NCIH resulting in surface temperatures up to 85 °C eradicated all the bacteria in immature biofilms but not in mature biofilms, whereas persisters were already eliminated at surface temperatures ≥ 70 °C. SAAP-148 at concentrations > 25.6 µmol/L reduced the persister counts in antibiotics-exposed, mature biofilms. As surface temperatures > 60 °C can have detrimental effects on the surrounding tissues, the maximum temperature of NCIH used in combination with SAAP-148 on persisters was set to 60 °C. Results revealed that this combination was slightly more effective than the peptide or NCIH alone in eliminating biofilm-embedded persisters. NCIH and SAAP-148 can be applied both invasively and non-invasively in various treatment scenarios. Together, combinations of NCIH and SAAP-148 might be a promising treatment strategy to combat metal-implant-associated infections.

The magnetic induction heating of graphene coated iron coated iron composite

A graphene -coated iron nanoparticles produced by carbon arc method, which can be used as a new kind of magnetic targeting and heating drug carrier for cancer therapy. It presents an special nanostructure of iron nanoparticles in inner core and nano-graphene shells outside. The inner core has great effect of targeting magnetic heating and its nano-graphene shells have a high drug adsorption ability due to its high surface area. Magnetic induction heating effect of pig liver injected mixed liquids with different concentration graphene coated iron particles in physiological saline indicates that the more quantity of nanoparticles used, the higher temperature it is. Magnetic induction heating effect of the pig liver was compared in the case of filling method and injection method (both were containing 0.3g graphene coated iron nanoparticles). The iron nanoparticle in its inner core has good effect of magnetic induction heating, the temperature can go up to 51 ℃ in the case that graphene coated iron nanoparticles mixed with physiological saline were distributed uniformly in pig liver. And the temperature can go up to 46℃ in the case that graphene-coated iron nanoparticles was injected in a certain section of pig liver. It is obvious that injected one is much better than that of filled, but they are all enough to kill the cancer cells.