Effects Of High Blood Pressure Research Articles

Visual Impairment and Its Associated Factors Among Hypertensive Patients in Amhara Region Referral Hospitals, Ethiopia.

Visual impairment is one of the most common long-term effects of high blood pressure. It affects one's quality of life, independence, and mobility. There is a paucity of information regarding the prevalence of visual impairment due to hypertension in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of visual impairment and its associated factors among hypertensive patients in referral hospitals of the Amhara region, Ethiopia, 2021. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 423 study participants, which were selected by systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected by using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire and physical measurements. The collected data were entered into Epi-data version 4.6. Then, exported into SPSS Version 26 for analysis. The crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% Confidence intervals were calculated. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done. Variables with a p-value of ≤0.05 were stated as significantly associated with visual impairment. The overall prevalence of visual impairment among hypertensive patients was 32.4% (95% CI: 27.9-37.9). Duration of hypertension ≥ 5 years (AOR =3.06, 95% CI: 1.86-4.95), history of ocular trauma (AOR =2.50, 95% CI: 1.3-4.73), and ever alcohol drinking (AOR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.32-5.62) were significantly associated with visual impairment. Nearly one-third of hypertensive patients were visually impaired from the study participants. Duration of hypertension ≥5 years, history of ocular trauma, and ever alcohol drinking was significantly associated with visual impairment among hypertensive patients. Therefore, in addition to providing medical care and follow-up services for hypertension patients, health education is needed for early and proper management of visual impairment, and to decrease their level of alcohol consumption. Furthermore, better to do this study by prospective cohort study design to identify cause-and-effect relationships.

Herbal treatment of hypertension: Literature review

Hypertension becomes the main reason behind various deaths. About twenty percent of the American population are suffering from hypertension & 1/3 of these Americans are unaware that they are hypertensive. Consequently, hypertension is sometimes known as a silent killer as well. Hypertension is mostly without any symptoms till the destructive consequences of high blood pressure like myocardial infarction, stroke, renal disorders & visual issues detected. It’s a major risk factor that describes the heart attacks and coronary artery disease which sometimes need coronary artery bypass surgery High blood is defined as constantly high bp increasing from 140/90 mmHG or even more than this, nowadays it’s a very common problem faced by almost everyone & almost billions of dollars are consumed every year to investigate the cardiovascular ailments and may dollars are utilized for their medication as well Because high blood pressure majorly causes cardiovascular & cerebrovascular ailments. Recently, Traditional medicine has managed little to decrease the patient ratio with this dangerous ailment. Natural remedies provide very useful ways to reduce the increasing patient ratio with hypertension. Taking Supplements such as, magnesium, omega3 fatty acids, CoQ10, potassium, amino acids & taurine, and vitamins C and E have been efficiently utilized in dealing with cardiovascular ailments involving hypertension. And these above-mentioned natural herbs prove to be effective against blood pressure and other cardiovascular ailments. This review highlight the herbs proved scientifically for the treatment of hypertension.

In the prevention of dementia, the focus should be on early and consistent treatment of hypertension.

The brain is among the target organs of hypertension. Patients with hypertension have a higher risk of developing stroke as well as experiencing a decline in cognitive functions and dementia. Changes in the white matter and atrophy of the grey matter of the brain induced by high blood pressure develop insidiously since the onset of hypertension, even in young individuals. The effect of high blood pressure on the vessel wall cumulates in time; therefore, hypertension in younger people implies an increased risk of dementia in older age. Hypertension in young age cannot be considered a benign condition. Hypertension in middle age increases the risk of dementia by 61 %. Consistent and early hypertension control can reverse the adverse development towards dementia and lack of self-sufficiency in the patient. Data comparing individual antihypertensive drugs in terms of preventing dementia are scarce. However, renin angiotensin system blockers have been found to protect against Alzheimer's disease more than other classes of antihypertensive drugs. To achieve rapid and effective hypertension control, a combination of antihypertensive drugs is usually required. Using a fixed-dose triple combination of perindopril, indapamide, and amlodipine, blood pressure targets of < 130/80 mm Hg can be achieved within three months in 93 % of patients.

