Effect In Germany Research Articles

ERRATUM

Using factor content analysis, this paper provides estimates of the effects of manufacturing trade expansion on men and women's employment in Germany and Japan, with breakdowns by world, OECD, and non-OECD trade. Evidence is found that foreign trade expansion had a more negative effect on women's than men's manufacturing employment in Japan and a roughly equal effect in Germany, with the difference between the countries driven by non-OECD trade. In spite of this, demand shifted away from women's manufacturing employment in Germany after the early-1970s, for both the manufacturing sector as a whole and for manufacturing industries with high female shares of employment, while no such labor demand shifts occurred in Japan. In the face of these differences in labor demand and of very similar increases in female labor supply, male-female hourly wage differences narrowed in Germany and widened in Japan, for both manufacturing and non-agricultural employees. It is concluded that shifts in neither labor supply nor labor demand fit with observed trends of male-female wage differences in Germany and Japan.

Konsequenzen und Kosten der NSA-Gastropathie in Deutschland1

In an appreciable percentage of cases the use of systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with adverse reactions ranging from lesions of the gastrointestinal mucosa to life-threatening perforations, ulcers and bleeding (PUB). Yet the consequences and costs of preventing and treating these adverse effects in Germany have never been investigated. We therefore recruited 18,177 patients who were issued 66,637 non-acetyl-acid NSAID prescriptions in the period between January 1996 and June 1998 (MediPlus, IMS Health) and compared the unit and cost rates of predefined gastrointestinal drug groups in the first 30 days with their rates on day 90 following NSAID prescription. We calculated hospital stays due to NSAID-induced PUB on the basis of the age- and sex-standardized PUB background risk of NSAID users in Germany, the relative NSAID risk from published meta-analysis, and the number of daily NSAID doses supplied by pharmaceutical wholesalers to public pharmacies in 1998. All reported resources were adjusted by the NSAID-free background rate. The following contributed to the total DM 101 million expenditure of the German statutory health-insurance fund (GKV): NSAID-associated H2-receptor antagonists (DM 31 million), proton pump inhibitors (DM 29 million), other antacids and ulcer drugs (DM 15 million), antidiarrheals and digestants (DM 12 million), spasmolytics, anticholinergic and gastroprokinetic agents (DM 10 million), prostaglandin ulcer drugs (DM 2 million), antiemetic and antinausea drugs (DM 1 million) and bismuth ulcer drugs (<DM 1 million). This compares with 10,700 NSAID-related hospital admissions for PUB in the GKV resulting in 157,000 hospital days and costs of DM 125 million. Conclusion: Under current practice, nearly a quarter of a billion DM annually is invested for the treatment NSAID-induced side effects, at an estimated 1,100 to 2,200 NSAID-associated deaths a year among the about 73 million members of the GKV. Anti-inflammatory drugs with a significantly lower gastrointestinal risk may help to resolve a serious quality- assurance problem in public health.

Risk analysis of medical products. Implementation of risk analysis exemplified by the spongiosa cannulated screw

The Medical Devices Act (Medizinproduktegesetz = MPG) took effect in Germany on 01. 01. 1995, and replaced (with the exception of diagnostic laboratory devices) the previously binding MedGV with a transition period ending on 13. 06. 1998. The new German act is the implementation of the EC directive on active implantable medical devices (90/385/EWG) and the directive on medical devices (93/42/EWG). The EC directive 93/42/EWG on medical devices permits the manufacturer of a medical device to chose the conformity assessment procedure. All medical devices are subject to conformity assessment procedures, and are awarded the EC mark through Appendix II, III, VII or VIII. All these appendices contain information about the need for carrying out assessment and the obligation to provide a written description of the risk analysis for a medical device. Risk analysis is a common method that verifiably ensures that the basic requirements of EC Directive 93/42/EWG on medical devices are met by the product. It is obvious that risk analysis is of central importance to the legal measures for ensuring appropriate device safety. The present paper presents and assesses various methods of risk analysis.

Macroseismic effects in Germany of the 1992 Roermond earthquake and their interpretation : H. Meidow & L. Ahorner, Geologie en Mijnbouw, 73(2–4), 1994–1995, pp 271–279

Macroseismic effects in Germany of the 1992 Roermond earthquake and their interpretation : H. Meidow & L. Ahorner, Geologie en Mijnbouw, 73(2–4), 1994–1995, pp 271–279

Un modèle de déséquilibre de la courbe de Phillips en France et en Allemagne

This paper combines a Phillips curve and a disequilibrium model of the labor market. The novel feature of the model is that both the Phillips curve and the equation that links excess labor supply and unemployment contain lagged latent variables, which makes standard estimation methods untractable. We turn to the dynamic simulated pseudo-maximum likelihood method proposed in Laroque-Salanie [1993] to estimate the model on French and German data. Our estimates produce an excellent fit for unemployment in both countries. They suggest that a Keynesian reflation policy would have stronger effects in Germany than in France.

