Effect Of Heat Treatment Process Research Articles

Effect of heat treatment process on impact toughness of a Ni-containing stainless steel 3Cr13 Precision Die

Nowadays 3Cr13 martensitic stainless steel is increasingly used for precision molds. However, its low-temperature impact toughness below room temperature requires further improvement. This study investigates the effect of heat treatment process of a Ni-containing at low temperature impact toughness of 3Cr13 stainless steel used for precision die. Various characterization techniques are combined in order to unveil different heat treatment processes on impact toughness. The test results show that after three different heat treatment processes, the low-temperature impact toughness of the investigated steel at 0 ℃ has been greatly improved. After the investigated steel is heated at 1040 ℃ for 15 minutes, then water-cooled quenched, and then heated to 540 ℃ for 30 minutes, the impact fracture is a dimple shaped plastic one, and its low-temperature impact absorbed energy is higher than that of other heat treatment processes. It shows that the holding time under quenching heating temperature and tempering temperature also have important effects on the improvement of low-temperature impact toughness, which provides technical support for heat treatment design for the Ni-alloyed 3Cr13martensitic stainless steel.

Effect of heat treatment process on impact toughness of a Ni-containing stainless steel 3Cr13 Precision Die

Nowadays 3Cr13 martensitic stainless steel is increasingly used for precision molds. However, its low-temperature impact toughness below room temperature requires further improvement. This study investigates the effect of heat treatment process of a Ni-containing at low temperature impact toughness of 3Cr13 stainless steel used for precision die. Various characterization techniques are combined in order to unveil different heat treatment processes on impact toughness. The test results show that after three different heat treatment processes, the low-temperature impact toughness of the investigated steel at 0 ℃ has been greatly improved. After the investigated steel is heated at 1040 ℃ for 15 minutes, then water-cooled quenched, and then heated to 540 ℃ for 30 minutes, the impact fracture is a dimple shaped plastic one, and its low-temperature impact absorbed energy is higher than that of other heat treatment processes. It shows that the holding time under quenching heating temperature and tempering temperature also have important effects on the improvement of low-temperature impact toughness, which provides technical support for heat treatment design for the Ni-alloyed 3Cr13martensitic stainless steel.

Effect of Heat Treatment Process On Carbon Based Single Point Cutting Tool

Effect of Heat Treatment Process On Carbon Based Single Point Cutting Tool

Effect of heat treatment process on Microstructure and properties of 4Cr13N corrosion resistant plastic die steel

The effect of heat treatment process on microstructure and mechanical properties of 4Cr13N corrosion-resistant plastic die steel were investigated. The experimental results indicate that, with the increase of quenching temperature of 4Cr13N steel, the undissolved second phase gradually decreased, the martensitic lath gradually coarsened, and the hardness first rise up and then move down. The hardness of 4Cr13N steel reaches the highest at 1020 °C, at this time, the quenching microstructure is martensite + undissolved carbide + retained austenite, and the type of undissolved carbide is M23C6. The tempering hardness curve has an obvious secondary hardening peak, the peak temperature is 500 °C, and the peak hardness is 55 HRC. Below 500 °C , with the increase of tempering temperature, granular nitride Cr2N dispersion precipitation from matrix, resulted in second phase strengthening, hardness increased, impact toughness decreased, and the fracture mode is quasi-cleavage fracture; Above 500 °C, the structure gradually transformed to sorbite, the hardness decreased, and the toughness increased. Over all, to achieve a better match of strength and toughness, 4Cr13N plastic die steel should be tempered between 200 ~ 480 °C, impact energy are above 15 J, hardness above 50 HRC.

