Effect Of Formic Acid Research Articles

Effect of Formic Acid on Fuel Cell Performance for Automobile Applications

Single-cell tests and exhaust gas analyses were conducted to understand the reaction behavior of formic acid (HCOOH) and its effect on fuel cell performance, as specified in the hydrogen quality standard for fuel cell vehicles. HCOOH decreased the voltage with increasing concentration, but the effect was smaller than that of carbon monoxide and performance was recovered by stopping the HCOOH supply. Exhaust gas analysis during the fuel cell operation and electrochemical measurements with HCOOH adsorbed on the electrocatalyst showed that the HCOOH supplied to the anode should permeate the electrolyte membrane and be oxidized at the cathode to produce carbon dioxide. Verification tests in the hydrogen circulation system that is typically used in actual fuel cell vehicles confirmed that the effect of HCOOH did not appear at current densities up to 2.0 A cm−2 and concentrations up to 5 ppm.

Effect of Formic Acid on Fuel Cell Performance for Automobile Applications

Single-cell tests and exhaust gas analyses were conducted to understand the reaction behavior of formic acid (HCOOH) and its effect on fuel cell performance, as specified in the hydrogen quality standard for fuel cell vehicles. HCOOH decreased the voltage with increasing concentration, but the effect was smaller than that of carbon monoxide and performance was recovered by stopping the HCOOH supply. Exhaust gas analysis during the fuel cell operation and electrochemical measurements with HCOOH adsorbed on the electrocatalyst showed that the HCOOH supplied to the anode should permeate the electrolyte membrane and be oxidized at the cathode to produce carbon dioxide. Verification tests in the hydrogen circulation system that is typically used in actual fuel cell vehicles confirmed that the effect of HCOOH did not appear at current densities up to 2.0 A cm−2 and concentrations up to 5 ppm.

Effect of formic acid on aqueous corrosion mechanisms of mild steel

The effect of formic acid (HCOOH or shortly HFr) on corrosion mechanisms of X65 steel was systematically investigated in pH controlled, N2-sparged and CO2-sparged solutions using potentiodynamic polarization and linear polarization resistance (LPR) techniques. The results from the electrochemical experiments conducted in 1 wt.% NaCl solutions at 1 bar (total pressure) confirm that HFr is not significantly electroactive and therefore is not directly reduced on the steel surface under the conditions studied here. Experiments at various HFr concentration, temperature, pH, and flow rate also confirm that the main role of HFr on the corrosion of X65 steel is through the “buffering effect” mechanism. According to this mechanism, weak acids such as HFr increase the cathodic limiting current by providing hydrogen ions (H+) through their chemical dissociation similarly as is seen with acetic acid (CH3COOH or HAc).A comparison between HFr and HAc shows that these two organic acids have some differences in their behavior. First, HAc seems to retard the anodic reaction and decrease the corrosion rate, especially at lower temperatures and higher concentrations, while HFr does not. Second, the influence of these two acids on increasing the limiting current density seems to be similar at 30 °C, but at higher temperatures (50 °C, 80 °C), the cathodic limiting current density in the presence of HAc is greater than that with HFr at the same molar concentration. Under similar experimental conditions, HAc was observed to be less corrosive at lower temperature (30 °C), and more corrosive at higher temperatures (50 °C and 80 °C) compared to HFr at the same molar concentration.Experimental data collected in this study were used to validate a newly developed mechanistic model. According to our investigations this model shows an accurate fit to the experimental data at different HFr concentrations and pH at 30 °C. However, the model deviates from the experimental limiting current density value at higher temperatures (50 °C and 80 °C). It is speculated that this deviation results from a potential inaccuracy in the available temperature function for equilibrium constant of HFr dissociation reaction, which requires further investigations.

