Effect Of Extraction Conditions Research Articles

EFFECTS OF EXTRACTION CONDITION ON EXTRACTED CURCUMIN FROM Curcuma xanthorrhiza RHIZOME: A METAANALYSIS

Curcumin is a chemical found in the Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome that has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, it is unknown whether the extraction conditions have a significant effect on the extracted curcumin from C. xanthorrhiza. In this research, the effects of extraction conditions (i.e., particle size, extraction solvents, and extraction methods) on curcumin content from C. xanthorrhiza rhizome were studied by doing a meta-analysis. An article search was performed in ScienceDirect, Garuda Portal, Google Scholar, and the IPB Repository database. Research data produced during the identification and selection phases were then classified, processed, and entered into the metaanalysis statistical program and then analyzed. The maximum curcumin was obtained using extraction conditions with n-hexane as a solvent, 100 mesh for particle size, and Soxhlet for the extraction method. Particle size and extraction method correlate and influence curcumin content; however, solvent extraction does not. This review will highlight how the effectiveness of the extraction of curcumin compounds from C. xanthorrhiza rhizome so that it can be used for extraction at the industrial level.

Valorization of Tomato Residues by Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Tomato processing leads to the production of considerable amounts of residues, mainly in the form of tomato skins, seeds and vascular tissues, which still contain bioactive molecules of interest for food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. These include carotenoids, such as lycopene and β-carotene, tocopherols and sitosterols, among others. Supercritical fluid extraction is well positioned for the valorization of tomato residues prior to disposal, because it remains an environmentally safe extraction process, especially when using carbon dioxide as the solvent. In this article, we provide an extensive literature overview of the research on the supercritical fluid extraction of tomato residues. We start by identifying the most relevant extractables present in tomatoes (e.g., lycopene) and their main bioactivities. Then, the main aspects affecting the extraction performance are covered, starting with the differences between tomato matrixes (e.g., seeds, skins and pulp) and possible pretreatments to enhance extraction (e.g., milling, drying and enzymatic digestion). Finally, the effects of extraction conditions, such as pressure, temperature, cosolvent, flow rate and time, are discussed.

Optimization of conventional solid-liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols and antioxidant compounds of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) pomace through response surface methodology

BACKGROUND: Blueberries contain large amounts of phenolic compounds as well as a higher concentration of anthocyanins than other berries. The peel of these fruits contains most of the anthocyanins and therefore pomace is left with the largest quantity of valuable phenolic compounds. Extraction is the most critical step to obtain such compounds. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to optimize the extraction of polyphenols and antioxidant compounds from blueberry pomace by solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). METHODS: A Pareto chart was used to confirm the factor with the highest impact, response surface for analyzing the effect of extraction conditions on total phenol content (TPC) (through Folin-Ciocalteu), total anthocyanin content (TAC) (through differential pH), antioxidant capacity (AC) (through DPPH assay) and the Box-Behnken matrix to determine the optimal conditions for marc extraction with each method. RESULTS: Ethanol concentration is an impact factor for both methods, as well as irradiation method, radiation power for MAE and temperature for SLE. Regarding SLE and MAE extraction, under optimal conditions, a TCP content of 335.95 and 426.19 (mg GAE/100 g), TAC 272.69 and 389.64 (mg Cyn-3-glu/100 g), and CA 528.96 and 654.11 (mg TE/100 g) was obtained, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of phenolic compound extraction via MAE method is better than that of SLE.

Novel ionic liquid as co-extractant for selective extraction of lithium ions from salt lake brines with high Mg/Li ratio