Effect of heat treatment process on microstructure and hardness of Ni48Co30Cr16Al3Ti3 high entropy alloy

Ni48Co30Cr16Al3Ti3 HEA was made by suspension melting, and treated by different heat treatment methods. The microstructure, phase composition and microhardness of the prepared alloy samples were analyzed by means of XRD, SEM, X-ray energy spectrum analyzer and microhardness tester. And the results show that the Ni48Co30Cr16Al3Ti3 HEA after different heat treatments has face centered cubic structure, and the alloy structure presents dendrite morphology. Under different heat treatment conditions, the diffraction peaks of the alloy samples treated by secondary aging at (800°C×12h+1000°C×4h) are the highest and strongest, and the precipitates of the alloy samples treated by aging at (800°C×12h) are the most dense and subtle. The distribution of elements in the samples are relatively uniform, but after heat treatments, part of the alloy grain structure and grain boundaries dissolve, the degree of dissolution increases with the increase of heat treatment time, so that some elements are not distributed in the alloy structure and grain boundaries. The microhardness value of alloy samples first increases and then decreases with the prolongation of heat treatment time, and the microhardness values of the samples were the highest after aging treatment at (800°C×12h), which was 357HV1.

Effect of heat treatment process on precipitation of V microalloyed steel

ABSTRACT Controlled rolling and controlled cooling processes achieve high-strength alloys due to their combined effects on the grain refinement, dispersion, and phase transformations. This paper studies the dissolution of V in austenite by normalizing treatments. The samples were then annealed to form uniform, fine, and dispersed V-based precipitates which in turn facilitated subsequent phase transitions in the steel. The results showed that V fully dissolved into austenite when the steel was treated. Besides, when the steel was annealed, V precipitated in the form of V(C, N), and the V(C, N) precipitates promoted the formation of ferrite. At the same time, fine pearlite phases also formed, and the V(C, N) precipitates were distributed among the pearlite lamellae. The uniformly dispersed V(C, N) precipitates further regulated the microphase organization, refined the grains, and acted as the microalloying element, making the steel more uniform, and improving the mechanical properties of the steel.

Effect of heat-treatment processes and high temperature variation of acid-chloride media on the corrosion resistance of B265 (Ti–6Al–4V) titanium alloy in acid-chloride solution

AbstractCorrosion resistance of untreated (B265TiN), quenched (B265TiQ), and annealed (B265TiA) B265 titanium alloy was studied in 2–10 M H2SO4+ 10% NaCl solution at 30, 70, and 95°C by potentiodynamic polarization, potentiostatic measurement, open circuit potential measurement, and optical microscopy. B265TiN was the most resistant of the alloys to general corrosion at 30°C with values between 0.094 and 3.782 mm/year. B265TiQ exhibited the highest corrosion rate values (0.210–23.399 mm/year). Its plots show significant increase in cathodic slope. At 70 and 95°C, B265TiN exhibited the lowest corrosion rate in 2 and 6 M H2SO4+ 10% NaCl solution, while B265TiQ exhibited the corresponding highest values. Optical characterization shows B265TiN, B265TiQ, and B265TiA alloys are highly resistant to corrosion in 2 M H2SO4+ 10% NaCl at 30°C compared to 10 M H2SO4+ 10% NaCl, where marginal deterioration occurred on B265TiN, significant degradation on B265TiQ, and localized degradation on B265TiA. The extent of degradation increased at 70 and 95°C. B265TiN exhibited the highest resistance to metastable pits formation compared to B265TiQ and B265TiA. Potentiostatic values at 70°C shows high temperature exposure of Ti alloy to accelerated corrosion. Metastable pit initiation values at 70°C are significantly greater. Open circuit potential measurement at 30°C shows B265TiN demonstrated least vulnerability to corrosion with stable oxide formation at 2 M and 6 M H2SO4+ 10% NaCl, and B265TiQ was least vulnerable at 10 M H2SO4+ 10% NaCl. At 70°C, B265TiQ was least vulnerable to corrosion with unstable oxide formation at 2 M and 6 M H2SO4+ 10% NaCl compared to B265TiN at 10 M H2SO4+ 10% NaCl.