Effect of Formic Acid and Biotin Supplementation on Growth Performance and Survival of the Carp Fish Challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infection

Effect of Formic Acid and Biotin Supplementation on Growth Performance and Survival of the Carp Fish Challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infection

Effect of formic acid as an electrolyte additive on the performance of a 2-V lead-acid cell

Effect of formic acid as an electrolyte additive on the performance of a 2-V lead-acid cell

Effect of formic acid (HCOOH) on the corrosion protectiveness of magnetite (Fe3O4) at elevated temperature

The corrosion behavior of carbon steel in an aqueous solution containing dissolved CO2, H2S, and HCOOH at high temperature was investigated by conducting a series of systematic experiments. The influence of each (possible) corrosive species (CO2, H2S, and HCOOH) on corrosion mechanisms were explored through detailed analysis of corrosion rates and corrosion product layers. The results showed that the formation and integrity of the Fe3O4 layer was compromised in the presence of HCOOH, probably due to the formation of Fe(COOH)+which impedes the formation of Fe3O4 at the initial stage of the corrosion process.

Criegee Intermediate-Mediated Oxidation of Dimethyl Disulfide: Effect of Formic Acid and Its Atmospheric Relevance.

The oxidation-reduction reactions of disulfides are important in both chemistry and biology. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), the smallest reduced sulfur species with a disulfide bond, is emitted in significant quantities from natural sources and contributes to the formation of aerosols and hazardous haze. Although atmospheric removal of DMDS via the reactions with OH or NO3 radicals and photolysis is known, the reactions of DMDS with other atmospheric oxidants are yet to be explored. Herein, using quantum chemical calculations, we explored the reactions of DMDS with CH2OO (formaldehyde oxide) and other methyl-substituted Criegee intermediates. The various reaction pathways evaluated were found to have positive energy barriers. However, in the presence of formic acid, a direct oxygen-transfer pathway leading to the corresponding sulfoxide (CH3SS(O)CH3) was found to proceed through a submerged transition state below the separated reactants. Calculations for the methyl-substituted Criegee intermediates, particularly for anti-CH3CHOO, show a significant increase in the rate of the direct oxygen-transfer reaction when catalyzed by formic acid. The presence of formic acid also alters the mechanism and reduces the enthalpic barrier of a second pathway, forming thioformaldehyde and hydroperoxide without any rate enhancement. Our data indicated that, although Criegee intermediates are unlikely to be an important atmospheric sink of DMDS under normal conditions, in regions rich in DMDS and formic acid, the formic acid-catalyzed Criegee intermediate-mediated oxidation of DMDS via the direct oxygen-transfer pathway could lead to organic sulfur compounds contributing to atmospheric aerosol.

Effects of Formic Acid and Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Fermentation Products, Bacterial Community Diversity and Predictive Functional Characteristics of Perennial Ryegrass Silage in Karst Regions

The effects of additives on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., LP) silage’s metabolites, microbial diversity and microbial metabolic pathways have been less studied in karst areas. This experiment sought to ascertain the impact of formic acid (F) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) preparations introduced in karst locations on the fermentation products of LP silage, the makeup of bacterial population and the projected functional characteristics. The experiment proceeded as follows: (1) for the CK treatment, 5 mL kg−1 fresh weight (FW) of distilled water was added; (2) for the F treatment (88%), 5 mL kg−1 FW of formic acid was added; (3) for the L treatment, Lactobacillus plantarum was mixed with Lactobacillus brucei at 2 × 107 cfu/g FW. For 7, 15 and 45 days, the silage samples were kept at room temperature (20–25 °C). On day 45, the amount of lactic acid (LA) in the silage samples was substantially higher (p < 0.05) in the F (6.56% DM) and L (6.94% DM) treatments than in the CK treatment (4.47% DM), and the F treatment also had significantly lower pH and NH3-N contents than the CK and L treatments. The concentration of lactic acid (LA) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the F (6.56% DM) and L (6.94% DM) treatments than in the CK treatment (4.47% DM). On day 45, the dominant genera for the F and L treatments were Lactiplantibacillus (28.78% and 20.34%), Lentilactobacillus (18.85% and 12.67%) and Secundilacillus (5.01% and 13.25%), while Hafnia-Obesumbacterium (16.94%) had a higher abundance in the CK treatment. The F and L treatments promoted microbial metabolic pathways such as “metabolism”, “genetic information processing” and “organismal systems”. They reduced other microbial metabolic pathways such as “membrane transport”, “signal transduction” and “ABC transport”. In summary, F and L can enhance the quality of LP silage in karst areas by improving the structure and function of microbial communities.

