Effects Of Indoor Air Pollution Research Articles

An Experimental Study of Indoor Air Pollution in New Office Building

Air pollution is a major environmental risk to health. The new building normally has a facing problem with indoor air pollutant. New construction materials and furniture will contribute higher contaminants compared to old materials. The effect of indoor air pollutants can result in human health problems, discomfort and reduces their productivity. The purpose of this present work is to experimental study the indoor air pollution status regarding carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and formaldehyde concentration in an administration office at the new building faculty of mechanical engineering in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. The contaminants concentration values are investigated through field measurements and then compared to the limits stated in the Occupational Safety and Health Act standard. The field measurement of contaminant concentration level was conducted at the intersect plane between the vertical plane at the center of the air conditioning diffuser and the horizontal plane at 1.2 m from the floor. The contaminant concentration readings were taken at 6 locations inside the office. The data were conducted during actual working conditions. The reading of contaminants concentration is taken in 30 minutes. One minute is equal to one number of samples. It was found that only the formaldehyde concentration is exceeding the maximum limit.

Effects of indoor air pollution on tribal community in rural India and health risk assessment due to domestic biomass burning: a realistic approach using the lung deposition model.

Indoor air pollution from the combustion of biomass fuel and associated health risks is a critical issue in developing countries. Concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 are measured in Birbhum, West Bengal, during 2017-2018. PM2.5-bound elemental concentrations of twelve metals are determined in rural kitchens. The results showed higher toxicological risks in BMF (1.15) than the LPG users (0.14). The risk of non-carcinogenic exposure related with dermal contact and ingestion was observed in the acceptable limits (HQ < 1) for all age groups, and the risk associated with inhalation exposure from Cr, Ni, As, and Mn exceeded the acceptable limit. Results also suggest that carcinogenic risks from ingestion and dermal contact are within the acceptable limit (1 × 10-4-1 × 10-6) except Cr and As which were found to exceed the range. The deposition flux (Dφ) for multiple metals in the head airway region, tracheobronchial region, and alveolar regions was found to be higher in teenagers as compared to other groups, whereas the value was lower in infants. Further, it was notified from the Dφ that the metals could pass through the head airways and harm the tracheobronchial tree and alveolar region, increasing the risk of human health.

Effects of Indoor Air Pollution on the Development of Children under Five Years of Age in Sri Lanka

Air pollution is a multifaceted environmental toxin affecting the Central Nervous System (CNS) through diverse pathways. The CNS of young children is particularly susceptible to the detrimental effects of toxins, as brain development continues postnatally with the formation of interneuronal connections, glial cell proliferation and myelination of axons. Indoor air pollution (IAP) from solid fuel combustion is more harmful than outdoor air pollution. Numerous air pollutants hazardous to health are released during the burning of unprocessed biomass. The primary source of fuel in Sri Lanka for cooking is biomass, mainly wood. In this study, we evaluated the influence of IAP resulting from biomass combustion on the neurodevelopment of children. In a cohort of children under five years living in a semi-urban area of Sri Lanka, neurodevelopment was assessed using Denver II developmental screening test. Air quality levels were measured (Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5)) in a subsample. There were significantly high levels of CO and PM2.5 in the ambient air of households using biomass as the primary fuel for cooking. Children living in these households had a significantly higher number of children with ‘suspect’ developmental assessment scores in the language, social behavior and play and gross motor development domains.

Indoor air pollution effects on pediatric asthma are submicron aerosol particle-dependent.

