Effects Of Gamma-ray Irradiation Research Articles

Optical properties, FTIR, and electron spin resonance analysis on the impact of gamma irradiation on fluorophosphate glasses doped with Iron(III) oxide

In the present investigation, conventional melting techniques were employed to fabricate the fluorophosphate glass composites with a composition of 20NaF–60P2O5–20Na2O–3Fe2O3 (mol.%). An investigation was conducted to analyze the impact of various doses of gamma-ray irradiation on certain optical properties. The alteration in the localized defects caused by gamma irradiation can explain the reduction in the refractive index (n) as the doses of gamma-ray irradiation increase, up to 10 kGy. The results of the solar skin protection factor (SSPF) and solar material protection factor (SMPF) tests demonstrate that the un-irradiated composite offers the highest level of protection against the harmful effects of solar energy on both human skin and materials. Some optical parameters, such as the concentrations of the charge carrier (Nopt), the relaxation time (τ), the optical electronegativity (ηopt), and the optical mobility (μopt) showed gamma dose-dependent. The effects of gamma-ray irradiation on the composites were analyzed using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies, both before and after exposure to 10 and 20 kGy.

Effects of gamma-ray irradiation on material and electrical properties of AlN gate dielectric on 4H-SiC

This article investigates the radiation effects on as-deposited and annealed AlN films on 4H-SiC substrates under gamma-rays. The AlN films are prepared using plasma-enhanced-atomic-layer-deposition on an n-type 4H-SiC substrate. The AlN/4H-SiC MIS structure is subjected to gamma-ray irradiation with total doses of 0, 300, and 600 krad(Si). Physical, chemical, and electrical methods were employed to study the variations in surface morphology, charge transport, and interfacial trapping characteristics induced by irradiation. After 300 krad(Si) irradiation, the as-deposited and annealed samples exhibit their highest root mean square values of 0.917 nm and 1.190 nm, respectively, which is attributed to N vacancy defects induced by irradiation. Under irradiation, the flatband voltage (V fb) of the as-deposited sample shifts from 2.24 to 0.78 V, while the annealed sample shifts from 1.18 to 2.16 V. X-ray photoelectron spectrum analysis reveals the decomposition of O-related defects in the as-deposited AlN and the formation of Al(NO x ) y compounds in the annealed sample. Furthermore, the space-charge-limits-conduction (SCLC) in the as-deposited sample is enhanced after radiation, while the barrier height of the annealed sample decreases from 1.12 to 0.84 eV, accompanied by the occurrence of the SCLC. The physical mechanism of the degradation of electrical performance in irradiated devices is the introduction of defects like N vacancies and O-related defects like Al(NO x ) y . These findings provide valuable insights for SiC power devices in space applications.

Experimental measurements of gamma-radiation effects on fiber-optic cables

This paper reports on our study of the effect of gamma-ray irradiation on two types of experimental fiber-optic cables. The first type of cable, CTFS, had a jelly-filling compound, whereas the second type, CTDS, was without the jelly. The cables contained three multi-mode (A, B, C) and five single-mode (D, E, F, G, H) optical fibers. The study was performed using two gamma-irradiation facilities with 60Co sources for slow long-term irradiation with the dose of 80.5 kGy at the low dose rate of 5.5 Gy/h and with the dose of 65.5 kGy at the higher dose irradiation rate of 0.94 kGy/h. After the irradiation with the dose of 80.5 kGy, the C fiber in the CTDS cable had the optical loss of 5.91 dB; 140 days after the gamma treatment at the wavelength of 1300 nm, it was 4.96 dB. The lowest optical losses for a single-mode fiber after irradiation with the dose of 65.5 kGy were found for the D fiber in the cable CTFS, namely 3.26 dB at 1490 nm and 3.49 dB at 1310 nm. In the fiber E in the CTDS cable, the optical loss was 3.62 dB at 1550 nm. In the fiber F in the CTDS cable, it was 3.86 dB at 1310 nm.