Effect of Formic Acid on Furfural Diffusion in Transformer Oil–Paper Insulation Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Furfural content dissolved in transformer oil is affected by the furfural diffusion in oil-paper insulation. Previous studies focused on the effects of temperature and moisture on furfural diffusion, while the effect of formic acid on furfural is ignored. Given this, the effect of formic acid on the diffusion properties of furfural is studied in this work through molecular dynamics simulations and macroscopic experiments. First, oil-cellulose-furfural molecular models with different formic acid mass fractions are built, molecular dynamics simulations are performed separately. Also, the furfural diffusion coefficients for different molecular models are determined. Then, insulating paper with different formic acid mass fractions is prepared, and the furfural diffusion coefficients are calculated by combining the measured data and Fick’s second law. Finally, the effect of intermolecular interaction energy on the furfural diffusion in the oil-paper insulation is analyzed. The results revealed that formic acid increased the van der Waals force between furfural and insulating oil, which enhanced the adsorption of furfural and promoted furfural diffusion into the oil. This work explains the effect of formic acid on furfural diffusion, and provides a theoretical basis for furfural analysis.

Effect of formic acid as an accelerator on foam-stability, compressive strength, and pore size distribution of foam concrete

In this study, the formic acid as an accelerator was used to increase the properties of the foamed concrete. The impact of formic acid on the performance of foam concrete was investigated experimentally. The experimental results reveal that using formic acid as an accelerator can significantly increase the rate of yield stress evolution in the matrix. The matrix with the higher yield stress evolution rate tends to increase the stability of the fresh foam concrete. In addition, the –COOH in formic acid can absorb the moisture in the foam, thus increasing foam drainage. The excess formic acid in the base mix can reduce the stability of the fresh foam concrete. The compressive strength of foam concrete can be significantly increased with the addition of 1.0% formic acid. A more homogeneous and finer pore structure of foam concrete can be obtained with the incorporation of 1.0% formic acid, which may result in lower water absorption and higher compressive strength.

Effect of formic acid on O2 + OH˙CHOH → HCOOH + HO2 reaction under tropospheric condition: kinetics of cis and trans isomers.

Formic acid (HCOOH) is one of the highly abundant acids in the troposphere. It is important in the formation of atmospheric aerosols and impacts the acidity of rainwater. In the present scenario, the model chemistry of HCOOH(FA) sources and sinks is poorly understood. In this work, we apply quantum chemical methods coupled with advanced statistical rate theories to understand the production of FA and its catalytic behavior under tropospheric conditions. The potential energy surfaces (PES) for O2 + OH˙CHOH and O2 + OH˙CHOH(+FA) reactions were constructed using the CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level and rate constants for the production of FA were predicted using Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM)/master equation (ME) simulation with Eckart tunnelling and canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) with small curvature tunnelling (SCT) between the temperature range of 200-320 K and pressure range of 0.001 to 10 bar. The reaction follows the formation of cis and trans intermediates followed by spontaneous decomposition via concerted HO2 elimination to form stable post intermediates, which then leads to the straight formation of cis and trans formic acid. The current study also helps understand the role of cis and trans contribution to the total rate constants. The results show that O2 + OH˙CHOH is dominated by both cis and trans isomers; however, the trans isomer plays a more important role in the catalytic reaction. This result is due to the formation of a strong hydrogen-bonded complex in the trans isomer, which is dominated by the enthalpy factor rather than the entropy factor. The results predict that the catalytic effect of FA on the O2 + OH˙CHOH reaction is important when the concentration of FA is not included in the calculations; however, it has no effect under tropospheric conditions, when the FA concentration is included in the calculation. As a result, the total effective reaction rate constants are smaller. This work provides experimental/theoretical confirmation of Franco et al. who predicted that methanediol is the precursor for the FA formation, resolving an open problem in the kinetics of the gas phase reaction. O2 + OH˙CHOH and O2 + OH˙CHOH(+FA) probably explain other diol systems, which can help explain the formation of other atmospheric acids that affect aerosol formation and cloud evolution.