• A novel ionic liquid of [Bmim]Bph 4 was used as co-extractant for extraction of Li + . • The single-stage Li/Mg separation factor was higher than 2500. • Li 2 CO 3 was obtained and the process flow was reduced with Na 2 CO 3 as stripping agent. • The binding capacity of TBP to metal ion followed the sequence Li + ≫ Na + > K + ≈ Mg 2+ . • The whole extraction process with novel extraction system was green and efficient. A novel ionic liquid named 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetraphenylboron ([Bmim]Bph 4 ) containing a stereo symmetric structure of Bph 4 - was synthesized and used as co-extractants with TBP and CH 2 BrCl as extractant and diluent for selective extraction of lithium ions from salt lake brines with high molar ratio of magnesium to lithium. The effects of extraction conditions containing molar ratio of co-extractant to lithium ion, volume percentage of TBP and O/A phase ratio on extraction performance were investigated. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the maximum separation factor of lithium to magnesium reached up to 2754 after one single-stage extraction process. After four stages of counter-current extraction process, the extraction efficiency of Li + reached up to 99.47%. Then the washing and stripping conditions were optimized with the combination of LiCl and NaCl solution as the washing agent and Na 2 CO 3 solution as the stripping agent. After that, 10 cycles of the whole extraction experiments were carried out and the organic phase exhibited excellent reusability and stability. Since no acid and alkaline were used throughout the extraction process, the novel extraction process is greener and more environmentally friendly than the traditional solvent extraction process.

Ekstraksiyon Koşullarının Nar (Punica Granatum L.) Çiçeği Ekstraktlarının Antioksidan Aktivite ve Toplam Fenolik İçeriği Üzerine Etkisi

Bu çalışma kapsamında nar (Punica granatum L.) çiçeğinden farklı parametreler altında elde edilen ekstraktların antioksidan aktiviteleri ve toplam fenolik içerikleri üzerine ekstraksiyon koşullarının etkisi incelenmiştir. Nar çiçeklerinden su ve etanol kullanılarak 40-60 °C sıcaklık ve 40-60 dk süre ile ekstraktlar elde edilmiş ve liyofilize edilerek kurutulmuştur. Liyofilize ekstraktların antioksidan aktiviteleri 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) radikal giderme aktivitesi ve β-karoten ağartma yöntemleri kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, ekstraktların antioksidan aktivite ve fenolik madde içeriğine ekstraksiyon sırasında kullanılan çözücü, sıcaklık, süre ve bu faktörlerin bazı interaksiyonlarının önemli seviyede etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Etanol ile hazırlanan ekstraktların su ile hazırlanan ekstraktlara kıyasla daha yüksek antioksidan aktivite gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca etanol ile hazırlanan ekstraktların toplam fenolik madde içeriği de daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Etanol kullanılarak, 60 °C sıcaklık ve 40 dk sürede gerçekleştirilen ekstraksiyon işlemi ile elde edilen ekstraktların ortalama %85 DPPH radikali giderim aktivitesine ve %70 β-karoten ağartma aktivitesine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu ekstraktların ortalama 70.36 mg GAE-g fenolik bileşen içerdiği tespit edilmiştir.

Screening of miRNAs in plasma as a diagnostic biomarker for cardiac disease based on optimization of extraction and qRT-PCR condition assay through amplification efficiency

BackgroundAlthough quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a common and sensitive method for miRNAs analysis, it is necessary to optimize conditions and minimize qRT-PCR inhibitors to achieve reliable results. The aim of this study was to minimize interference by contaminants in qRT-PCR, maximize product yields for miRNA analyses, and optimize PCR conditions for the reliable screening of miRNAs in plasma.MethodsThe annealing temperature was first optimized by assessing amplification efficiencies. The effects of extraction conditions on levels of inhibitors that interfere with PCR were evaluated. The tested extraction conditions were the volume of the upper layer taken, number of chloroform extractions, and the inclusion of ethanol washing, a process that reduces PCR interference during RNA extraction using TRIzol.ResultsAn acceptable amplification efficiency of RT-qPCR was achieved by the optimization of the annealing temperature of the tested miRNAs and by the collection a supernatant volume corresponding to about 50% of the volume of TRIzol with triple chloroform extraction. These optimal extraction and PCR conditions were successfully applied to plasma miRNA screening to detect biomarker candidates for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.ConclusionThis is the first study to optimize extraction and qRT-PCR conditions, while improving miRNA yields and minimizing the loss of extracted miRNA by evaluations of the amplification efficiency.

