Effect Of Governance Structure Research Articles

Affordable Housing – Challenges and Constraints for Local Governance in Canada

Housing and sustainable development is interdisciplinary research that requires cross functional knowledge-sharing to address operational and policy issues—limitations in understanding housing dynamics and policy design and implementation lead to unintended negative consequences. Policy development for affordable housing requires better conceptual understanding, determination of normative objectives and operational constraints, and the effectiveness of governance structure. This paper investigates operational and governance barriers to housing affordability in the Canadian context. The article adopted a key informant interview method to analyze qualitative feedback from technical and administrative experts from the municipalities across Canada. The study helped to understand the contextual challenges in housing affordability in Canadian municipalities. The study confirms that the weaknesses in governance structure, distribution of responsibilities, and allocation of resources limit municipalities' capacity to deal with housing affordability. Pro-growth objectives will not solve housing affordability challenges. It is important to adopt human centered and contextually relevant housing policies. To overcome operational constraints, municipalities need more significant provincial and federal financial and constitutional assistance to meet capacity challenges and to guide a unified approach to meet sustainability targets.

In The Shadows of Governance: Exploring the Untamed Territories of Administrative Discretion

This research explores administrative discretion's potential in unexplored territories within governance structures, highlighting its impact on public policy and organizational functioning. The primary aim of this study is to comprehensively understand and map these untamed territories, offering insights into their identification and implications for governance effectiveness. Qualitative research methods are employed, thoroughly analyzing secondary data sources, including academic literature, government reports, and case studies. Through this method, the study explores the multifaceted dimensions of administrative discretion, identifies the uncharted territories where it operates, and assesses its implications on the overall effectiveness of governance structures. Research findings are: Legal, political, and organizational factors all impact the multifaceted concept of administrative discretion in public administration. This concept is crucial for effective and accountable governance, using theoretical frameworks like principal-agent theory. Identifying and mapping untamed territories in governance involves a multi-faceted approach, requiring document analysis, stakeholder consultations, and expert interviews to develop responsive governance structures. Assessing the impact of untamed territories on governance effectiveness is crucial for responsiveness to evolving challenges. Traditional models need a paradigm shift, embracing innovation, collaboration, and adaptability to navigate complexities

The effect of governance structures on optimal control of two-patch epidemic models

Infectious diseases continue to pose a significant threat to the health of humans globally. While the spread of pathogens transcends geographical boundaries, the management of infectious diseases typically occurs within distinct spatial units, determined by geopolitical boundaries. The allocation of management resources within and across regions (the “governance structure”) can affect epidemiological outcomes considerably, and policy-makers are often confronted with a choice between applying control measures uniformly or differentially across regions. Here, we investigate the extent to which uniform and non-uniform governance structures affect the costs of an infectious disease outbreak in two-patch systems using an optimal control framework. A uniform policy implements control measures with the same time varying rate functions across both patches, while these measures are allowed to differ between the patches in a non-uniform policy. We compare results from two systems of differential equations representing transmission of cholera and Ebola, respectively, to understand the interplay between transmission mode, governance structure and the optimal control of outbreaks. In our case studies, the governance structure has a meaningful impact on the allocation of resources and burden of cases, although the difference in total costs is minimal. Understanding how governance structure affects both the optimal control functions and epidemiological outcomes is crucial for the effective management of infectious diseases going forward.

Piercing the veil on the functioning and effectiveness of district health system governance structures: perspectives from a South African province

BackgroundLeadership and governance are critical for achieving universal health coverage (UHC). In South Africa, aspirations for UHC are expressed through the proposed National Health Insurance (NHI) system, which underscores the importance of primary health care, delivered through the district health system (DHS). Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine the existence of legislated District Health Councils (DHCs) in Gauteng Province (GP), and the perceptions of council members on the functioning and effectiveness of these structures.MethodsThis was a mixed-methods, cross-sectional study in GP’s five districts. The population of interest was members of existing governance structures who completed an electronic-self-administered questionnaire (SAQ). Using a seven-point Likert scale, the SAQ focuses on members’ perceptions on the functioning and effectiveness of the governance structures. In-depth interviews with the chairpersons of the DHCs and its technical committees complemented the survey. STATA® 13 and thematic analysis were used to analyze the survey data and interviews respectively.ResultsOnly three districts had constituted DHCs. The survey response rate was 73%. The mean score for perceived functioning of the structures was 4.5 (SD = 0.7) and 4.8. (SD = 0.7) for perceived effectiveness. The interviews found that a collaborative district health development approach facilitated governance. In contrast, fraught inter-governmental relations fueled by the complexity of governing across two spheres of government, political differences, and contestations over limited resources constrained DHS governance. Both the survey and interviews identified gaps in accountability to communities.ConclusionIn light of South Africa’s move toward NHI, strengthening DHS governance is imperative. The governance gaps identified need to be addressed to ensure support for the implementation of UHC reforms.

