Effects Of Functional Appliances Research Articles

Volumetric measurements of mandibular incisor root resorption following Forsus FRD EZ2 and Bionator appliance treatment using cone-beam computed tomography: A preliminary study

Objectives: Root resorption is one of the frequently encountered problems in orthodontic treatments. The effects of functional appliances on root resorption have not been clearly demonstrated. The aim of this study was to compare volumetric root resorption of mandibular incisors after Bionator and Forsus appliance treatment using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: The study sample (n = 30) was selected from Class II div. 1 mandibular retrognathia patients treated with the Bionator and Forsus appliances. The first CBCT scans were taken before Bionator use and after 6 months. In the Forsus group, the first CBCT scans were taken before Forsus appliance use and after an overcorrected Class I relationship was obtained. The mean treatment time with the Forsus appliance was 5 ± 1.2 months. Mimics software was used for segmentation and volumetric measurements of mandibular incisor teeth root resorption. Results: In the Bionator group, statistically significant root volume loss was not found. In the Forsus group, the differences between before and after the treatment were not statistically significant for teeth 41, 31, and 32 (P > 0.05), whereas the difference was statistically significant for the lower right second incisor (P < 0.002). The percentage of volume loss (%) and root volume loss (mm3) was not statistically significant between groups. Conclusions: Following functional treatment with the Bionator and Forsus, statistically significant difference was not found between groups for mandibular incisor root resorption.

Retracted Article: Functional Appliances in the Treatment of Class II Malocclusion- A Review

The article stands retracted due to double submission by the author Dr. Aakash Shah . It is quite regretful that such authors waste the time and resources of the journal. View the email sent by Dr. Aakash below. Functional jaw orthopaedic appliances are a treatment modality for the correction of Class II malocclusions due to mandibular retrusion. A wide range of functional appliances which aim to stimulate mandibular growth by holding the mandible forward is available to correct this type of skeletal and occlusal disharmony. However, the effects of functional appliances are still controversial. Numerous animal experiments and clinical studies have been performed to help ascertain the mechanisms underlying the effects of functional appliances and the optimal timing of treatment. This literature review will be restricted to a discussion of the role of functional appliance therapy in the treatment of class II malocclusions.

Functional Appliances in the Treatment of Class II Malocclusion- A Review

Functional jaw orthopaedic appliances are a treatment modality for the correction of Class II malocclusions due to mandibular retrusion. A wide range of functional appliances which aim to stimulate mandibular growth by holding the mandible forward is available to correct this type of skeletal and occlusal disharmony. However, the effects of functional appliances are still controversial. Numerous animal experiments and clinical studies have been performed to help ascertain the mechanisms underlying the effects of functional appliances and the optimal timing of treatment. This literature review will be restricted to a discussion of the role of functional appliance therapy in the treatment of class II malocclusions.

Effect of functional appliances on the airway dimensions in patients with skeletal class II malocclusion: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES:The aim of the present systematic review was to assess the effect of functional appliances on the airway dimensions in patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Articles were identified through a literature survey carried out through the following databases: (1) PUBMED, (2) Google Scholar, (3) The Cochrane Library, (4) Embase, (5) Lilac, and (6) Web of Scholars. The systematic review analyzed 12 articles comprising removable functional appliances, 3 articles with fixed functional appliances, and 2 articles having both fixed and removable functional appliances.RESULTS:Qualitative assessment was done for all the 17 studies. The effect of functional appliances in the dimensions of three airway spaces – nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx were analyzed.CONCLUSIONS:Significant increase in the dimensions of nasopharynx and oropharynx was observed with Activator. Significant increase in the nasopharynx and hypopharynx (male patients) was observed with Bionator. Insignificant increase in the oropharynx was observed with the same. Significant increase in the oropharynx and hypopharynx was observed with Twin Block. Insignificant increase in the nasopharynx was observed with the same. Significant increase was observed only in the hypopharynx for Frankel II. Decreased or insignificant change was observed with FMA, MPA IV, and Herbst appliances.

The Effects of Functional Appliances on Female Patients with Skeletal Class II Malocclusion 6 Months after Menarche.