Herbal Treatment of Hypertension: Literature Review

Hypertension becomes the main reason behind various deaths. About 20% of the American population is suffering from hypertension and 33% of these Americans are unaware that they are hypertensive. Consequently, hypertension is sometimes known as a silent killer as well. Hypertension is mostly without any symptoms till the destructive consequences of high blood pressure like myocardial infarction, stroke, renal disorders, and visual issues are detected. It's a major risk factor that describes heart attacks and coronary artery disease which sometimes needs coronary artery bypass surgery. High blood pressure is defined as constantly high blood pressure increasing from 140/90 mm HG or even more than this, nowadays it’s a very common problem faced by almost everyone and almost billions of dollars are consumed every year to investigate cardiovascular ailments and may dollars are utilized for their medication as well Because high blood pressure majorly causes cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ailments. Recently, traditional medicine has managed little to decrease the patient ratio with this dangerous ailment. Natural remedies provide very useful ways to reduce the increasing patient ratio with hypertension. Taking supplements such as magnesium, omega-3 fatty acids, CoQ10, potassium, amino acids, taurine, and vitamins C and E have been efficiently utilized in dealing with cardiovascular ailments involving hypertension. The mentioned medicinal plants were effective against blood pressure and other cardiovascular diseases. This review highlights the herbs proven scientifically for the treatment of hypertension.

Effects of Propofol Combined with Sufentanil Target-Controlled Intravenous Anesthesia on Expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 Genes in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats with Cerebral Hemorrhage: a Prospective Case-Controlled Study.

It is a well-known fact that general anesthesia leads to cerebral hemorrhage in patients with spontaneous hypertension apart of the fact that the hypertension is under control. The literature is already flooded with this debate, and still, there appears a lag regarding the effects of high blood pressure on pathological changes in the brain after cerebral hemorrhage. They are still not well recognized. Furthermore, it is the stage of anesthesia resuscitation which is known to have adverse effects on the body during cerebral hemorrhage. Owing to the lag of knowledge in the above said facts, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of propofol combined with sufentanil on the expression of Bax, BCL-2, and caspase-3 genes in spontaneously hypertensive rats suffering with cerebral hemorrhage. The initial sample consisted of 54 male Wrister rats. All were of the age of 7 to 8months with a weight of 500 ± 100 gm. All the rats were evaluated by the investigators before enrolment. A total of 0.5mg/kg ketamine followed by a 10mg/kg intravenous injection of propofol was introduced to each included rat. It was followed by a total of 1 μG/kg/h of sufentanil which was administered to rats who had cerebral hemorrhage (n = 27). The rest 27 normal rats were not administered with sufentanil. Hemodynamic parameters, biochemistry, western blot assay, and immunohistochemical staining were performed. The results were statistically analyzed. Heart rate (p < 0.0001) was higher for rats who had a cerebral hemorrhage. The cytokine levels of rats who had cerebral hemorrhage were higher than those of normal rats (p < 0.01 for all). Bacl-2 (p < 0.01), bax (p < 0.01), and caspase-3 (p < 0.01) expressions were reported to be disturbed in rats who had cerebral hemorrhage. Urine volume was reduced in rats who had cerebral hemorrhage (p < 0.01). It was concluded that in spontaneously hypertensive rats with cerebral hemorrhage, propofol combined with sufentanil target-controlled intravenous anesthesia increased hemodynamic parameters and cytokine levels. Furthermore, cerebral hemorrhage disturbs the expression of bacl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 expressions.

S-10-1: WHAT LEVEL OF BLOOD PRESSURE IS CONCERNING IN CHILDHOOD?