CEO turnover: Cross‐country effects

AbstractResearch Question/IssueWe examine how countries' cultural and legal environment, in addition to firm‐level governance mechanisms, affects firms' retention and termination decision of the CEO.Research Findings/InsightsPrevious research focuses primarily on the effects of governance structures and incentives on turnover. In this paper, we focus on two additional institutions—cultural and legal. We find that in cultures characterized by higher individualism, competition, and stronger views that hard work leads to success, boards are more likely to replace CEOs in response to poor shareholder performance. Conversely, we find that in more corrupt cultures and cultures more protective of employees, there is lower turnover–performance sensitivity.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWilliamson (2000) provided a framework consisting of four levels of institutional influences on economic activity: (1) cultural norms, (2) the legal system, (3) governance structures, and (4) resource allocation and employment. Previous research focuses primarily on the two highest levels; we focus on the two more basic levels, cultural and legal, while controlling for firm‐level governance.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsCultural values and legal conditions combine with the firm's governance structure to affect CEO turnover and its sensitivity to firm shareholder performance.

Governing industry involvement in the non-communicable disease response in Kenya

BackgroundIn low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), multinational companies have become increasingly involved in addressing public health challenges. Dealing with companies as partners in health sector development creates new challenges for governments. We sought to develop an approach to assess the existence and effectiveness of governance structures that can ensure that industry-led public health initiatives contribute to development.MethodsWe developed a governance assessment tool based on the principles of the Paris Declaration for Aid Effectiveness and other related agreements. We applied it to the case of pharmaceutical companies’ involvement in the Kenyan response to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We gathered data for analysis through 46 stakeholder interviews and reviewing documents.ResultsThe Kenyan government has informal norms in place regarding program governance and strategy, but it has yet to issue formal regulations. While enabling elements exist that support initiatives to develop in alignment with these norms, implementation is often hindered by a lack of resources. Currently, broad stakeholder support for filling these gaps has created a window of opportunity for action.ConclusionThe application of the proposed assessment tool illustrates its viability for assisting companies and governments alike in defining governance needs for industry-led public health initiatives. Our findings in Kenya provide example considerations for LMICs working to integrate industry-led public health programs into the health system. Bilateral and multilateral donors also have important roles in strengthening LMICs’ capacities to govern multinational corporations’ contributions to NCDs in particular, and development in general.

Research on the impact of innovation input on enterprise performance in manufacturing enterprises--- Moderating effect based on governance structure

Manufacturing industry is the lifeblood of national economy, and innovation input is the lifeline of manufacturing enterprises. This paper selects the financial data of China’s listed manufacturing companies from 2015 to 2019 to study the moderating effect of governance structure on the relationship between innovation input and firm performance. It is found that innovation investment has a negative influence on firm performance with lag. In terms of ownership structure, ownership concentration has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between innovation input and firm performance. The degree of equity balance has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between innovation input and firm performance. According to the conclusion of this study, it is expected to optimize the governance structure of China’s manufacturing enterprises and promote industrial development.

To what extent do governance, government funding and chief executive officer characteristics influence executive compensation in U.K. charities? Insights from the social theory of agency

AbstractThis paper draws on agency theory, as extended by the social theory of agency (STA) (Wiseman, Cuevas‐Rodríguez & Gomez‐Mejia, 2012), to examine the association between governance arrangements, reliance on government funding, chief executive officer (CEO) non‐profit experience, and CEO compensation in the UK charity sector. We rely on a hand‐collected data for the largest 240 charities and find that greater trustee board diversity (specifically gender and education diversity) and the existence of a remuneration or nomination committee are positively associated to CEO compensation. The results also show that a reliance on government funding and CEO's non‐profit work experience, together with the presence of a finance/accounting expert on the audit committee are negatively associated to CEO compensation. The existence of an audit committee, internal audit function, use of specialist external auditor and CEO characteristics (gender, ethnicity and managerial experience) are not significant factors. Our findings are largely consistent with the STA's propositions. Specifically, executive compensation levels reflect the CEO's ability to work with a diverse board while a higher reliance on government funding signals the role of the State's pressures in moderating CEO compensation. Finally, in a context characterised by altruism and public benefit, financial rewards are not seen as the dominant ‘value metric’, resulting in lower compensation for CEOs previously working in the sector. Our findings have policy implications, specifically in relation to the role, composition and effectiveness of governance structures (e.g., trustee boards, audit and remuneration committees) in overseeing the design of executive compensation schemes within the charity sector.