Effect of Formic Acid and Inoculants on Microbial Community and Fermentation Profile of Wilted or Un-Wilted Italian Ryegrass Silages during Ensiling and Aerobic Exposure

Wilted (around 35% DM) or un-wilted (around 35% DM) Italian ryegrass treated with three additives (formic acid, FA; Lactobacillus plantarum, LP; Lactobacillus buchneri, LB) was utilized to evaluate the effects of the dry matter (DM) contents on the microbial community and fermentation characteristics, which was ensiled for 60 days in a laboratory-scale silo, followed by 3 days of aerobic exposure. Significantly lower pH and higher lactic acid (LA) contents were observed in the LP-treated group ensiled at both DM contents (differences were significant when p < 0.05). The contents of LA, acetic acid (AA), numbers of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in the FA-treated group were significantly lower than those in other treatments (p < 0.05). L. buchneri was the dominant bacteria after 60 days fermentation, while Enterobacteria became prevalent after 3 days of aerobic exposure. L. buchneri was found in the LB-treated group with higher acetic acid. Although the best fermentation quality was observed in the LP-treated silages, the aerobic stability was lowest compared to other groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the DM content of Italian ryegrass affected its epiphytic microbial community and the effectiveness of the different type of additives. Formic acid was more suitable for un-wilted Italian ryegrass silage, L. plantarum had a better effect in wilted Italian ryegrass silage, and L. buchneri prolonged the aerobic stability of Italian ryegrass. DM content and purpose of ensiling should be the key factors for choosing different types of additives for Italian ryegrass silage.

Effect of Formic Acid on the Outdiffusion of Ti Interstitials at TiO2 Surfaces: A DFT+U Investigation.

Ti interstitials play a key role in the surface chemistry of TiO2. However, because of their elusive behavior, proof of their participation in catalytic processes is difficult to obtain. Here, we used DFT+U calculations to investigate the interaction between formic acid (FA) and excess Ti atoms on the rutile-TiO2(110) and anatase-TiO2(101) surfaces. The excess Ti atoms favor FA dissociation, while decreasing the relative stability of the bidentate bridging coordination over the monodentate one. FA species interact significantly with the Ti interstitials, favoring their outdiffusion. Eventually, Ti atoms can emerge at the surface forming chelate species, which are more stable than monodentate FA species in the case of rutile, and are even energetically favored in the case of anatase. The presence of Ti adatoms that can directly participate to surface processes should then be considered when formic acid and possibly carboxylate-bearing species are adsorbed onto TiO2 particles.

Effects of formic acid and glycerol monolaurate on weanling pig growth performance, fecal consistency, fecal microbiota, and serum immunity.

A total of 350 weanling pigs (DNA 400 × 200; initially, 5.67 ± 0.06 kg BW) were used in a 42-day study with 5 pigs per pen and 14 replicate pens per treatment. At weaning, pigs were allotted to pens in a completely randomized design and pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments: 1) negative control (CON; standard nursery diet containing only 150 ppm Zn from trace mineral premix and no acidifier); 2) control diet with 3,000 ppm added zinc from ZnO included in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm added zinc from ZnO included in phase 2 (ZnO); 3) control diet with 0.70% formic acid (FA; Amasil NA; BASF, Florham, NJ); 4) control diet with 0.18% glycerol monolaurate (GML; Natural Biologics GML, Natural Biologics, Newfield, NY); and 5) control diet with a 1.0% blend of formic acid and glycerol monolaurate (FORMI; FORMI 3G, ADDCON GmbH, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany). Pigs were fed treatment diets from d 0 to d 28 and were then fed a common diet from d 28 to d 42. From days 0 to 7, pigs fed ZnO or FORMI had increased (P = 0.03) ADG compared to pigs fed CON, with no difference in feed intake (P > 0.05). Overall, pigs fed GML had reduced (P < 0.0001) ADG compared with those fed the CON, ZnO, or FORMI diets. Fecal DM was evaluated from days 7 to 28 and there was a treatment × day interaction (P = 0.04). Pigs fed GML had a lower fecal DM % on day 7, but a higher fecal DM % on days 14 and 21; however, no differences in fecal DM were observed on day 28. Fresh fecal samples were collected from the same randomly selected pig on days 0 and 14 (70 pigs total;14 pigs per treatment) for analysis of fecal microbial populations using 16S rDNA sequencing. Dietary treatment did not significantly impact fecal microbiota at the phyla level, but pigs fed ZnO had an increased relative abundance (P < 0.01) of the family Clostridiaceae. A blood sample was also collected from one pig per pen on days 0 and 14 for analysis of serum IgA, IgG, and TNF-α. There was no evidence that dietary treatment effected IgA, IgG, or TNF-α concentrations. The effect of sampling day was significant (P < 0.05), where circulating IgA and TNF-α was increased and IgG was decreased from days 0 to 14. In summary, there is potential for a blend of formic acid and GML to improve growth performance immediately post-weaning without negatively impacting fecal consistency. Formic acid and GML alone or in combination did not impact fecal microbial populations or serum immune parameters.