The school environment is crucial for the child's health and well-being. On the other hand, the data about the role of school's aerosol pollution on the etiology of chronic non-communicable diseases remain scarce. This study aims to evaluate the level of indoor aerosol pollution in primary schools and its relation to the incidence of doctor's diagnosed asthma among younger school-age children. The cross-sectional study was carried out in 11 primary schools of Vilnius during 1year of education from autumn 2017 to spring 2018. Particle number (PNC) and mass (PMC) concentrations in the size range of 0.3-10µm were measured using an Optical Particle Sizer (OPS, TSI model 3330). The annual incidence of doctor's diagnosed asthma in each school was calculated retrospectively from the data of medical records. The total number of 6-11years old children who participated in the study was 3638. The incidence of asthma per school ranged from 1.8 to 6.0%. Mean indoor air pollution based on measurements in classrooms during the lessons was calculated for each school. Levels of PNC and PMC in schools ranged between 33.0 and 168.0 particles/cm3 and 1.7-6.8µg/m3, respectively. There was a statistically significant correlation between the incidence of asthma and PNC as well as asthma and PMC in the particle size range of 0.3-1µm (r = 0.66, p = 0.028) and (r = 0.71, p = 0.017) respectively. No significant correlation was found between asthma incidence and indoor air pollution in the particle size range of 0.3-2.5 and 0.3-10µm. Conclusion: We concluded that the number and mass concentrations of indoor air aerosol pollution in primary schools in the particle size range of 0.3-1µm are primarily associated with the incidence of doctor's diagnosed asthma among younger school-age children. What is Known: •Both indoor and outdoor aerosol pollution is associated with bronchial asthma in children. What is New: •The incidence of bronchial asthma among younger school age children is related to indoor air quality in primary schools. • Aerosol pollutants in the size range of 0.3-1 µm in contrast to larger size range particles can play major role in the etiology of bronchial asthma in children.

Association between indoor ventilation frequency and cognitive function among community-dwelling older adults in China: results from the Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey

BackgroundsEmerging evidence suggested that indoor air pollution caused long-term adverse effects on cognitive function among older adults who spend more than 85% of their time indoors. Although high indoor ventilation can mitigate the effect of indoor air pollution on cognition among the younger population, limited evidence revealed the association between indoor ventilation and cognition among older adults.MethodsA total of 11,853 participants aged 65 and over (female, 54.5%; mean age, 83.6 years) were included from the 2017–2018 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Indoor ventilation frequency was measured by the self-reported frequency of opening windows per week in each season. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Multivariate Poisson regression with robust error variance was applied to assess the association between overall indoor ventilation frequency and cognitive function. We fitted in two adjusted models: Model 1 was adjusted for demographic; model 2 was further adjusted for lifestyle, socioeconomic status, health conditions, and environmental factors. The same models were also applied to measure the association between seasonal indoor ventilation frequency and cognitive function.ResultsOf 11,853 older adults, 3035 (25.6%) had cognitive impairment. A high overall indoor ventilation frequency (indoor ventilation frequency: 6–8) was significantly associated with a 9% lower likelihood of cognitive impairment than low overall indoor ventilation frequency (indoor ventilation frequency: 0–3) among Chinese older adults [Relative risk (RR): 0.91, 95% Confidential Interval (CI): 0.83–0.99] in the full adjusted model. In the subgroup analysis in four seasons, high and intermediate indoor ventilation frequency in winter were significantly associated with 8% (RR: 0.92; 95%CI: 0.86–0.99) and 16% (RR: 0.84; 95%CI: 0.78–0.90) lower probability of cognitive impairment than low indoor ventilation frequency in the fully adjusted model among Chinese older adults, respectively.ConclusionsIn this nationally representative cohort, a higher frequency of house ventilation by opening windows was significantly associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment among Chinese older adults aged 65 and over. These results offered robust evidence for policymaking and health intervention to prevent older adults from cognitive impairment or dementia in developing regions.

A study on the perceived impact of indoor air pollution in a slum area of Kolkata, West Bengal

BACKGROUND: Indoor air pollution is one of the most serious environmental health concerns in today's times.OBJECTIVES: The objective is to find out the sources and health effects of indoor air pollution as well as assess the housing conditions among residents of a slum area in Kolkata.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 220 households in a slum area of Kolkata. Data were collected using a predesigned, pretested, structured schedule by face-to-face interview and observation technique and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0.RESULTS: About 56.8% of the study population complained of having at least one symptom of indoor air pollution. Factors associated with three or more symptoms were female gender, lower-middle socioeconomic class, absence of dampness, exposure to tobacco smoke, use of mosquito repellent, and presence of kitchen in the living room.CONCLUSION: The slum population should be educated about the major associated factors of indoor air pollution found in our study.

Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants Emitted by Combustion

Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants Emitted by Combustion

The link between indoor air pollution from cooking fuels and anemia status among non-pregnant women of reproductive age in Ethiopia.