The 95th percentile of blood pressure among healthy children is the currently accepted level used to denote a hypertensive blood pressure reading in children and adolescents. Yet, ample data have recently emerged showing that the harmful effects of high blood pressure can be demonstrated at blood pressure levels considered normal by current guidelines. Cardiac, vascular, cognitive and kidney effects have been shown starting at the 90th percentile in cross-sectional studies, and markers of adult cardiovascular disease appear in longitudinal cohorts whose members had modestly elevated or even normal blood pressure as youth. This presentation will summarize data that support a lower threshold of concern for children and adolescents, and outline some of the remaining questions to be answered before a lower threshold blood pressure level could be adopted.

The Iranian blood pressure measurement campaign, 2019: study protocol and preliminary results.

Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for premature mortality and morbidity in Iran. The objective of the Iranian blood pressure (BP) measurement campaign was to identify individuals with raised blood pressure and providing appropriate care and increase the awareness among the public and policymakers of the importance of tackling hypertension. The campaign was conducted in two phases. The first (communication) phase started on May 17th (International Hypertension Day). The second phase started on June 8th, 2019, and lasted up to July 7th during which, blood pressures were measured. The target population was Iranians aged ≥ 30 years. Participants voluntarily referred to health houses in rural and health posts and comprehensive health centers in urban areas in the setting of the Primary Health Care network. Additionally, over 13,700 temporary stations were set up in highly visited places in urban areas. Volunteer healthcare staff interviewed the participants, measured their BP, and provided them with lifestyle advice and knowledge of the risks and consequences of high blood pressure. They referred participants to physicians in case their BP was high. Participants immediately received a text message containing the relevant advice based on their measured BP and their past history. Blood pressure was measured for a total of 26,678,394 participants in the campaign. A total of 13,722,148 participants (51.4%) were female. The mean age was 46 ± 14.1 years. Among total participants, 15,012,693 adults (56.3%) with no past history of hypertension had normal BP, 7,959,288 participants had BP in the prehypertension range (29.8%), and finally, 3,706,413 participants (13.9%) had either past medical history of hypertension, used medications, or had high BP measured in the campaign. The campaign was feasible with the objective to increase the awareness among the public and policymakers of the importance of tackling hypertension in Iran.

THE EFFECT OF HYPERTENSION ON THE LITERAL CELLS LINING THE CHEEK AREA IN THE MOUTH

The current study aimed to study the effect of high blood pressure on the squamous cells lining the mouth for the cheek area. The results showed that there were many changes in the shape of the cells and the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Which concludes that high pressure affects the composition of cells and thus affects oral health, previous studies indicated a relationship between gum disease and high blood pressure. We can know gum disease as a condition known as periodontitis. Specifically, people with gum disease are 20 percent less likely to reach normal blood pressure levels than healthy patients Oral. The researchers stated that patients with periodontal disease may need to have their blood pressure monitored closely, while those diagnosed with hypertension, or persistently high blood pressure, may benefit from a referral to a dentist.

Endothelial Cells and the Cerebral Circulation.

Endothelial cells form the innermost layer of all blood vessels and are the only vascular component that remains throughout all vascular segments. The cerebral vasculature has several unique properties not found in the peripheral circulation; this requires that the cerebral endothelium be considered as a unique entity. Cerebral endothelial cells perform several functions vital for brain health. The cerebral vasculature is responsible for protecting the brain from external threats carried in the blood. The endothelial cells are central to this requirement as they form the basis of the blood-brain barrier. The endothelium also regulates fibrinolysis, thrombosis, platelet activation, vascular permeability, metabolism, catabolism, inflammation, and white cell trafficking. Endothelial cells regulate the changes in vascular structure caused by angiogenesis and artery remodeling. Further, the endothelium contributes to vascular tone, allowing proper perfusion of the brain which has high energy demands and no energy stores. In this article, we discuss the basic anatomy and physiology of the cerebral endothelium. Where appropriate, we discuss the detrimental effects of high blood pressure on the cerebral endothelium and the contribution of cerebrovascular disease endothelial dysfunction and dementia. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3449-3508, 2022.