Effect of Formic Acid on Pitting Corrosion of Steam Turbine Blade Material 13Cr Steel in Simulated Boiler Water Containing Chloride Ions

Effect of Formic Acid on Pitting Corrosion of Steam Turbine Blade Material 13Cr Steel in Simulated Boiler Water Containing Chloride Ions

132 Investigating Potential Additive Effects of Formic Acid and Glycerol Monolaurate in Nursery Pig Diets

Abstract A total of 350 pigs (DNA 200 × 400; initially 5.7 ± 0.06 kg BW) were used in a 42-d study with 5 pigs per pen and 14 replicate pens per treatment. At weaning, pigs were assigned to pens based on BW, and pens were allotted in a completely randomized design to dietary treatments: 1) negative control (basal diet with no additives); 2) basal diet with 3,000 ppm zinc oxide (ZnO) included in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm ZnO in phase 2; 3) basal diet with 0.7% formic acid (Amasil NA, BASF, Florham, NJ); 4) basal diet with 0.18% glycerol monolaurate (GML) (Natural Biologics GML, Natural Biologics, Newfield, NY); and 5) basal diet with a 1.0% blend of formic acid, sodium diformate, and GML (FORMI 3G, ADDCON GmbH, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany). Pigs were fed treatment diets from d 0 to d 28. A common diet was fed from d 28 to d 42. From d 0 to d 7, pigs fed a diet containing ZnO or the 1.0% blend of formic acid, sodium diformate, and glycerol monolaurate had significantly increased (P = 0.03) ADG compared with pigs fed the control, with no impact (P &amp;gt; 0.05) on feed intake. Overall, pigs fed GML had reduced ADG compared with their counterparts fed the negative control, ZnO, or FORMI diets. Fecal DM was evaluated from d 7 to d 28 and there was a significant treatment × day interaction (P = 0.04). Pigs fed GML had significantly less fecal DM % on d 7, but a greater fecal DM % on d 14 and 21 when compared with pigs fed all other treatments. Fecal DM standardized across treatments by d 28. In summary, there is potential for a blend of formic acid, sodium diformate, and GML to improve growth performance immediately post-weaning without negatively impacting fecal consistency.