Objective:The effect of indoor air pollution from different fuel types on the anemia status among non-pregnant women is rarely studied. This study aimed to assess the link between indoor air pollution from different fuel types and anemia among non-pregnant women of reproductive ages in Ethiopia.Method:The secondary data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data have been employed for this study. The anemia status of women in reproductive age was the outcome variable with multiple outcomes as (moderate to severe, mild, and no anemia) and households using biomass fuel and clean fuel were selected for this study. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to estimate the association of biomass fuel use with the anemia status controlling for the predictor variables. Relative risk ratio was calculated at 95% confidence interval. An independent-sample t-test was used to assess the mean difference in blood hemoglobin level (g/dL) between the two fuel users. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant.Result:From the total of 10,961 participants included in this study, the proportion of anemia in women of non-reproductive age was 41.8% and 19.4% among biomass fuel and clean fuel users, respectively, with a mean blood hemoglobin level of 12.71 (±1.81) g/dL. In the final model, women using biomass fuel for cooking were 47% more likely to have mild anemia than households who use cleaner fuels, whereas the association was insignificant for moderate to severe anemia. Biomass fuel users were also found to have 5.8 g/dL lower blood hemoglobin level than the clean fuel user (p < 0.001).Conclusion:The use of biomass fuel was associated with reduced blood hemoglobin levels and significantly associated with mild anemia levels in women of reproductive age in Ethiopia. National efforts should be in place to reduce indoor air pollution from biomass fuels.

Effect of biomass fuel use and kitchen location on maternal report of birth size: Cross-sectional analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey data

ObjectivesHousehold air pollution from the use of biomass fuels has been associated with low birth weight in many developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the effect of indoor air pollution from biomass fuels and kitchen location on maternal reports of child size at birth in Ethiopia. Study designA cross-sectional study design based on the secondary data analysis was used. MethodsA secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey. Birth weight from child health cards and/or mother's recall was the dependent dichotomous variable. Fuel type was classified as high-pollution fuels (i.e. wood, straw, animal dung, crop residues, kerosene, coal and charcoal) and low-pollution fuels (i.e. electricity, liquid petroleum gas, natural gas and biogas). Hierarchical logistic regression was used to assess the effect of fuel type on birth weight. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and their 95% confidence interval (CIs) were calculated. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. ResultsThe prevalence of low birth weight was 17% and 26.2% among low- and high-polluting fuel users, respectively. Compared with low-polluting fuels, the use of high-polluting cooking fuels was associated with an increased likelihood of low birth weight (unadjusted crude odds ratio 1.7; 95% CI 1.3, 2.3). AOR remained at 1.7 (95% CI 1.26, 2.3) after controlling for child variables. AOR after controlling for both child and maternal factors was 1.5 (95% CI 1.1, 2.1). In the final model, the association became insignificant with an AOR of 1.3 (95% CI 0.9, 1.9). The kitchen location, gender of the baby, mother's anaemia status, maternal chat chewing and wealth index were significant factors in the final model. ConclusionsIn this study, the use of biomass fuels and kitchen location were associated with reduced child size at birth. Further observational studies should investigate this association using more direct methods for measurement of exposure to smoke emitted from biomass fuels on birth weight.

Indoor air pollution exposure is associated with greater morbidity in cystic fibrosis

BackgroundExposure to higher levels of outdoor air pollution is associated with increased morbidity in individuals with cystic fibrosis. Limited information exist regarding the potential adverse effects of indoor air pollution on those with cystic fibrosis. MethodsIndividuals with cystic fibrosis who were enrolled in the Twin and Sibling Study from 2000-2013, self-reported exposure to four known sources of indoor air pollution (secondhand smoke, forced hot air, wood stove and fireplace). Change in lung function, rates of hospitalizations and pulmonary exacerbations were followed over 4 years to compare outcomes in those who were exposed to those who were not exposed. ResultsOf 1432 participants with data on secondhand smoke exposure, 362 (25.3%) were exposed. Of 765 individuals with data on forced hot air exposure, 491 (64.2%) were exposed. Of 1247 participants with data on wood stove exposure and 830 with data on fireplace exposure, 182 (14.6%) and 373 (44.9%) were exposed, respectively. In longitudinal analysis, pediatric individuals either exposed to secondhand smoke or to forced hot air had a 0.60% predicted/year decrease in FEV1% predicted (P=0.002) or a 0.46% predicted/year decrease in FEV1% predicted (P=0.048), respectively compared to individuals who were not exposed. Adults exposed to secondhand smoke had a 42% increased yearly risk of hospitalization compared to those who were not exposed (P=0.045). ConclusionsOur questionnaire-based data suggest that exposure to sources of indoor air pollution increase morbidity in both the pediatric and adult cystic fibrosis populations. Future studies with quantitative indoor air quality assessments are needed.