Monitoring tourists’ specialisation and implementing adaptive governance is necessary to avoid failure of the wildlife tourism commons

Wildlife tourism (WT) is an important economic sector globally, which can sustain national and local economies. These activities have been reconceptualised as consumptive because of their impacts on the wildlife, and the problem of managing WT as a common-pool resource issue. We use an individual-based model to simulate the dynamics of a WT destination in different development phases. We then ask if any of the governance structures commonly proposed to solve common pool resource issues are appropriate to sustainably manage a WT destination during its development. The level of specialisation of tourists visiting a destination can influence both the exploitation of the wildlife and the socio-economic success of the industry, and no single governance structure leads to sustainability in every stage of a WT destination lifecycle. Given the dynamics of WT destinations, an adaptive governance framework is crucial to avoid wildlife depletion and economic failure of the industry. • Tourists' level of specialisation is crucial in determining the sustainability of a wildlife tourism destination. • There is an interaction between the destination's development stage and the effectiveness of governance structures. • No single governance structure is effective in sustainably managing the destination throughout its development cycle. • Adaptive governance allows the destination to adapt to change and achieve sustainable outcomes.

Effect of governance structure on conservation land acquisition in California over the last 100 years

The process of expanding a network of conservation areas includes identifying valuable areas for conservation, devising policies and implementing conservation actions on the ground. While the first two components are often analyzed in conservation science, the literature seldom focuses on the implementation process, particularly, how the governance structure acts as driver of conservation outcomes. In this paper, we analyze the process of development of the conservation network in California between 1910 and 2010 to test whether governance structure explains the variation in the attribution of land for conservation over time. We find that governance structure does play an important role in the development of the conservation network over the century. We find evidence that polycentric and diverse governance structures result in better conservation outcomes (i.e. more area of land acquired for conservation). Arrangements that included multiple levels of agencies (e.g. Federal, State, and County) better predict the area of conservation land per decade. Location of conservation action per county had an effect on conservation outcomes over the last decades, and we also find a strong negative effect of per capita income in the implementation of conservation actions. These results suggest that it is possible to leverage governance structure to meet future conservation challenges through the maintenance of a diverse and polycentric governance structure.

Irrelevance of Governance Structure

Does corporate governance structure matter for firm value? We develop a model in which the allocation of control rights between shareholders and managers (“governance structure”) affects managers’ incentive to invest (strong governance tightens managerial freedom and weak governance loosens it), and firms’ investment decisions are linked through a market for resources. We show that in a competitive equilibrium, which is socially efficient, corporate governance is irrelevant to firm value even in the presence of agency costs and incomplete markets. Our analysis, therefore, provides an important benchmark against which the effects of governance structures could be evaluated.

Hierarchy versus Flat: The Effect of Governance Structures on Conflict in Development Cooperatives

Development organizations attempting to alleviate poverty increasingly utilize market-based approaches. These efforts consist of identifying unmet market opportunities and organizing local individuals into cooperatively owned enterprises to collectively exploit these opportunities. However, such cooperatives often struggle with high levels of intra-group conflict that hinder their functioning and long-term sustainability. Existing theory suggests that the choice of governance structure can play an important role in mitigating conflict, but a longstanding debate exists as to whether flat versus hierarchical governance structures are more efficacious. To add further understanding to this debate, we conducted a field experiment involving 40 newly formed development cooperatives within rural Ghana that were randomly assigned to either a flat or hierarchical structure. The quantitative results of our field experiment and subsequent qualitative data suggests that flat structures lead to higher levels of collective psychological ownership, which in turn resulted in lower levels of conflict as compared to hierarchical structures. However, our results also suggest that the extent to which flat governance structures are more effective depends on the salience of informal governance structures.

Effects of governance structures on sustainability-oriented supplier behaviour: analysis of national action plans and their effects in public procurement

Effects of governance structures on sustainability-oriented supplier behaviour: analysis of national action plans and their effects in public procurement

Effects of governance structures on sustainability-oriented supplier behaviour: analysis of national action plans and their effects in public procurement

Research examining sustainable supply chains usually addresses the question of how companies involve members of their supply chains into their sustainability practices. Overarching governance structures are often not in the core focus, but they play a significant role in creating behavioural responses that promote sustainable practices. This article explains sustainability governance structures through the lenses of the world polity theory and analyses data from a survey on European public supply chains and national action plans. The findings show that suppliers of public authorities in the European Union better meet sustainability targets when national action plans are in place. Thus, suppliers behave according to overarching supply chain sustainability governance structures. This study does not neglect the existence of other motives for sustainable supplier behaviour, but explains the success of sustainability initiatives with a supply chain governance structure.