Historical Archive of Blood Pressure and Evolution of Hypertension

Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood within the arteries of the circulatory system. The pulse is the feeling of the heartbeat in some arteries. Hypertension also known as high blood pressure, is the name given to a common medical condition in which the force exerted by the blood carried from the heart to the body against the walls of the arteries is high enough to cause health problems such as heart disease. Hypertension has been known since antiquity. Descriptions have been found in the Egyptian papyri, in ancient Chinese and Indian medical literature, as well as, in the work of ancient Greek physicians such as Galen and Hippocrates and Muslim scientists into Latin in Andalusia and Sicily. When we come to the 17th century, we see that blood circulation was experimentally proven by William Harvey. The important work of the 18th century, blood pressure was first recognized and first attempts were made to measure this pressure. The clinical sphygmomanometer that could measure systolic pressure over the radial artery is defined by Samuel von Basch in 1880. 20th century has witnessed changes in terminology, discovery of the measurement method that is recently used and emergence of pathogenetic definitions and by the middle of the twentieth century, checking BP by sphygmomanometer became part of the routine physical examination in hospitals and clinics. It was considered necessary to treat hypertension after the detrimental effects of high blood pressure on the body were noticed. So reserpine, hydralazine, ganglion blocking agents, peripheral adrenergic inhibitor, oral diuretics, beta blocker, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers drugs such as were synthesized. While the use of some drugs is limited due to their side effects, some are still used in the treatment of hypertension today. Additionally the potential for gene therapy in hypertension is one that will be watched with interest.The search for new antihypertensive drugs are still ongoing. The potential for gene therapy in hypertension is one that will be watched with interest.&#x0D; Keywords: History of blood pressure, pulse, hypertension, antihypertensive drugs

Effect of diet supplemented with African Star Apple Fruit Pulp on purinergic, cholinergic and monoaminergic enzymes, TNF-α expression and redox imbalance in the brain of hypertensive rats

ABSTRACT Objective This study examined whether diet supplemented with African star apple fruit pulp (FP) can mitigate the effect of high blood pressure on brain neurochemicals, histopathology and expression of genes linked with neuroinflammation. Methods Rats were administered with cyclosporine (25 mg/kg.bw) to induce hypertension and were fed with or without FP supplemented diet. Purinergic (Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases [NTPdase] and adenosine deaminase [ADA]) cholinergic (acetylcholinesterase [AChE]) and monoaminergic (monoamine oxidase-B) enzymes were assessed in treated and untreated hypertensive rats’ brains. Oxidative stress biomarkers (catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, thiols, reactive oxygen species [ROS] and malondialdehyde [MDA]), as well as AChE, tumour necrosis factor and receptor (TNF-α and TNF-α-R) expression, were also determined. Results FP supplemented diet significantly reduced NTPdase and ADA activities and increased Na+/K+-ATPase activities in hypertensive rats’ brains compared to the untreated group. Furthermore, FP reduced acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase-B activities compared to the hypertensive group. Redox imbalance was observed in hypertensive rats with inhibition of antioxidant enzymes and high levels of ROS and MDA. However, FP supplemented diet improved antioxidant enzymes, reduced ROS and MDA production in the brain of hypertensive rats. High blood pressure also triggered upregulation of AChE, TNF-α and TNF-α-R while feeding with FP supplemented diet downregulated the genes. Conclusion This study demonstrates the neuroprotective role of FP supplemented diet against alterations in neurochemicals associated with Alzheimer’s disease, oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage and expression of genes linked with neuroinflammation. Moreover, studies on animal behaviour and human subjects are required to confirm these beneficial effects.

Study of the effect of high blood pressure on the kidney in children with COVID-19

Study of the effect of high blood pressure on the kidney in children with COVID-19

Uncontrolled blood pressure and contributing factors among patients with hypertension at outpatient care of Bedele General Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.