Indoor air pollution and frailty: A cross-sectional and follow-up study among older Chinese adults

BackgroundPrevious studies have suggested that ambient air pollution negatively affects frailty, but whether indoor air pollution exposure affects frailty is unknown. MethodThis study was conducted on 4946 older adults (≥60 years) followed from baseline to 4 years in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Household fuel types and frailty were assessed with self-rated questionnaires and physical examination. The relationships between indoor air pollution and frailty via phenotypic frailty and a frailty index were explored with logistic regression models and Cox proportional hazard regression models in both a cross-sectional and follow-up design. Additionally, the effects of indoor air pollution on phenotypic frailty together with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were further investigated. ResultsIn the cross-sectional study, the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for frailty assessment with the frailty index and phenotypic frailty were 1.28 (1.12, 1.46) and 1.36 (1.18, 1.57), respectively. Solid fuel use was a risk factor in prefrail/frail patients with [OR and 95% CI, 1.88 (1.41, 2.50)], or without MCI [OR and 95% CI, 1.37 (1.17, 1.61)], as compared with the groups with no phenotypic prefrailty/frailty and no MCI. Moreover, solid cooking fuel use was positively associated with the incidence of phenotypic prefrailty and frailty. The adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for phenotypic prefrailty and frailty were 1.26 (1.03, 1.55). ConclusionsSolid cooking fuels can be regarded as a risk factor for frailty. Moreover, our findings suggest that more attention should be paid to solid cooking fuel using as it relates to phenotypic frailty together with MCI.

Associations between Acute Exposures to PM2.5 and Carbon Dioxide Indoors and Cognitive Function in Office Workers

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Despite the growing evidence of the effects of air pollution on cognitive function, there is scarce information about the acute effects of indoor air pollution on cognitive function among the working-age population, or whether the effects are observed even at low exposure levels. Our aim is to investigate whether cognitive function was associated with real-time indoor concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2). METHODS: Analysis of a prospective observational longitudinal study among 302 office workers in urban commercial buildings located in six countries (China, India, Mexico, Thailand, the United States of America, and the United Kingdom). For a 12-month period, indoor environmental data using commercial real-time monitors were collected, and ecologic momentary assessments of cognitive function using the Stroop color-word test and Addition-Subtraction test (ADD) were administered via a custom-developed mobile research app. RESULTS:Higher CO2 and PM2.5 indoor concentrations were significantly associated with decreased performance on the Stroop and ADD tests. Each interquartile (IQR) increase in PM2.5 (IQR=8.8 μg/m3) was associated with a 0.82% (95%CI: 0.42, 1.21) increase in Stroop response time, a 6.18% (95% CI: 2.08, 10.3) increase in Stroop interference time, a 0.7% (95% CI: -1.38, -0.01) decrease in Stroop throughput, a 0.66% (95% CI: -0.16, 1.49) increase in ADD response time, and a 1.51% (95% CI: -2.65, -0.37) decrease in ADD throughput. For CO2, each interquartile (IQR) increase (IQR=315ppm) was associated with a 0.85% (95% CI: 0.32, 1.39) increase in Stroop response time, a 7.88% (95% CI: 2.08, 13.86) increase in Stroop interference time, a 1.32% (95% CI: -2.3, -0.38) decrease in Stroop throughput, a 1.13% (95% CI: 0.18, 2.11) increase in ADD response time, and a 0.72% (95% CI: -2.11, 0.63) decrease in ADD throughput. CONCLUSIONS:We found that higher PM2.5 and lower ventilation rates are associated with acute effects on cognitive function. KEYWORDS: indoor air quality, cognitive function, exposure assessment

Effects of indoor air pollution on household health: evidence from Turkey.

Indoor air pollution caused by the use of biomass energy in heating and cooking adversely affects the health status of household members. In Turkey, with the rapid economic growth of the last decade, biomass has been among the most consumed types of household energy for heating and cooking due to inadequate infrastructure, dependence on foreign energy, and high energy prices. This study aims to add empirical evidence to the literature on health status and indoor air pollution in Turkey caused by households’ energy choices. This study analyzed these effects with random effects panel discrete ordered models using the Income Living Conditions Micro Longitudinal Data Set for the period 2014–2017. As a result of the analysis, we found that the factors of age, being female, having dependent children, and indoor air pollution have adverse effects on health status. However, education level and income level affect health status positively. The most important observation obtained from this study is that even high-income households are adversely affected by indoor air pollution due to the lack of access to clean energy resources.