Effect of extraction condition on technological properties of protein from Protaetia brevitarsis larvae

Alternative food sources are garnering increasing interest owing to overpopulation and environmental stresses. Edible insects are a promising alternative protein source. In this study, we evaluated the effect of pH and NaCl concentration on the quality and technical properties of extracted Protaetia brevitarsis protein. Nine different solutions were used to extract edible insect protein (pH 1, 4, 7, 10, and 14 and 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 M NaCl). The pH of the extracted protein increased with increasing pH (1.12±0.02 to 12.81±0.03) and decreasing NaCl concentration (6.52±0.02 to 6.89±0.01). Colour difference increased when deviating from neutral pH and 0 M NaCl. Further, surface hydrophobicity (μg) and solubility (mg/ml) of the protein decreased at pH 1 (12.25±1.39 μg and 0.74±0.08 mg/ml) and 14 (20.62±1.48 μg and 0.18±0.02 mg/ml) compared with pH 7 (71.81±1.76 μg and 1.26±0.22 mg/ml). Higher pH and NaCl concentrations yielded higher thermal stability. Foaming capacity was the highest at 0.5 (110.5±0.71%) and 1 M (100.5±10.61%) NaCl, and pH 14 (122.5±3.54%), followed by that at pH 1 (72.50±3.54%), although with low stability. Furthermore, emulsifying capacity and stability of the protein increased when deviating from pH 4. Therefore, the protein of P. brevitarsis had high functionality when extracted at highly alkaline conditions using NaCl.

Effect of extraction conditions (temperature, pH and time) by cellulase on chemical properties of dried oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) extract

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) is known to be highly nutritious food. However, the understanding of its quality and food products produced from it are still very limited. With the desire to increase the value of oyster mushroom and to create an intermediate product with high nutrients content for further processing, a cellulase enzyme-assisted extract of dried oyster mushroom was investigated. The effects of extraction conditions in terms of temperature (40, 45, 50, 55oC), pH (4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0) and extraction time (4, 6, 8, 10 hrs) on nutrients and bioactive compounds of extract were studied. The results showed that the highest extraction efficiency was obtained at 50oC, pH 5.5 and 8 hrs of hydrolysis. The Brix of the extract was 2.53. In 100 g dry matter of extract, the content of saccharose, reducing sugar, total protein, amino acids, lysine, β-glucan, total phenolic and total flavonoid was 15.13 g, 19.41 g, 43.65 g, 7.96 g, 0.82 g, 10.63 mg, 62.60 mg TAE, 5.54 mg QE, respectively. The highest antioxidant capacity of the extract determined by Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP assay) was 165.50 mM Fe2+/100 g dry matter and that measured by scavenging 2,2 -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was 69.32%.

Extraction of phenolics from pomegranate residues: Selectivity induced by the methods

Pomegranate industrial residues are rich in highly valuable phenolics, especially the bioactive punicalagin (PU) and ellagic acid (EA). The effect of extraction conditions on the recovery of polyphenols was investigated with special insight at the selectivity for EA and PU, along with the monitoring of sugar extraction. Macerations in ethanol and/or water, extractions by scCO2:ethanol mixtures and pressurized ethanol were compared on the basis of yields, kinetics and extract composition. High extraction yields up to 61 g/100 gresidue were obtained because of significant extraction of sugars even with CO2-based solvents. The TPC and sugar extraction yields were sensitive to the solvent polarity and pressure. Thirty-two phenolics were identified in most extracts whereas in scCO2:EtOH extracts purity of EA with respect to other phenolics was maximal, thus highlighting the selectivity of this technique. For the first time, extracts of high purity in EA and devoid of PU were produced in only one step.

The Effect of Extraction Conditions on the Barrier and Mechanical Properties of Kefiran Films

Kefiran is an exopolysaccharide classified as a heteropolysaccharide comprising glucose and galactose in equimolar quantities, and it is classified as a water-soluble glucogalactan. This work aimed to investigate the effect of different extraction conditions of kefiran on the structural and physical properties of the edible films obtained. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were performed, together with a determinations of moisture content, solubility, water vapor permeability and degree of swelling. The kefiran films presented values of the water vapor permeability between 0.93 and 4.38 × 10−11 g/m.s.Pa. These results can be attributed to the development of a more compact structure, where glycerol had no power to increase the free volume and the water vapor diffusion through their structure. The possible conformational changes in the kefiran film structure, due to the interspersing of the plasticizers and water molecules that they absorb, could be the reason for producing flexible kefiran films in the case of using glycerol as a plasticizer at 7.5% w/w. Moreover, it was observed that the extraction conditions are a significant factor in the properties of these films and their food technology applications.