Innovation propensity and international development of small and medium firms: the moderating effects of corporate governance structure

The paper aims to explore the moderating effects of governance structure on the relationship between innovation propensity and international development of SMEs. Based on agency and organisational learning theories, we hypothesise that ownership concentration, institutional ownership, family-owned firm, and foreign group affiliation have positive moderating effects on the innovation-internationalisation relationship. Using a sample of 2,876 Italian firms, the results suggest that ownership concentration and foreign group affiliation positively moderate the relation between innovation and international development. Institutional investors seem to have no interest in being involved in innovative processes or, to some extent, in the international expansion. Family-owned firms have a positive influence on international development only when they interact with the innovation efforts of the firms.

The Effect of Governance Structure on Local Public Enterprise’s Performance using by Earnings Management Model

The Effect of Governance Structure on Local Public Enterprise’s Performance using by Earnings Management Model

The Final Solvency II Framework: Will It Be Effective?

With Solvency II ready for implementation as per 2016, it is a good time to analyse the effectiveness of the framework. We build on earlier analyses of the preliminary framework dating from 2009. In the meantime many improvements have been implemented. We use 12 criteria to assess the effectiveness of Solvency II, and conclude that overall, Solvency II is effective. Not surprisingly, Solvency II is a major step ahead compared with the current supervisory framework. However, violations to some criteria remain. While some violations are because of simplifications, others are because of a lack of focus on particular risks (government bonds, inflation risk, liquidity risk). To resolve some of these violations, we propose specific prescribed and targeted stress tests through the own risk and solvency assessment and a more detailed focus on the effectiveness of governance structures.

Factors influencing Indigenous engagement in tourism development: an international perspective

ABSTRACT Indigenous tourism products, attractions and activities can offer a point of difference for tourism destinations, and consequently the role of, and opportunities for, Indigenous people in providing these tourism experiences have been recognised increasingly by government and industry alike. This paper reviews and discusses the factors influencing successful Indigenous tourism development and provides a global comparison of best practice to inform future decision-making processes in achieving sustainable Indigenous tourism development. Data was derived from interviews with key government and non-government organisations, and Indigenous tourism organisations and operators were analysed as a means of critically engaging with the sustainability problematic of Indigenous tourism development. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of international case studies focusing on Indigenous accommodation provision was carried out to complement the research, as were observations during site visits. By offering a framework for the Indigenous tourism development process, we contribute in a positive and flexible way to the complex, and evolving, discourse on Indigenous tourism practice. It is argued that the effectiveness of governance structures and the level of involvement of Indigenous stakeholders as well as the selection of legislative and policy instruments are key to ensuring a more sustainable approach to Indigenous tourism development.

Measurement and modelling: sequential use of analytical techniques in a study of risk-taking in decision-making by school principals

This paper investigates reasoned risk-taking in decision-making by school principals using a methodology that combines sequential use of psychometric and traditional measurement techniques. Risk-taking is defined as when decisions are made that are not compliant with the regulatory framework, the primary governance mechanism for public schools in Western Australia. This creates a dilemma for principals who need to be able to respond to the locally identified needs within a school, and simultaneously comply with all State and Commonwealth departmental requirements. A theoretical model was developed and data collected through the survey of a stratified random sample of principals in 253 Western Australian government schools. Rasch measurement was used to create a measurement scale. The hypotheses were tested used partial least squares structural equation modelling. This analysis provides evidence of the effect of governance structures, characteristics of schools and principals that influence decision-making in schools.

Moderating Effect of Corporate Governance Structure between Corporate Social Responsibility and Performance

Objectives: To empirically analyze the moderating effect of corporate governance structure between CSR and the corporate performance. Methods/Statistical Analysis: To figure out if the corporate governance structure affects the corporate performance through CSR, this paper set the governance structure propriety factor as independent variable, the social responsibility as mediating variable, and the corporate performance as dependent variable. And Moderator regression analysis was conducted to verify the moderating effect of the governance structure between CSR and the corporate performance. Analysis was carried out in four steps regression. Findings: The result of empirical analysis is as follows: First, CSR has a positive effect on the performance; second, the governance structure has a moderating effect between CSR and the performance. In the process to implement CSR activity, agency costs would be incurred from a conflict between shareholders and the board. So considering that the effect CSR has on the performance is subject to the governance structure, sound governance structure may improve the corporate performance. This paper among other studies on CSR has significance in that it analyzed the moderating effect of corporate governance structure between CSR and the corporate performance for the first time. Above all, the inducements to implement CSR activities voluntarily and consistently were found. The significant result of this study is also practically meaningful and able to present a direction for policy making of the government on the corporate social responsibility. Improvements/Applications: The tasks to be done in the future include a relevant study consists of a considerable number of samples and time series data covering long period.