Effects of indoor air pollution due to solid fuel combustion on physical growth of children under 5 in Sri Lanka: A descriptive cross sectional study.

Solid fuel combustion is an important risk factor of morbidity. This study was conducted to determine the effect of indoor air pollution (IAP) due to solid fuel combustion on physical growth in 262 Sri Lankan children under five. Exposure was defined by the type of fuel used for cooking. Pollutant levels were measured in a subsample of households. "High" exposure group (households using biomass fuel/kerosene oil for cooking) comprised 60% of the study population; the prevalence of wasting was 19.7% and underweight was 20.4% in the entire population where 68% were from the high exposure group. Children from the "high" exposure group had significantly lower mean z-scores for weight-for-height (p = 0.047), height-for-age (p = 0.004) and weight-for-age (p = 0.001) as compared to the "low" exposure group (children of households using liquefied petroleum gas and/or electricity) after adjusting for confounders. Z-scores of weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height were negatively correlated with CO (p = 0.001, 0.018, 0.020, respectively) and PM2.5 concentrations (p<0.001,p = 0.024 p = 0.008, respectively). IAP due to combustion of biomass fuel leads to poor physical growth.

Effect of Indoor Air Pollution on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Deaths in Southern Asia-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: About half of the population in developing countries are exposed to indoor pollution such as combustion fuels at present. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of mortality globally and the primary cause of COPD in women is indoor air pollution exposure, while tobacco smoking is the leading cause in men. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the correlation between the indoor air pollution and deaths related to COPD and COPD prevalence in South Asia. Methods: A systematic search on studies with sufficient statistical power has been conducted from 1985 until 30 June 2020, in English electronic databases following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines in MEDLINE and PubMed databases with the terms Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease COPD or Chronic Bronchitis or Emphysema or COPD Deaths or Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease or Airflow Obstruction or Chronic Airflow Obstruction or Airflow Obstruction, Chronic or Bronchitis, Chronic and Mortality or Death or Deceased was conducted. Studies were eligible if they were Prospective controlled or non-controlled trials conducted in Southern Asia/ Asia and Retrospective studies conducted in Southern Asia/ Asia. Results: The results have concluded that long term exposure to indoor pollution had a significant effect on COPD deaths as well as its symptoms. Odd’s ratio was in a range of 1.05 (Randomized controlled trials) to 7.87 (Cross sectional studies) for all the studies mentioned. Meta-analysis observed a significantly higher Odds Ratio of 2.13 for COPD mortality and 2.08 for COPD prevalence on exposure to indoor air pollution. Conclusion: Exposure to solid fuel smoke is consistently and significantly correlated with COPD mortality and COPD prevalence in South Asian countries, in spite of heterogeneity observed in the studies included. For performing domestic tasks, initiatives are to be taken to reduce dependency on solid fuel by using cleaner alternatives or comparatively cleaner technology.

Association between indoor air pollution and cognitive function of older adults in India: a cross-sectional multilevel analysis

Over half the world’s population, mostly from developing countries, use solid fuel for domestic purposes and are exposed to very high concentrations of harmful air pollutants with potential health effects. The effect of indoor air pollution becomes much more severe for older adults because of their weakened immune system with multiple health risk factors. Compared with ambient air pollution, little is known about cognitive health in relation to indoor air pollution. Therefore, this study explores the association between indoor air pollution due to solid fuel use and cognitive function of older adults in India. The study used data from wave 1 of the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). Bivariate analysis and a two-stage multilevel linear regression model were applied. Our findings indicated that indoor air pollution is strongly associated with cognitive function. Results show lower cognitive function scores among older adults in households using solid fuel, women with lower or no education, and belonging to the disadvantaged section of the society. Older adults from poor socioeconomic backgrounds were more exposed to indoor air pollution compared to their counterparts, which indirectly increases the risk of poor cognitive function. Indoor air pollution from solid fuel use may be a salient factor for the cognitive health of older adults in India. A large proportion of India’s population relies on solid fuel pointing to the need for urgent intervention programmes to reduce the usage of solid fuel in the country.