To investigate the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue changes in girls with class II division 1 malocclusion after growth spurt peak under the effect of activator appliance. In this clinical trial study, 15 female patients, with skeletal class II and mandibular growth deficiency and at least 5 mm overjet, were randomly selected 6 months after their menarche. The mean of their ages at the beginning was 12.33 ± 0.81 years, and in the end it was 13.73 ± 0.79 years; the mean duration of treatment was 12.2 ± 3.18 months. Lateral, cephalometric radiographs were taken from all the patients before and after the treatment. Data were analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20 using paired t-test. On an average, the ANB angle, the angle of the upper incisors with the S-N, facial convexity, and overjet decreased by 2.6° ± 0.9, 5.4° ± 0.8, 3.8° ± 3.4, and 5.6 ± 1.8 mm respectively. The SNB angle, the angle of the lower incisors with the N-B, the labiomental angle, the total length of the mandible, the lower anterior facial height, the lower lip distance, the first molar of the mandible, and the soft tissue pogonion to the vertical line from the S point increased by 2.8° ± 1.8, 3.4° ± 3, 14.7 ± 15, 3.7 ± 2.6, 2.1 ± 1.6, 6.3 ± 2.5, 4.4 ± 2.4, and 6 ± 3.3 mm respectively. All these figures were statistically significant (p = 0.000). The functional appliance improved the dental-skeletal relations and the soft tissue profile of patients after the growth spurt peak of puberty in a group of Iranian girls, whereas dental changes were more than skeletal ones. Functional appliances can be used for correction of skeletal class II malocclusion 6 months after menarche in girls.

Residents' journal review

Residents' journal review

Class II treatment with functional appliances: A meta-analysis of short-term treatment effects

The efficacy of functional appliances and changes produced by their application are still the subject of controversy. Functional appliances encompass a range of removable and fixed devices that are designed to create three-dimensional changes in the dentition and development of the jaws. This meta-analysis aims to analyze current literature up to January 2013 to provide evidence regarding the effects of functional appliances (removable FA and fixed FA). A literature survey of articles was initiated with meta-analysis using the random effect model (REM) along with heterogenesis and sensitivity analyses. Articles that met the inclusion criteria included 24 for RFA and 7 for FFA. The total number of subjects evaluated were 1469 (780 treated and 689 controls) for RFA and 353 (219 treated and 134 controls) for FFA. The results from the REM showed significant effects on mandibular skeletal (Co–Gn: 2.29 mm, p < 0.0005; SNB—1.43°, p < 0.0005; and N Perp Pg—2.08 mm, p < 0.006) and dental changes (L incisor horizontal—1.34 mm, p < 0.0005). Significant maxillary dental changes (U molar horizontal—2.84 mm, p < 0.0005) were only observed for FFAs. Sensitivity and chi-square tests also confirmed these findings. The analysis of the effect of treatment by FFAs and RFAs versus untreated controls showed statistically significant short-term effects. The efficacy of functional appliances and changes produced by their application are still the subject of controversy. Functional appliances encompass a range of removable and fixed devices that are designed to create three-dimensional changes in the dentition and development of the jaws. This meta-analysis aims to analyze current literature up to January 2013 to provide evidence regarding the effects of functional appliances (removable FA and fixed FA). A literature survey of articles was initiated with meta-analysis using the random effect model (REM) along with heterogenesis and sensitivity analyses. Articles that met the inclusion criteria included 24 for RFA and 7 for FFA. The total number of subjects evaluated were 1469 (780 treated and 689 controls) for RFA and 353 (219 treated and 134 controls) for FFA. The results from the REM showed significant effects on mandibular skeletal (Co–Gn: 2.29 mm, p < 0.0005; SNB—1.43°, p < 0.0005; and N Perp Pg—2.08 mm, p < 0.006) and dental changes (L incisor horizontal—1.34 mm, p < 0.0005). Significant maxillary dental changes (U molar horizontal—2.84 mm, p < 0.0005) were only observed for FFAs. Sensitivity and chi-square tests also confirmed these findings. The analysis of the effect of treatment by FFAs and RFAs versus untreated controls showed statistically significant short-term effects.