Objective:This study aimed to assess uncontrolled blood pressure and contributing factors among patients with hypertension.Methods:Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2021 at Bedele General Hospital. Data were collected using the semi-structured questionnaire. All patients with hypertension were included using consecutive sampling technique unless ineligible. EpiData 4.4.2 was used for data entry, and SPSS 24.0 was employed for analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with uncontrolled blood pressure.Results:A total of 219 patients with hypertension were included in the study. About 60.3% of participants were male. The mean age of the study participants was 48.54 ± 12.93 years. The prevalence of uncontrolled blood pressure among the study participants was 56.2%. The factors significantly associated with uncontrolled blood pressure were age >60 years (adjusted prevalence ratio = 4.42; 95% confidence interval = (1.71, 11.46); p = 0.002) and the presence of comorbidity (adjusted prevalence ratio = 2.16; 95% confidence interval = (1.22, 3.82); p = 0.008).Conclusion:More than half of the study participants had uncontrolled blood pressure. Older age and comorbidity were the predictors of uncontrolled blood pressure. Attaining controlled blood pressure is important to avoid consequences of high blood pressure. So, healthcare provider should focus on achieving target blood pressure goal.

White Matter Hyperintensities and Apolipoprotein E Affect the Association Between Mean Arterial Pressure and Objective and Subjective Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults

Background: White matter hyperintensities (WMH) show a robust relationship with arterial pressure as well as objective and subjective cognitive functioning. In addition, APOE ɛ4 carriership may influence how arterial pressure affects cognitive functioning. Objective: To determine the role of region-specific WMH burden and APOE ɛ4 carriership on the relationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cognitive function as well as subjective cognitive decline (SCD). Methods: The sample consisted of 87 cognitively unimpaired middle-aged to older adults aged 50–85. We measured WMH volume for the whole brain, anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), forceps minor, and superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). We examined whether WMH burden mediated the relationship between MAP and cognition (i.e., TMT-A score for processing speed; Stroop performance for executive function) as well as SCD (i.e., Frequency of Forgetting (FoF)), and whether APOE ɛ4 carriership moderated that mediation. Results: WMH burden within SLF mediated the effect of MAP on Stroop performance. Both whole brain and ATR WMH burden mediated the effect of MAP on FoF score. In the MAP–WMH–Stroop relationship, the mediation effect of SLF WMH and the effect of MAP on SLF WMH were significant only in APOE ɛ4 carriers. In the MAP–WMH–FoF relationship, the effect of MAP on whole brain WMH burden was significant only in ɛ4 carriers. Conclusion: WMH burden and APOE genotype explain the link between blood pressure and cognitive function and may enable a more accurate assessment of the effect of high blood pressure on cognitive decline and risk for dementia.

An in-depth multidimensional review of hypertension in adolescents in relation to obesity: Risk approach management is the solution

Background: The emergence of isolated high blood pressure (HBP) among adolescents and its relation to obesity needs to be investigated. Aim: This study aims to assess prevalence, underlying risk factors, and consequences of HBP among adolescents in Egypt. Methods: We consolidated findings from three studies. The first one examined 150 adolescents (age: 16–18 years) for HBP and obesity using body mass index (BMI); the second one studied 150 adolescents for the lifestyle risk factors in relation to depression, anxiety, general health score, and suicidal score (SS) using relevant tools; the third one was a nested case–control study of 60 obese versus 60 non-obese adolescents examined for HBP, BMI, lifestyles and dietary habits, biochemical markers as lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: In Stage I, the prevalence of HBP was 8% of whom, 58.3% were obese. Stage II: Dietary risk behavior as junk foods (high in salt) and soft drinks was 75.3% and 80%, respectively, and was linked with a high SS. Smoking was associated with a high anxiety score (p&lt;0.05) and not playing sports with a higher depression score (p&lt;0.05). The nested case–control study for obese versus non-obese showed that HBP (both systolic and diastolic) was significantly higher in the obese. Consumption of junk foods, sugary drinks, and inactivity was significantly higher in the obese (p&lt;0.05). Lipid profile, FBS, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in the obese group versus non-obese control group (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Lifestyle and unhealthy diet are the underlying cause of HBP, obesity, and mental health problems including SS, atherosclerosis, and high FBS. Increasing awareness about risk factors and using them in clinical practice for early detection of HBP is recommended.