Effects of Gamma-ray and neutron irradiation on infrared optical properties of ZnSe and ZnS for ITER divertor thermography

Gamma-ray and neutron irradiation tests were performed by using antireflective-coated and non-antireflective-coated samples of ZnSe and ZnS to examine the impact on their infrared optical properties. In neutron irradiation tests, ZnSe and ZnS samples showed minimal transmittance reduction even up to 1.44 × 1016 n/cm2 (evaluated by dpa value, the values are 5.77 × 10−6, 2.07 × 10−5 for ZnSe and ZnS, respectively), about 5.8 times higher than the expected neutron fluence in ITER. Gamma irradiation at 100 kGy did not affect any of the samples, however, at 5.6 MGy (2.6x the expected dose of ITER), non-antireflective-coated ZnSe and ZnS exhibited induced absorption bands. Antireflective coating did partially mitigate this effect, but ZnS, even with antireflective coating, showed up to 2.5 % degradation over the wide wavelength range of 1.5–4.5 µm, whereas ZnSe was less affected. Both ZnSe and ZnS exhibited a modest 2 % absorption around 3 µm. Surface analysis by SEM, laser microscope, and XPS linked the 3-µm degradation to gamma-irradiation-induced Zn(OH)2 formation that was confined to the surface. Thus, transmittance degradation of ZnSe over the lifespan of ITER was estimated to be a maximum of approximately 7.8 %. The practical use of ZnSe in the IRTh system requires further evaluation with Si and CaF2 lenses and for the optical design to be finalized. Nevertheless, these findings suggest that ZnSe is a promising candidate for the IRTh system's lenses.

Effects of chemical treatment and gamma-ray irradiation on the structure-properties of sunn hemp and okra hessian cloth reinforced high-density polyethylene composites: A comparative study

Okra hessian cloth and Sunn hemp hessian cloth were prepared and treated with 5, 10, and 15 wt% alkali solutions for 1 h. The optimized concentration of alkali is 10 wt%. The untreated and treated hessian cloths reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were then prepared using the compression molding method. Alkali-treated, and 55 wt% fiber contents reinforced composites showed improved mechanical properties among 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, and 65 wt% fiber contents composites. 55 wt% fiber contents reinforced composites were then irradiated under gamma-ray at doses 2.5–7.5 kGy at the rate of 6 kGy/h. According to the X-ray diffraction analysis results, only alkali-treated Okra reinforced, and Sunn hemp-reinforced HDPE composites had higher crystallinity values than untreated and irradiated composites. Surface micrographs showed that the Okra-HDPE and Sunn hemp-HDPE had better matrix and fiber attachment. Cross-linking between the two varieties of fibers and matrix was seen using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Both irradiated composites exhibited greater hydrophobicity in their water intake characteristics compared to untreated and alkali-treated composites. The tensile strength ( TS) value of Sunn hemp composite for 5 kGy gamma-ray irradiation dose is 68 MPa, which is 14% and 42% higher than that of treated and untreated composites, respectively. For comparison, the TS value for 5 kGy dose irradiated Okra composite is 66 MPa, which is 17% and 44% higher than that of treated and untreated composites, respectively. Young’s modulus ( Y) values of irradiated Okra composite and irradiated Sunn hemp composite showed higher values than that of other composites. Both irradiated composites have better thermal and structural characteristics than untreated and alkali-treated composites.

Comparison of effects from gamma, e-beam and X-ray radiation on multilayer polymer films used in biopharmaceutical devices by chemometric treatment of spectroscopic data

The present study investigated the effects of gamma-ray, electron beam, and X-ray radiation on polymers in EVA/EVOH/EVA multilayer films. Spectroscopic methods, including FTIR and UV–Vis, were employed in conjunction with chemometric treatments such as PCA, SIMPLISMA treatments, and PLS models. The feasibility of dose prediction on multilayer film, given a known dose, is attainable across various irradiation technologies. Both gamma ray and X-ray exhibit comparable effects on the multilayer film, and it is feasible to anticipate the dose released on the film by utilizing UV–Vis spectra or infrared spectra for gamma ray or X-ray of a predetermined dose.