Trabecular anisotropy and collagen fibre orientation in the mandibular condyle following experimental functional appliance treatment using sheep

In order to study the modifying effects of functional appliances on the mechanical environment of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), we characterised the structure of the mandibular condyle subsequent to an experimental functional appliance intervention. Eight, four-month-old, castrated male Merino sheep, were randomly allocated to experimental and control groups (n = 4 in each group). Forward mandibular displacement was induced with an intraoral appliance. The study period was 15 weeks, during which time fluorochromes were administered to all of the animals. Midsagittal sections of the TMJ were selected for analysis and trabecular anisotropy was estimated using bone histomorphometry. Only the experimental group demonstrated that the trabecular bone in the central condylar region was less anisotropic when compared to the subchondral region. Also, the variation in trabecular anisotropy of the central condylar region was found to be smaller in the experimental group. The collagen fibre orientation was analysed under polarised light as the proportion of the dark or bright fibres observed in regions which existed before, and regions which formed during the experiment, as determined by the fluorochrome labels. In the experimental group, more bright collagen fibres were found in the most superior region of the mandibular condyle when compared with the controls. These results suggested that the experimental functional appliances changed the orientation and pattern of the mechanical forces acting on the mandibular condyle, and possibly increased the magnitude of the lateral functional forces applied to the most superior part of the condyle during such treatments.

Os efeitos dos aparelhos funcionais sobre a dimensão transversal da maxila e mandíbula

Enquanto os efeitos dos aparelhos ortopédicos funcionais sobre as dimensões ântero-posterior e vertical vêm sendo amplamente estudados, o efeito sobre a dimensão transversal é um campo limitado e pouco explorado. A presença de escudos vestibulares, a pressão muscular, tração periostal e o reposicionamento lingual são alguns dos tópicos que podem influenciar o crescimento transversal da maxila e mandíbula. Vários estudos mostram uma alteração transversal dos arcos dentários, como resposta da terapia com o aparelho funcional. Baseado em uma revisão sistemática da literatura esse trabalho teve como objetivo: 1) avaliar os mecanismo de ação dos aparelhos e a influência sobre a dimensão transversal e 2) resumir os efeitos clínicos de diferentes aparelhos funcionais sobre a dimensão transversal.

Effect of Functional Appliances on Mandibular Morphology in Class II - Div.1 Cases

Effect of Functional Appliances on Mandibular Morphology in Class II - Div.1 Cases

Effects of functional appliances on the electromyographic activities of the muscles of mastication during swallowing and mastication: P. A. Sectakof, Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto, 1992

Effects of functional appliances on the electromyographic activities of the muscles of mastication during swallowing and mastication: P. A. Sectakof, Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto, 1992

The Effect of Functional Appliances on the Skeletal Pattern

The findings of some 26 papers covering the results of Andresen and Fränkel appliances, as analysed from cephalometric radiographs, are reviewed. These findings show a high degree of consistency. They have been combined to produce larger samples, and compared with a control group produced from reports of untreated Class II division 1 individuals, with consequent gains in statistical significance. Generally, there is no appreciable holding back of maxillary advancement in either group (although a slight relative reduction in the angle SNA). There is a slight mean increase in mandibular growth, mainly in a vertical direction. This seems similar to that reported by several authors in conventional appliances. There is a wide variation in response.

Effect of functional appliances on jaw muscle activity

The electromyographic (EMG) activity of masticatory muscles was monitored longitudinally with chronically implanted EMG electrodes to determine whether functional appliances produce a change in postural EMG activity of the muscles. Preappliance and postappliance EMG levels in four experimentals that had been fitted with functional appliances were compared against the background of EMG levels in controls without appliances. The insertion of two types of functional appliance to induce mandibular protrusion was associated with a decrease in postural EMG activity of the superior and inferior heads of the lateral pterygoid, superficial masseter, and anterior digastric muscles; the decrease in the first three muscles was statistically significant. This decreased postural EMG activity persisted for approximately 6 weeks, with a gradual return toward preappliance levels during a subsequent 6-week period of observation. Progressive mandibular advancement of 1.5 to 2 mm every 10 to 15 days did not prevent the decrease in postural EMG activity.