Lowering blood pressure by changing lifestyle through a motivational education program: a cluster randomized controlled trial study protocol

BackgroundHigh blood pressure is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is a major cause of disability and death. Managing a healthy lifestyle has been shown to reduce blood pressure and improve health outcomes. We aim to investigate the effectiveness of a lifestyle modification intervention program for lowering blood pressure in a rural area of Bangladesh.MethodsA single-center cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT). The study will be conducted for 6 months, a total of 300 participants of age 30 to 75 years with 150 adults in each of the intervention and the control arms. The intervention arm will involve the delivery of a blended learning education program on lifestyle changes for the management of high blood pressure. The education program comprises evidence-based information with pictures, fact sheets, and published literature about the effects of high blood pressure on CVD development, increased physical activity, and the role of a healthy diet in blood pressure management. The control group involves providing information booklets and general advice at the baseline data collection point. The primary outcome will be the absolute difference in clinic SBP and DBP. Secondary outcomes include the difference in the percentage of people adopting regular exercise habits, cessation of smoking and reducing sodium chloride intake, health literacy of all participants, and the perceived barriers and enablers to adopt behavior changes by collecting qualitative data. Analyses will include analysis of covariance to report the mean difference in blood pressure between the control and the intervention group and the difference in change in blood pressure due to the intervention.DiscussionThe study will assess the effects of physical activity and lifestyle modification in controlling high blood pressure. This study will develop new evidence as to whether a simple lifestyle program implemented in a rural region of a low- and middle-income country will improve blood pressure parameters for people with different chronic diseases by engaging community people.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04505150. Registered on 7 August 2020

EFFECTS OF BLOOD PRESSURE AND SALT ON ARTERIAL LIPID DEPOSITION IN THE APOE-DEPLETED SHR

Objective: Hypertension and oxidative stress are both risk factors for atherosclerosis. Although apoprotein E (ApoE)-knockout mice have been widely used as a model for atherosclerosis, chronic effects of high blood pressure (BP) were not fully elucidated because of lack of hypertensive models in mice. In this study, we therefore constructed ApoE-knockout SHR (ApoE-KO SHR) to address this issue. As SHR is a genetic model for hypertension, ApoE-KO SHR would be a good model to evaluate effects of hypertension on atherosclerosis. Here, we examined effects of blood pressure and salt-loading on the ApoE-KO SHR. Design and method: ApoE-KO SHR was made using the genome editing technology with CRISPR/CAS9. We successfully obtained ApoE-KO SHR with 13 bps deletion causing a frame-shift. ApoE-KO SHR was then backcrossed with WKY for 3 generations to make an ApoE-KO model with lower BP (ApoE-KO WKY). Rats were fed high-fat diet for 8 weeks from 8 weeks of age with or without 1% salt water. Rats were then sacrificed and lipid deposition in mesenteric arteries were evaluated on microscope. Results: In ApoE-KO rats, serum total cholesterol and triglyceride were dramatically increased. Under salt-loading condition, oxidative stress estimated with urinary isoprostane was significantly increased. BP in ApoE-KO SHR and ApoE-KO WKY were comparable with that in SHR and WKY, respectively. Under the salt-loading condition, lipid deposition in mesenteric arteries was significantly greater in ApoE-KO SHR than in ApoE-KO WKY. Conclusions: These results suggested that high blood pressure and/or salt aggravated arterial lipid deposition in mesenteric arteries probably through endothelial dysfunction in the salt-loaded ApoE-KO SHR.

Independent and Synergistic Effects of High Blood Pressure and Obesity on Retinal Vasculature in Young Children: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study.