Effects of high-dose gamma-ray irradiation on an In0.53Ga0.47As high electron mobility transistor

We investigate the effects of gamma-ray (γ-ray) irradiation on an In0.53Ga0.47As high electron mobility transistor (HEMT). After γ-ray radiation, the irradiated HEMT shows degradation of the maximum transconductance (g m,max ), the unity current gain cutoff frequency (f T ), and the maximum oscillation frequency (f max)—about 12.8%, 18.0%, and 16.9%, respectively—because of an increase in on-resistance (Ron) in In0.53Ga0.47As HEMTs exposed to high-dose γ-ray radiation. Moreover, we obtain a minimum noise figure (NFmin) of about 1 dB from 8 to 40 GHz for the irradiated HEMT, which is a lower value compared to a non-irradiated HEMT; this is because the gate leakage current is reduced after γ-ray irradiation.

The effect of gamma ray irradiation on few layered MoSe2: A material for nuclear and space applications

In recent years, emerging two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2), have been at the center of attention for many researchers. This is due to their unique and fascinating physicochemical properties that make them attractive in space and defense applications that include shielding harsh irradiation environments. In this study, we examined the effects of gamma (γ) rays at various doses on the structural, chemical, and optical properties of MoSe2 layers. After the samples were exposed to intense gamma radiation (from a 60Co source) with various exposure times to vary the total accumulated dosage (up to 100 kGy), Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies were used to study and probe radiation-induced changes to the samples. When compared to pristine materials, very few changes in optical properties were typically observed, indicating good robustness with little sensitivity, even at relatively high doses of gamma radiation. The imaging using scanning electron microscopy revealed a number of nano-hillocks that were connected to substrate alterations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies revealed that Mo’s binding energies remained the same, but Se’s binding energies blueshifted. We associated this shift with the decrease in Se vacancies that occurred after irradiation as a result of Mo atoms creating adatoms next to Se atoms. When compared to pristine materials, very few changes in optical, chemical, and structural properties were typically observed. These findings highlight the inherent resilience of MoSe2 in hostile radioactive conditions, which spurs additional research into their optical, electrical, and structural characteristics as well as exploration for potential space, energy, and defense applications.

Experimental study of long-term catalytic effect on hydrogen generation G value of water by gamma-ray irradiation and hydrogen diffusion analysis in Compacted Hulls and End-Piece waste

In this study, it was evaluated the long-term catalytic effect and catalyst poisoning effect of gamma-ray irradiation on zirconium molybdate hydrate in the presence of three-way catalysts. The results indicated that the three-way catalyst was effective in suppressing the increase in hydrogen concentration due to radiolysis without being affected by poisoning. In addition, hydrogen diffusion analysis of the compressed hull and endpiece waste shows that hydrogen flows well through the waste and is suppressed by a three-way catalyst located in the center of the waste headspace.

Efek Induksi Mutasi Radiasi Gamma Terhadap Pertumbuhan Fisiologis Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine Max (L) Merrill)

Literature studies can examine the effect of gamma radiation on physiological aspects of soybean plants. Gamma radiation is known to impact genetic diversity, growth, morphology, seed size, weight and protein content of soybean plants. The aim of this literature study is to examine the effects of providing gamma rays on the physiology of soybean plants (Glycine max (L) Merrill). The method used is literature or literature study where the author uses several pieces of literature as references in the journal he created. Some studies show that gamma radiation can cause a decrease in the ability of soybean plants to survive and can cause slower growth. However, other research also shows that gamma radiation can be used to induce genetic mutations that have an impact on the physiology of soybean plants. The discussion topics taken range from the process of gamma radiation inducing genetic mutations in soybean plants, analysis of mutations that occur in soybean growth, the effect of gamma ray radiation on plant growth, and the effect of gamma radiation mutations on physiological parameters: photosynthesis of soybean plants.

Structural investigation and effect of gamma-ray irradiation on barium borate glasses containing vanadium oxide

This work investigates the structural changes induced in barium borate glasses by gamma irradiation doses and vanadium doping using FTIR spectroscopic technique. Binary Barium borate parent glass and samples of the same composition containing different concentrations of vanadium oxide with formula xV2O5-(65-x)B2O3-35BaO (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) were synthesized by melt quenching technique. FTIR spectroscopy approves the formation of both BO3 trigonal and BO4 tetrahedral structural units within the network backbone. V2O5 additions lead to borate network depolymerization by breaking B-O-B bonds and increasing V2O5 content causes systematic reductions in boroxol rings and B-O-B linkages, indicating disruption of the borate network. Gamma irradiation also damages the borate structure by cleaving B-O-B bonds in boroxol rings and BO3 units. This progressively converts BO3 to BO4 groups. Infrared spectroscopy reveals decreases in BO3 vibrations at higher doses as the network degrades. The radiation-induced network damage leads to changes in glass properties including thermal stability and hardness. A clearer understanding of borate structural modifications helps target these glasses for optical devices with controlled properties.