Effects of Indoor Air Pollution Among Women in Northeastern, Nigeria

Effects of Indoor Air Pollution Among Women in Northeastern, Nigeria

Comparison of pulmonary function test between exposed and non-exposed non-smoker adult males to indoor air pollutants: An observational and cross-sectional study in different offices of North India

Background: This study was planned to evaluate and compare the effect of indoor air pollutants on the pulmonary function testing of office workers (Safai Sewaks). We hypothesize that acute exposure to dust and other indoor pollutants daily during their job would lead to deterioration of their lung function more than anyone who is exposed to these indoor pollutants intermittently. Materials and Methods: An observational and cross-sectional study comparing the pulmonary function parameters FEV1, FVC and PEFR between 100 Safai Sewaks and 100 controls matched for age, weight, height and body surface area. Study participants included were adult males between 18-45 years age and non-smoker. Results: The actual values of FEV1, FVC and PEFR were compared in both the groups. FEV1 was significantly lower in Safai Sewaks (2.2350 0.61072 L; p± 0.64785 L). FVC was also significantly lower in Safai Sewaks (2.382 ± 0.7007 L; p± 0.76955 L). PEFR, which is a good indicator of the expiratory effort was also lower in Safai Sewaks (6.033 ± 1.9170 L/min; p± 4.7082 L/min). Conclusion: Respiratory function as assessed by FEV1, FVC and PEFR is reduced in Safai Sewaks as compared to the controls due to indoor air pollution and exposure to dust associated with their daily job. Keywords: Indoor dust exposure, Safai Sewaks, lung function.

Household solid fuel use and peak expiratory flow in middle-aged and older adults in China: A large cohort study (2011–2015)

Indoor air pollution caused by solid fuel use in cooking and heating in China is common. The relationship between household solid fuel use and peak expiratory flow (PEF) in middle-aged and older adults in China has not been clarified. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between long-term household solid fuel use (clean for both cooking and heating, solid for either cooking or heating, and solid for both cooking and heating) and PEF changes in middle-aged and older adults using a nationally representative prospective cohort. Covariance analysis was used to compare PEF changes in different indoor air pollution exposure groups. Separate analysis of cooking and heating as well as sub-group analyses by age, sex and smoking status were conducted, linear mixed growth model analysis was used to evaluate the association between cooking fuel type and PEF. A total of 6818 participants were enrolled in the cohort analysis. Results revealed that solid fuel use in cooking and heating separately or conjointly were associated with reduced PEF (solid fuel use in cooking: least square mean [LSM] = 19.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.5–28.2, P = 0.03; solid fuel use in heating: LSM = 19.4, 95% CI:11.2–27.5, P = 0.04; both solid fuel use: LSM = 17.6, 95% CI: 9.3–25.9, P for trend <0.0001), especially in participants aged >65 years (LSM = −9.22, 95% CI: 27.9–69.52, P for trend <0.0001), females (LSM = −6.41, 95% CI: 19.12–6.30, P for trend <0.0001) and current or former smokers (LSM = −21.55, 95% CI: 36.14 to −6.97, P < 0.02). Compared to that of participants using clean fuels for cooking, PEF of participants using solid fuels were decreased by 3.5 l/min per 2 years over a 4-year follow-up. This cohort study highlights the adverse effects of indoor air pollution on lung function in middle aged and older adults in China.

The Effect of Ventilation and Cooking Activities Indoor Fine Particulates in Apartments Towards

Abstract Indoor air pollution is currently being studied extensively because of its effects on the health and comfort of residents. The effects of indoor air pollution can be felt directly such as irritation to the eyes, nose to throat. This effect can also occur after several years such as respiratory infections, heart disease and cancer. Indoor air pollution such as particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM1) can be caused by occupant activities such as cooking, room cleaning and smoking by residents. Research on the effect of ventilation and cooking activities on the concentration of PM2.5 and PM1 in the room has not plentiful researched. So the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of those variables in indoor air conditions. The data was obtained by measurement and interview in this study. The method that served in this research is a multilevel approach using three models. The study observes that most of the variables affected the indoor concentration of PM1 and PM2.5. In addition, it was also observed that the large number of fans could improve air quality. During peak sessions especially the morning, the number of particulates is significantly higher. Whereas cooking with an open window causes the condition of fine particulates to be even worse. Therefore, the combination of indoor pollution sources and poor outdoor concentrations has an extremely health impact on the residents. The result of the study shows the importance of adjusting the time to close the window and the time to cook properly, so that the accumulation of fine particles in the room can be avoided. Further observation is required to investigate the concentration of outdoor space near apartments continuously to confirm this result.