Geophysical survey as a basis for regeneration of waste dump Halde 10, Zwickau, Saxony

About 90 years ago a natural depression in the vicinity of the town of Zwickau was filled with waste left after floatation of coal exploited in the area. Later on the locality became a dumping site for municipal and industrial waste from the town of Zwickau. Waste was disposed for years without any records, and at the present time the town faces an uneasy task of securing a harmless and controlled operation of the waste dump in accordance with environmental laws now in effect in Germany. A project has been launched sponsored by the ENMOTEC GmbH, company. Tübingen, subsidiaries Freiberg and Zwickau. At the initial stages of the project an important role was played by geophysical methods applied in mapping the tectonic structure of the dumping area including other desirable geological information, mapping the extent, distribution and thickness of floatation coal layers within the mound, and mapping the disposed refuse itself. The following geoelectric methods were applied: resistivity profiling, VLF and VES. They proved to be effective tools of investigation in the specific conditions of an operating dump. Results of these measurements are presented in graphic form in schematic situation of tectonic faults and lithological boundary-lines and in a geological profile of the dump. On the basis of geophysical results monitoring boreholes were placed in the vicinity of the dump. Layers of floatation coal and of municipal and industrial waste were delineated. Another aim of the geophysical survey was to find out whether there were any active processes going on in the disposed coal refuse. A temperature survey was carried out over the dumping area in a network of points at two depth levels, 0.5 and 1 m under the surface. Localitions of anomalous temperatures with a relative increase of over 20°C and maximum values of over 40°C at 1 m depth were mapped. At the final stage of the geophysical survey logging measurements were conducted in 10 cased monitoring boreholes in the surrounding of the dump. Measurements of total gamma activity of rocks were carried out, and measurements of physical properties of fluids in the boreholes: temperature (TM), transparency (FM) and resistivity (RM). Resistivity fluid log and photometry were applied for determination of groundwater dynamics in boreholes by measuring the time cycle of RM and FM curves after sodium chloride or nigrosine dye had been added to the mud fluid. These special measurements resulted in locating water inflows and leakages from the boreholes, and in mapping water circulation in the boreholes. Information on groundwater quality, stratification, temperature and filtration rate served as a basis for projecting and installing an effective monitoring system.

Neuropsychiatric Side Effects after the use of Mefloquine

This study describes neuropsychiatric side effects in patients after treatment with mefloquine. Reactions consisted mainly of seizures, acute psychoses, anxiety neurosis, and major disturbances of sleep-wake rhythm. Side effects occurred after both therapeutic and prophylactic intake and were graded from moderate to severe. In a risk analysis of neuropsychiatric side effects in Germany, it is estimated that one of 8,000 mefloquine users suffers from such reactions. The incidence calculation revealed that one of 215 therapeutic users had reactions, compared with one of 13,000 in the prophylaxis group, making the risk of neuropsychiatric reactions after mefloquine treatment 60 times higher than after prophylaxis. Therefore, certain limitations for malaria prophylaxis and treatment with mefloquine are recommended.

Trade Unions and Productivity: The German Evidence

AbstractThis paper provides a brief review of the empirical evidence on union productivity effects in Germany. The influence of trade unions on productivity is the net effect of conflicting forces which can lead to higher or lower productivity. Although the German dual system of workers' representation via unions and works councils is quite favourable to the existence of productivity‐enhancing ‘voice’ effects, various empirical studies have not been able to detect significant positive net effects of these institutions on productivity.

A Middle-class View of German Industrial Expansion, 1853–1900

I T is well known that German industrial expansion took place much later and more swiftly than was the case, for instance, in England or France. In the early 1840S Marx had compared the economic condition of Germany to that of France before the Revolution, yet within two generations Germany had lifted herself to the status of an economic super-power. Out of a group of independent states, with no major industrial cities and with many vestiges of the feudal system still intact-in short, out of economic backwardness-a highly industrialized state had emerged: with a speed which, even in the steam age, was remarkable. Historians, notably Helmut Plessner, have examined the political effects of Germany's belated and rapid emergence as an industrialized power. The social and economic evolution of Germany in this century has also revealed the deep scars inflicted by the years of sudden advance.! We wish in this essay, however, to concentrate upon the impact of rapid industrial and technical progress on the German middle classes and in particular to examine-through the medium of one of their most representative journals, Die Gartenlaube-the ideological framework within which they responded to the sweeping changes going on inside Germany in the years after 1850. There were many reasons why the middle classes in Germany should not have welcomed the advent of industrialization. It threatened to end the predominantly rural way of life of the nation, and to replace the relaxed provincialism of Germany's small towns with a competitive spirit for which German traditions had little place. Traditional commercial ethics-in some places unchanged in statute since the Middle Ages-did not take kindly to industrial innovation. The growth of the industrial proletariat gave a new potential instability to society, while the whole orientation of industry did little to appeal to a nation which, as critics like Heine and Nietzsche never tired of pointing out, prided itself on an unreal, complacent spiritual inwardness. The response of the middle classes to the new phenomena of industrialization is important for many reasons. It is-in historical