Annual gamma-ray background dose rates in dwellings of rural Tumkur.

The exposure to high levels of ionising radiation can cause severe health risks including cancer. The monitoring of background radiation is a primary task of nuclear scientists and researchers in the present day. The aim of the present work is to measure effective annual dose rate due to gamma-ray background radiation in dwellings of selected villages around Tumkur. It is very important to monitor background radiation in dwellings to safeguard from the harmful effects of gamma-ray background radiation. The dose rates in dwellings were measured using a German-made portable gamma dosemeter, Gamma-Scout. The measured annual dose rates were in the range of 1.103-2.824mSv/y. From this survey, it was observed that the average annual dose rate for dwellings under study area with concrete ceiling and tiles floor are comparatively higher than the dwellings with griddle ceiling and stone floor.

Gamma-ray irradiation and the alterations in photoluminescence emissions of undoped and indium-doped ZnO single crystals

We investigate the effect of gamma-ray irradiation on the ultraviolet (UV) emissions of undoped and indium-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) single crystals. After irradiation, UV emission broadening is observed which is attributed to shallow defects induced in the strained crystal lattice. These defect states play a role in shortening the UV emission lifetimes, and the difference is found to be more pronounced in the doped ZnO crystal. The underlying phenomena responsible for the observed changes in the photoluminescence properties are discussed.

Effects of Gamma-Ray Irradiation of Bacteria Colonies in Animal Feeds and on Growth and Gut Health of Weaning Piglets

Animal feeds contain a substantial number and diversity of microorganisms, and some of them have pathogenic potential. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of different doses of gamma (γ)-ray irradiation on the bacteria count in different types of feed and then to test the effect of γ-ray-irradiation-treated fishmeal on the gut health and growth performance of weaning piglets. In trial 1, three fishmeal samples, two feather meal samples, three meat meal samples, three soybean meal samples, and three vitamin complexes were treated with γ-ray irradiation doses of 0, 3, 6, or 9 kGy. The 6 and 9 kGy doses eliminated most of the bacteria in the feed but also resulted in a loss of vitamin C and B1. In trial 2, 96 weaning piglets were fed one of the following three diets with eight replicates (pens) per group over a 14-day period: (1) the control diet—the basal diet supplemented with 6% fishmeal with a low bacteria count (40 CFU/g) and no E. coli; (2) the fishmeal-contaminated diet (FM-contaminated) diet—the basal diet supplemented with 6% fishmeal with a high bacteria count (91,500 CFU/g) and E. coli contamination; and (3) the irradiated fishmeal (irradiated FM) diet—the basal diet supplemented with γ-ray-irradiation-treated E. coli-contaminated fishmeal. The piglets that received the FM-contaminated diet had significantly lower average daily gain and a greater diarrhea index compared to those fed the control diet, whereas γ-ray irradiation treatment abrogated the negative effect of the E. coli-contaminated fishmeal. Collectively, γ-ray irradiation at a dose of 6–9 kGy was sufficient to eliminate the microorganisms in the feed, thereby benefitting the growth performance and gut health of the weaning piglets.

Comparative study of electron beam and gamma ray irradiation effects in RPC glass detector materials by positron lifetime spectroscopy

This work is intended to compare the electron beam and gamma ray irradiation induced microstructural effects and electrical conductivity in glass Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detector materials with different doses. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopic (PALS) technique was used to analyze the irradiation induced structural modifications in the RPC detector materials. PALS analysis at lower doses indicates the increased void size with the creation of additional sites in the glass network upon both the irradiation sources. At higher irradiation doses, the reduced void size shows the enhanced chemical bonding between the tetrahedral sites of Si-O-Si and hence increases the short range order in the silica glass. The variation of DC conductivity upon both the irradiation techniques correlates well with the measured void size. Gamma ray irradiation produced more structural changes in the glass samples as compared to the electron beam irradiation.