Effects of formic acid and corn flour supplementation of banana pseudostem silages on nutritional quality of silage, growth, digestion, rumen fermentation and cellulolytic bacterial community of Nubian black goats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding formic acid and corn flour supplementation to banana pseudostem silages on the nutritional quality of these silages, growth, digestion, rumen fermentation and cellulolytic bacterial community of Nubian black goats fed these silages. Banana pseudostem silage was prepared either conventionally without any additives (CON) or mixed with 0.6% formic acid (F), 10% corn flour (C), or both (F+C). Four experimental diets containing 40% of the corresponding silages were designed with roughage to concentrate ratio of 50:50 (dry matter (DM) basis). A total of 48 Nubian black castrated goats (body weight (BW), (22.64±1.82) kg; 4-mon-old) were randomized into one of the four treatment groups with 12 replicates of one castrated goat per replicate for each treatment in a completely randomized design. Each group was fed on one of the four experimental diets for 40 days. A factorial arrangement of treatments of 2 (formic acid levels: 0 and 0.6%)×2 (corn flour: 0 and 10%) was adopted. Formic acid supplementation increased (P<0.05) average daily gain, as well as lactic acid, propionate and butyric acid and water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations, but decreased (P<0.05) the feed conversion rate, pH value, acetate/propionate ratio, and butyric acid concentration relative to the CON group. Corn flour supplementation increased (P<0.05) the apparent digestibility of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and non-fibrous carbohydrate and Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens populations, but decreased (P<0.05) the Ruminococcus flavefaciens population relative to the CON group. There were no F×C treatment interactions (P>0.05) for any of the other indices except for the apparent digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) (P<0.05). The results demonstrated that adding 0.6% formic acid and 10% corn flour supplementation to banana pseudostem silages improved the nutritional quality of these silages and enhanced the growth performance of Nubian black castrated goats by improving apparent nutrient digestibility, and regulating ruminal fermentation and bacteria populations.

Promotion of auxin- and gibberellin-induced elongation of epicotyl segments of Vigna angularis by short-chain carboxylic acids.

Pollen tube growth is inhibited and promoted by long- and short-chain carboxylic acids, respectively, but is not affected by formic acid. For auxin- and gibberellin-induced elongation of in vitro cultured epicotyl segments of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), a series of carboxylic acids showed similar effects as that on pollen tube growth except that formic acid showed the strongest promotive effect. The effects of formic acid and GA3 on IAA-induced elongation were additive and both were strongly inhibited by inhibitors of cellulose synthesis (coumarin) and microtubule formation (colchicine). Formic acid, possibly by incorporation into the segments, prolonged the promotion by IAA and GA3 of the elongation of epicotyl segments. Based on these results and later advances in our understanding of metabolism and the role of formic acid in protecting against oxidative stress, a possible role of formic acid on stem elongation is discussed.

PSI-24 The Effect of Formic Acid and Lignosulfonate on Pellet Quality

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of formic acid and lignosulfonate (LignoTech USA) on pellet quality. The 5 treatments consisted of a control, or the control with 2 levels of formic acid (0.36% and 0.60%), or the control with formic acid with lignosulfonate (0.24% and 0.40%). Diets were steam conditioned (245 mm×1397 mm Wenger twin shaft pre-conditioner, Model 150) for approximately 30 sec and pelleted on a 1-ton 30-horsepower pellet mill (1012-2 HD Master Model, California Pellet Mill) with a 4.8 mm×31.8 mm pellet die (L:D 6.7). The production rate was set at 900 kg/h. Treatments were pelleted at 3 separate time points to provide 3 replicates per treatment. Samples were collected directly after discharging from the pellet mill and cooled in an experimental counterflow cooler. Samples were analyzed for pellet durability index using the Holmen NHP 100 (TekPro Ltd, Norfolk, UK) and via both standard and modified tumble box methods. Pellet hardness was determined by evaluating the peak amount of force applied before the first signs of fracture. Pellets were crushed perpendicular to their longitudinal axis using a texture analyzer (Model TA-XT2, Stable Micro Systems). Voltage and Amperage data was collected via Supco DVCV Logger (Supco, New Jersey, US). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4, with pelleting run as the experimental unit. Increasing formic acid in the diet decreased (linear, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) pH. No evidence for differences were observed for pellet mill energy consumption, pellet durability regardless of testing method or pellet hardness when adding formic acid or lignosulfonate to the diet. In conclusion, pellet quality was not influenced by formic acid or lignosulfonate.

Effect of Formic Acid on Corrosion Behavior of STBA24 Low-Alloyed Steel and Its Weldment in Simulated Boiler Water Containing Chloride Ions

Effect of Formic Acid on Corrosion Behavior of STBA24 Low-Alloyed Steel and Its Weldment in Simulated Boiler Water Containing Chloride Ions