BackgroundHigh blood pressure (BP) and obesity are becoming increasingly prevalent among children globally. Although prior studies have shown their adverse impacts on macrovascular health, less is known about their effects on microvascular heath. This study aims to evaluate the independent and synergistic effects of hypertensive BP and obesity on retinal vasculature in young children.Method and Results1006 children aged 6 to 8 years were recruited from the Hong Kong Children Eye Study. Quantitative retinal vascular parameters, including central retinal arteriolar and venular equivalents and retinal arteriolar and venular fractal dimensions, were measured from retinal photographs following a standardized protocol. BP and body mass index were categorized according to reference values from American Academy of Pediatrics and International Obesity Task Force guidelines respectively. Children with hypertensive systolic BP had the narrowest central retinal arteriolar equivalents compared with children with either elevated or normotensive systolic BP (162.4, 164.6, and 167.1 µm; P‐trend <0.001). Increased standardized systolic BP was associated with narrower central retinal arteriolar equivalents (β=−2.276 µm, P<0.001), wider central retinal venular equivalents (1.177, P=0.007), and decreased arteriolar fractal dimensions (β=−0.004, P=0.034). Children with obesity had the smallest arteriolar fractal dimensions compared with children with overweightness and normal weight (1.211, 1.234, and 1.240; P‐trend=0.004). Children with both hypertensive BP and either overweightness or obesity had the narrowest central retinal arteriolar equivalents and smallest arteriolar Df (P‐trend<0.001 and P‐trend=0.007).ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate the potential synergistic or additive effects for both hypertensive BP and obesity on retinal vasculature in children.

Joint effect of high blood pressure and physical inactive on diabetes mellitus: a population-based cross-sectional survey.

SummaryIntroductionThe relationship of high blood pressure and physical inactivity to diabetes mellitus is well known, but not many studies have known the joint effect of the two in causing diabetes mellitus. This study aims to evaluate the joint effect of high blood pressure and less physical activity against Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Indonesia.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study. Subjects in this study were the age group ≥ 21 years old who were followed by the interview. We investigated factors related to DM in Indonesia associated with blood pressure and physical activity by controlling other confounding variables. Statistical analyses were conducted using logistic regression. Age, sex, education level, marital status, occupation, body mass index, residence area, stress, fruit, and vegetable consumption were adjusted for in the multivariate model.ResultsThe prevalence of DM was 3.86% among respondents. Multivariate analysis showed that people who had hypertension and less physical activity had a risk of 3.68 (95% CI, 2.43-5.34) times having DM. People who had hypertension and enough physical activity had a risk of 2.33 (95% CI, 1.65-6.43) times having DM. While people who do not have hypertension and had less physical activity had a risk of 1.81 (95% CI, 1.34-3.62) times.ConclusionsPeople with hypertension and less physical activity have the greatest risk of developing DM.

Waist circumference relates to blood pressure among adults

Introduction: Approximately 7 million people die every year worldwide due to the deleterious effects of high blood pressure. Increased body weight is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and their association has been the subject of many studies. The present study was undertaken to examine the presence of obesity on the basis of BMI and to see how different parameters relate with the blood pressure readings in healthy individuals. The parameters measured included body mass index, waist to hip ratio, percentage of total body fat and waist circumference. The correlation of theses parameters with the high blood pressure was studied. We aimed to find out the parameter that would relate more closely to the high blood pressure readings. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional non-interventional study was conducted after the approval of the ethical committee of the institute. Two hundred subjects of age group 18-20 years were included in the study. Correlation analysis was done using Primer of Biostatistics version 7software. Results: A total of 80 males and 120 females took part in the study. The mean age was 18.18 years for males and 18.7 years for females. SBP showed positive and statistically significant correlation with height (r=0.5), weight (r=0.5), WC (r=0.3), WHR (r=0.22). DBP showed positive and statistically significant correlation with weight (r=0.3), BF% (r=0.26) and BMI (r=0.24). Conclusion: Obesity and high BP are positively correlated. Waist circumference can be better predictor of obesity related risk than waist hip ratio, body mass index and body fat percentage. Keywords: Blood pressure, Correlation, Obesity, Waist circumference.