Effect of gamma rays irradiation in the structure, optical, and electrical properties of samarium doped bismuth titanate ceramics

AbstractCeramics have enormous potential in several emerging technologies, including nuclear reactors. Materials with chemical inertness, high-temperature operation, and physical properties stability under applied radiation with high energy are all desired in this field of technology. Given these broad specifications, bismuth titanate ceramics may prove to be a valuable material. Regarding this task, the effect of gamma rays on the structural, optical, and ferroelectric properties of samarium-modified bismuth titanate ceramics was investigated. The Bi3.15Sm0.85Ti3O12(BSmT) compound was irradiated for 0, 50, 100, and 200 kGy using a60Co gamma source at a dose rate of 10 kGy h−1. The phase structure confirmed the orthorhombic, single-phase nature even after gamma irradiation. The results show that the unit cell volume decreases from 966.39 to 962.38 Å3with an increase in gamma dose from 0 to 200 kGy. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study shows an irradiation-induced defect in the host matrix. The results show that the bandgap energy, dielectric constant, Curie temperatures, and remnant polarization slightly decreased with an increase in gamma irradiation. According to the findings of this study, the BSmT exhibits adequate stability against gamma irradiation, which offers tremendous promise in their utilization in nuclear reactor technology.

Effect of gamma-ray and electron-beam irradiation on the structural changes and functional properties of edible insect proteins from Protaetia brevitarsis larvae

Edible insects are regarded as future food sources to replace traditional livestock proteins. However, insect proteins have poor processing properties owing to various structural limitations. We investigated the structure of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae proteins modified by irradiation, and analyzed their resulting processing abilities. Following irradiation with gamma rays and electron beams, the ratio of parallel β-sheets to β-turns changed significantly, and changes in the tertiary protein structures were also confirmed. The polydispersity indices of the proteins remained relatively constant following irradiation, although the zeta potential and mean diameter changed. Furthermore, the pH, protein solubility, surface hydrophobicity, foaming capacity, and emulsion stability were higher than those of the control, whereas the viscosity and foaming stability were lower. Thus, gamma ray and electron beam irradiation clearly lead to changes in the structures of edible insect proteins and improves their processing properties, promoting the industrial utilization of such proteins in the food industry.

Sunn hemp hessian cloth reinforced thermoplastic composites: Effects of chemical treatment and gamma-ray irradiation

Untreated and alkali-treated Sunn hemp hessian cloth-reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were prepared by the compression molding method. The fabricated composites contained 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, and 65wt% fiber contents and were optimized. 55wt% fiber contents reinforced composites showed better mechanical properties. This composite was alkali treated and irradiated under gamma-ray at doses 2.5‒7.5 kGy at the rate of 6 kGy/h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) result indicates that the crystallinity of the alkali-treated Sunn hemp-reinforced HDPE composites shows a higher value than those of untreated and irradiated composites. Better adhesion between fiber and matrix was observed from surface micrographs. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy reveals cross-linking between fiber and matrix. The water intake properties of irradiated composite show more hydrophobic nature than that of untreated and alkali-treated composites. The tensile strength of the gamma-ray irradiated composites are 20% and 33% greater than that of untreated and alkali-treated composites. Similar results are found for Young’s modulus. At a certain dose of 5 kGy, the irradiated composites show improved thermal, mechanical, and structural properties than untreated and alkali-treated composites.

The Role of Genetics and Synergistic Effect of Targeting Common Genetic Mutations in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).

Increasing concern regarding non-treatment and relapse in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) among children and adults has attracted the attention of researchers to investigate the genetic factors of ALL and discover new treatments with a better prognosis. Nevertheless, the survival rate in children is more than in adults; therefore, it is necessary to find new potential molecular targets with better therapeutic results. Genomic analysis has enabled the detection of different genetic defects that are serious for driving leukemogenesis. The study of genetic translocation provides a better understanding of the function of genes involved in disease progression. This paper presents an overview of the main genetic translocations and dysregulations in the signaling pathways of ALL. We also report the inhibitors of these main translocations and evaluate the synergistic effect of chemical inhibitors and gamma-ray irradiation on ALL.

Effect of gamma-ray irradiation on structural and optical property of WSe2 film

Effect of gamma-ray irradiation on structural and optical property of WSe2 film