Normalizing Effect of Heat Treatment Processing on 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Manufactured by Powder Bed Fusion

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF)-processed 17-4 PH stainless steel (SS) generally exhibits a non-equilibrium microstructure consisting mostly of columnar δ-ferrite grains and a substantial fraction of retained austenite and martensite, contrary to 17-4 PH SS wrought with a fully martensite structure and coarse grains. Despite the different microstructures of L-PBF and wrought 17-4 PH SS, post-processing is typically performed using the conventional heat treatment method. The insufficient effect of the heat treatment on the L-PBF product produces a δ-ferrite phase in the microstructure. To obtain improved mechanical properties, the addition of a normalizing treatment to the conventional heat treatment after L-PBF in a nitrogen gas environment was investigated. The fully martensitic matrix developed by adding the normalizing treatment contained homogeneous Cu precipitates and exhibited a similar or improved strength and elongation to failure compared to the wrought SS.

Effect of heat treatment process on microstructure and properties of S47450 bolt

Abstract The effects of heat treatment process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of S47450 bolt materials were studied by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile test, impact test and hardness test. The results showed that in the temperature range selected by the test, the quenched martensite of the bolt material after quenching at 1070 °C and tempering at 670 °C was fully refined and evenly distributed, and the precipitation of Cr23C6 played the role of precipitation hardening. It showed the excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, with the Brinell hardness reaching 295 HBW and the tensile strength of 1035 MPa. The elongation was 16 %, and the impact energy at room temperature was 21 J.

Effect of heat treatment processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low alloy structural steels with different impurity tin contents

ABSTRACT Conventional quenching and tempering (CQ-T) process does not always ensure the achievement of desired toughness of the steels with residual element tin. In the present work, a novel intercritical heat treatment (Q-IQ-T) process consisting of quenching (Q), intercritical quenching (IQ) and tempering (T) is adopted. The results show that the microstructure of the Q-IQ-T specimens consists of tempered martensite (M) and ferrite (F), which is finer than the full martensitic microstructure of the CQ-T specimens. 0.03%, 0.06% and 0.09% tin contents reduce the impact energy values of CQ-T specimens by 22.95%, 29.61% and 45.93%, respectively, while those of the Q-IQ-T specimens decrease by 19.25%, 17.32% and 21.32%, respectively. Together with comparison to the CQ-T specimen with 0.09% tin, the impact energy value of Q-IQ-T specimen increases by 85.24%, from 40.86 J to 75.69 J. And the fracture morphology changes from brittle fracture to ductile fracture.

Effects of Heat Treatment Process on Mechanical Properties of Medium Carbon Steel

In order to select an appropriate heat treatment process for an industrial application of S45C medium carbon steel, it is necessary to investigate the influence of technological parameters during the heat treatment process such as heating temperature, holding time and cooling medium on the microstructure and mechanical properties. In this study, the experiments were conducted in various heating temperatures, holding times and cooling mediums for specimens made of S45C steel. Then, the relationship between the microstructure and the hardness of the steel was examined. The obtained results show that the heating temperature and cooling medium strongly affect the microstructure of this steel, leading to considerable changes in the hardness. The hardness of S45C steel was markedly improved when heated above 800oC and cooled in water. Moreover, the holding time needs to be carefully calculated to obtain finer grain structure to prevent an increase in the brittleness.

Effect of heat treatment process on the microstructure of the interface of Ti/Al laminated composite

ABSTRACT In this paper, the effect of heat treatment process on the microstructure of the interface of Ti/Al laminated composite was studied. After explosive welding, the interface region of the Ti/Al laminated composite was composed of the bonding zone and the local melting zone. The bonding zone of the composite exhibited a wave morphology. The local melting zone was formed at the vortex of the wave bonding zone with some initial defects such as voids and microcracks, which was composed of different kinds of Ti-Al intermetallic compounds. The composite was heat-treated at 823 K, 848 K and 873 K. With the heat-treated time increased, the thickness of the bonding zone gradually increased. Based on the growth kinetics, the growth mechanism of the intermetallic compound in the bonding zone had been explained. The growth of the bonding zone was mainly controlled by the reaction mechanism and the diffusion mechanism in the early stage and the later stage, respectively. In addition, as the heat-treated time increased, the intermetallic compounds in the local melting zone were gradually transformed into Al3Ti, and the initial defects disappeared.