Effects of Extraction Conditions on Banana Peel Polyphenol Oxidase Activity and Insights into Inactivation Kinetics Using Thermal and Cold Plasma Treatment.

The objective of this work was to characterize banana peel polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and to study the inactivation kinetics during thermal and cold atmospheric pressure plasma treatment. Since varietal differences in enzyme characteristics are a well-known phenomenon, ‘Prata’ banana peel PPO was characterized, and PPO activity and thermal stability of the peel PPO of the two dessert banana cultivars ‘Cavendish’ and ‘Prata’ were compared to identify the cultivar better suited for industrial food applications. A crude extract obtained from the peels of the Brazilian banana variety ‘Prata’ revealed highest PPO activities (46.0–55.2 nkat/mL) at 30–40 °C in a range of pH 6.0–6.5 after addition of 0.5 g/gsample polyvinylpyrrolidone and 0.5% (v/v) Triton X-100 during extraction. ‘Cavendish’ PPO activity was four times higher. Banana peel PPO exhibited the highest affinity towards dopamine (KM = 0.94 mM). Thermal inactivation of ‘Prata’ and ‘Cavendish’ PPO was achieved at 90 °C after 5 and 15 min, respectively, whereas cold plasma treatment did not decrease PPO activity below 46% of the initial enzyme activity. The inactivation behavior of PPO could successfully be described by a two-fraction model indicating at least two types of isoenzymes with different thermal stability. The overall high thermal stability was mainly attributed to membrane-bound PPO. The results may help to prevent enzymatic browning of banana peels and thereby facilitate their valorization as food ingredients.

Effect of extraction condition on protein recovery and phenolic interference in Pacific dulse (Devaleraea mollis)

Effect of extraction condition on protein recovery and phenolic interference in Pacific dulse (Devaleraea mollis)

The Effects of Extraction Conditions on Extraction Yield and Syringin Content in Producing Standardized Tinospora crispa Aqueous Extract with High Antioxidant Activity

The herbal plant known as Tinospora crispa is reported to have many beneficial effects on health and has great potential in future to be developed as a health product either in the form of traditional medicine, food supplements or in pharmaceutical preparations. However, so far knowledge on processing procedures to produce quality standardized extracts of this plant to be used in product development has still not widely reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the optimal extraction conditions for producing a standardized T. crispa aqueos extract (STCAE) with high extraction yield and high syringin content. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of various extraction conditions involving temperature (25–100 ° C), extraction time (0.5–6 hours) and liquid (water) to solid ratio (5: 1–25: 1 ml of solvent per g stem dry). Using optimized conditions obtained, the extract was standardized based on syringin and was further investigated on its antioxidant activity through DPPH, FRAP and TBA bioassays. Results revealed that the optimum extraction conditions were found to be 1 h extraction time and 15:1 ml g−1 liquid-to-solid ratio. For the extraction temperature, 60°C was found to be the best. STCAE was produced on the basis of the extract to contain with at least 0.4 wt% of syringin. STCAE was found to possess high antioxidant activities through DPPH, FRAP and TBA bioassays.

Thermal Properties of Ethanol Organosolv Lignin Depending on Its Structure

In general, lignin exhibits unpredictable and nonuniform thermal properties due to the structural variations caused by the extraction processes. Therefore, a systematic understanding of the correlation between the extraction conditions, structural characteristics, and properties is indispensable for the commercial utilization of lignin. In this study, the effect of extraction conditions on the structural characteristics of ethanol organosolv lignin (EOL) was investigated by response surface methodology. The structural characteristics of EOL (molecular weight, hydroxyl content, and intramolecular coupling structure) were significantly affected by the extraction conditions (temperature, sulfuric acid concentration, and ethanol concentration). In addition, the correlation between the structural characteristics and thermal properties of the extracted EOLs was estimated. The relevant correlations between the structural characteristics and thermal properties were determined. In particular, EOLs that had a low molecular weight, high phenolic hydroxyl content, and low aryl–ether linkage content exhibited prominent thermal properties in terms of their initial decomposition rate and a high glass transition temperature, Tg. Correspondingly, EOL-PLA blends prepared using three EOL types exhibited improved thermal properties (starting point of thermal decomposition and maximum decomposition temperature) compared to neat PLA and had thermal decomposition behaviors coincident with the thermal properties of the constituent EOLs.