Germany and the Great Depression

The world-wide economic crisis of 1929-33 marked the decisive turning point of the inter-war period. More than any other event during the years between 1919 and 1939 it affected people's lives, shattered prevailing social structures and the stability of the European and North American industrial societies, and became the starting point for fundamental political and social upheavals. The crisis lay not only chronologically between the wars; there was also a causal relationship between it and the end of the first and the beginning of the second world war. These causal relationships are clearer to us today after an interval of forty years than they were then. But even at that time there already existed an awareness of the epoch-making character of this crisis. In the following discussion of Germany and the world economic crisis, no attempt will be made to investigate in detail the causes and the course of the crisis, which have already been described many times. Our intention is more modest: to make a few comments on its economic, social, and political effects in Germany, which were so different, in so sharp and politically dangerous a manner, from the reactions in other countries. Outwardly the picture of the crisis in Germany varied little from that in comparable countries. There were, however, important differences in the conditions leading up to the crisis which, together with other particular factors, explain the different reactions of German society compared with those of other countries. Let us first of all look at some statistics: with the end of inflation

Diagrammatic Solutions for Astronomical Navigation

This paper discusses the possibilities of using diagrammatic solutions for accurate astronomical navigation and gives a detailed description of two methods of doing so that have been put into effect in Germany. These methods, the ARG1 and the Astronomischer Rechenatlas, have previously been described in German publications and referred to in numerous reports and memoranda written in this country and the United States. So far as is known no authoritative description of these two aids to navigation has yet been published in English, and it is appropriate that this, the first, should have been written by Dr. Freiesleben, who played a prominent part in their development.—Ed.The development of radio aids to navigation has not made astronomical navigation redundant, but it has given more force to earlier demands for the simplification of methods of reduction. No longer is it acceptable to have a large variety of alternative methods, and it is probable that attempts will be made to select a single method that is both simple and universally applicable.

The Price of Peace for Japan

THE CLIMAX OF THE WAR in Europe adds a new urgency to our planning for the peace that must be made with a defeated Japan. As the Cairo conference has demonstrated, this is no hypothetical question to be postponed for settlement in toto at some future peace conference. The terms of peace with Japan are already being laid down; as the war continues, they are certain to be further elaborated. There need be no quarrel with this procedure, which can be turned into a useful political adjunct of the military operations. Full correspondence and direct continuity between the political offensive and the final peace terms will contribute materially to the stability of the post-war settlement. As military success becomes assured, the outlines of a peace for the enemy people may be stated in more specific and more convincing terms. In the case of Europe, the political offensive is already passing over into the elaboration of a general program in which the German people can be expected to cooperate in the post-war world. Events have not yet reached this stage in the Far East. Nor will victory in Europe automatically lead to the collapse of Japanese power, for Japan is too well entrenched behind its geographical ramparts on the Asiatic mainland and its oceanic and insular barriers in the Pacific. At the same time, the effects of Germany's defeat should not be discounted; they should rather be appraised at their right value and utilized to the utmost. The end of the war in Europe will have a terrific impact upon Japan. It will erase all prospect of victory, even for the toughest core of Japan's military rulers. For the first time they will be forced to begin reckoning seriously with reactions on the home front. They will be concerned, above all, to prevent the realization of inevitable defeat from sinking deeply into the minds of the Japanese people. At

Elements of Folk Psychology: Outlines of a Psychological History of the Development of Mankind

PROF. WUNDT has been a voluminous writer on psychological and philosophical subjects, and has had a profound effect in Germany and to a large extent also in the United States of America, but of the real value of his psychological investigations this is not the occasion to form an estimate. The “Elemente der Völkerpsychologie” (1912), of which the book under notice is a translation, breaks new ground, and we have to thank Prof. E. L. Schaub for rendering it available to the English-speaking public. Elements of Folk Psychology: Outlines of a Psychological History of the Development of Mankind. By Wilhelm Wundt. Authorised translation by Prof. E. L. Schaub. Pp. xxiii + 532, (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1917.) Price 15s. net.