Effect of Heat Treatment Process and Composition on Deformation and Damage Behavior of WHA under Detonation Loading

The excellent material properties of tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) make it widely used in the military field. When used as killing elements of weapons, its dynamic mechanical properties under detonation loading directly determine the damage effect of weapons, which makes the research on its mechanical behaviors under high pressure and high strain rate loads such as detonation loading of great significance. In this paper, several WHAs with different compositions and processes are selected, and the mechanical properties and deformation and damage behavior under static explosion test are analyzed by combining macro and micro study, so as to provide guidance for the subsequent optimization of the performance design of WHA.

Effect of Heat Treatment Process on Microstructure and Hardness of Ultrafine Grain Steel

Under the heating condition, the grain of ultrafine grain steel will change with the increase of temperature, so that the microstructure and hardness of ultrafine grain steel will change, and even lose the original strength and toughness. In this paper, the grain growth behavior, microstructure and hardness of ultrafine grain steel under different heat treatment conditions were studied experimentally. The results showed that under different cooling methods, the faster the cooling speed was, the more the amount of low-carbon martensite and pearlite was. The hardness obtained by water cooling was the largest. The hardness decreased with the changes of water cooling, oil cooling, air cooling and furnace cooling. The higher the maximum heating temperature was, the coarser the grain became. For ultrafine grain steel, the maximum heating temperature of 1000 °C should not be used.

Effects of Heat Treatment Processes: Health Benefits and Risks to the Consumer

Macroalgae are a biological group that has mainly been used in Asian countries; however, the interest shown by Western society is recent, its application in the industrial sector having increased in the last few decades. Seaweeds are filled with properties which are beneficial to our health. To use them as food and enhance these properties, heat has been used on them. This process alters the bioactive compounds. If we study the levels of moisture, they can vary according to the drying methods used. High values of moisture can lead to a short shelf life due to oxidation, microbial or enzyme activity, so controlling these values is highly recommended. Heat causes enzymatic activity as well as oxidation, which leads to degradation of phenolic compounds in comparison with freeze-drying, which causes fewer losses of these components. Due to the same occurrences, lipid content can also vary, modifying the bioactive compounds and their benefits. Pigments are some of the components most affected by heat, since, through this process, seaweeds or seaweed products can suffer a change in color. Iodine in macroalgae can decrease drastically; on the other hand, protein yield can be greatly enhanced. Some studies showed that the amount of arsenic in raw seaweeds was higher than when they were heat processed, and that arsenic values varied when different heat treatments were applied. Additionally, another study showed that heat can alter protein yield in specific species and have a different effect on other species.

Study on the Preparation of Al2O3/Al-15Si-4Mg composite material

In this research, microstructure refinement treatment was carried out by adding different content of lanthanum to Al-15Si-4Mg alloy. The effect of heat treatment process on the alloy after metamorphism was studied, and the optimal performance matrix was selected for A12O3/Al composite research. The results show that La has good metamorphism effect on Al-15Si-4Mg alloy. With the increase of La metamorphic agent content, the eutectic silicon structure was obviously refined. When the La content reached 1wt.%, the refining effect was the best. The hardness of the alloy was 111HBS. When the optimum amount of La was 1wt.%, the XRD phase and EDS spectrum analysis show that the alloy without modification was mainly composed of Al, Si and Mg2Si, and the metamorphic alloy also forms a rich La phase. The mechanical properties can be significant improved by the heat treatment process. After the heat treatment, the acicular structure of the eutectic silicon structure became smooth and smooth, which reduced the splitting effect on the aluminum matrix. The hardness was 113HBS. The toughness of the material can be significantly improved by the heat treatment process. The sample with 1wt.% La was selected as the matrix of the A12O3/Al composite. A12O3 Al was prepared by liquid sintering method and no rich La phase but MgAl2O4 was found near the interface which is well reactivate wetted.

Tuning process parameters to optimize microstructure and mechanical properties of novel maraging steel fabricated by selective laser melting

Maraging steel is a promising material for additive manufacturing due to its ultrahigh yield strength, reasonable ductility and good weldability. However, the ductility of the fabricated part will be degraded after aging treatment. In this regard, we firstly designed a new composition of maraging steel Fe-18.3Ni-9Co-4.84Mo-0.92Ti-0.27Al-0.13Cr-0.01C (wt.%), whose strength and ductility can be simultaneously improved by selective laser melting. The relationship between laser process parameters and forming defects has been studied. Using single-track and single-layer experiments, fully dense parts were fabricated with a certain range of process parameters, corresponding to the 30–50% lap rate in the X–Y plane and 70% remelted rate along Z-axis. Besides, we found film-like reverted austenite along the martensite lath boundaries in the as-fabricated part. The effects of heat treatment processes on the reverted austenite and mechanical properties of the fabricated parts were also studied; the strength-ductility trade-off of maraging steel after heat treatment can be alleviated. The tensile strength and elongation of printed samples after direct aging treatment can respectively reach 2037 MPa and 6.4%, and 2182 MPa, 4.8% after solution and aging treatment.

Effect of Heat Treatment Process on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of S280

The effect of solution temperature and aging temperature on mechanical properties and microstructure of the new ultrahigh strength stainless steel S280 was investigated by heat treatment process experiment. The results showed that the optimal heat treatment process was as follows: heating to 1080 °C，holding for a hour, and quenching in oil; cooling to -73 °C, holding for 2 hour, and warming in air to room temperature; heating to 540~550 °C, holding for 4 hour, and cooling in air. Choosing this heat treatment process, the steel can get good coordination between strength and toughness. Analyzed by HREM, the steel had desirable microstructures, which were fine lath martensite matrix with high density dislocation and finely dispersed precipitate strengthening phase, and film-like reversed austenite precipitated from the boundary of martensite.

Effect of Heat Treatment Process and Optimization of Its Parameters on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of the AlSi11(Fe) Alloy.

The paper presents the results of study concerning the evaluation of the precipitation hardening parameters (temperatures and times of solution treatment and artificial ageing processes) having an effect on mechanical properties, and the change in the microstructure of the EN AC-AlSi11(Fe) alloy. Based on the obtained results and performed statistical analysis, regression equations and the response surface model in the form of spatial and contour plots were determined to illustrate the effects of solution treatment and artificial ageing parameters on the mechanical properties of the investigated alloy. The performed heat treatment had a positive effect on improving the mechanical properties of the alloy versus the initial state. The maximum increase in tensile strength was by 52%, in unit elongation by 56%, in Brinell hardness by 44% and impact strength by 88%. Furthermore, a favorable change was observed in the microstructure of the investigated alloy, especially regarding eutectic silicon precipitations, which underwent partial spheroidization and coagulation after the heat treatment.

A comparative study on morphological, mechanical and tribological properties of electroless NiP, NiB and NiBP coatings

The aim of this paper is to fabricate the NiBP polyalloys coatings by electroless coating technique on the aluminum substrate. A comparative investigation of morphological and hardness properties between NiP, NiB and NiBP coatings is employed. Also, the effect of heat treatment process on the nanoindentation behaviors of the electroless nickel-based alloys is studied. The highest hardness of 8.76 GPa and Young's modulus of 180.36 GPa were obtained electroless NiBP coatings in the case of as-plated conditions. After heat treatment process at 400°C in an inert atmosphere, electroless NiB coatings showed the highest hardness value of 10.02 GPa and Young's modulus of 207.48 GPa when compared with NiP and NiBP coatings. Although electroless NiB coatings exhibited the highest Young's modulus and harness value, electroless NiBP coatings showed the best protection against wear in all loads of 1, 2 and 3N and all sliding velocities of 100, 200 and 400 mm/s due to showing H/E ratio of NiBP coatings comparing with NiB and NiP coatings.