Effects of extraction conditions on characterization of gelatin from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) skin

The study aimed to determine the characteristics of gelatin from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) skin pre-treated with NaOH and Ca(OH)2 at different concentrations (0.3 M, 0.5 M and 0.7 M) and extracted at 65˚C for 6 hrs and 24 hrs respectively. The gelatin obtained was evaluated for its moisture, protein and ash content, UV-vis absorption value, colour, emulsifying and foaming properties. The highest yield (20.25%) was observed for gelatin extracted by 0.5 M NaOH at 24 hrs extraction time. For alkaline pre-treatment, it was found that NaOH was more efficient than Ca(OH)2 in terms of preparing the skin for subsequent extraction process. The protein content of the extracted gelatin samples was in the range of 71.76% - 87.83%, showing that the varying processing conditions are sufficiently to recover protein from the raw material. Ash content for all samples was in agreement with USDA standard, which was below than 3%. The extracted gelatin had varying pH values which were from 5.47 to 7.02. The gelatin was colourless with ‘L’ values of more than 80, except for 0.7 M Ca(OH)2 at 24 hrs which showed slightly darker properties. The intensity of the UV-vis absorption spectrum showed that a high absorption peak was observed at 6 hrs of extraction time (230 – 250 nm) compared to 24 hrs extraction time. Emulsifying properties of buffalo gelatin increased with increasing concentrations of alkaline except for 0.7 M NaOH and 0.7 M Ca(OH)2 for both extraction time. Meanwhile, foam expansion of the gelatin extracted from the different extraction conditions was observed to have a significant difference (p < 0.05) for all samples. To our knowledge, buffalo skin has the potential to be an alternative source of gelatin in the diversified industrial application by modifying the extraction conditions in order to produce gelatin with desired quality.

Effect of Extraction Conditions on The Phytochemical Properties of Clinacanthus nutans Using Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) Technique

Clinacanthus nutan is an important herb species from the family Acanthaceae and is commonly found in Southeast Asia. It is also known as snake grass, or ‘belalai gajah’ in malay. The leaves of C. nutan can be used to make a refreshing juice or tea, or even consumed raw as ‘ulam’, a traditional malay salad. In this work, the leaves, stems, and a mixture of both leaves and stems of C. nutan are first dried in an oven at 50°C for 24 hours and then grounded into a powder. Then, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) is used to extract phytochemicals from the powdered samples at 120°C for 20 minutes. This work investigates the effects of three important parameters for extraction; the sample particle size (<63 to 500μm), solventto-sample ratio (10:2 to 50:2 v/w), and sample weight (0.5 to 3.0g) on the extracted phytochemicals’ total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC), and 2,2-dipheny1-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The experiments are carried out in triplicate and the results are analyzed using Minitab. Phytochemicals extracted from 2g leaf powder samples of particle size <63μm using a solvent-tosample ratio of 50:2 (v/w) resulted in the most favorable results for TPC, TFC, and DPPH scavenging activity. The results are found to be significant with the

Production of high-purity phospholipid concentrate from buttermilk powder using ethanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide

A new strategy to concentrate phospholipids from buttermilk powder was developed using a food-grade green method based on ethanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction. The effects of extraction conditions, namely temperature (50 and 60°C), pressure (30 and 40 MPa), and ethanol concentration (10, 15, and 20%, wt/wt), on the total lipid yield and phospholipid content were investigated. The ethanol concentration had a more significant effect on the total lipid yield and phospholipid content than the temperature and pressure within the ranges studied. The highest phospholipid recovery was achieved at 60°C, 30 MPa, and 15% (wt/wt) ethanol with a total lipid yield of 6.3% (wt/wt), of which 49% (wt/wt) were phospholipids composed of dihydrosphingomyelin (5%), sphingomyelin (24%), phosphatidylethanolamine (22%), phosphatidylserine (2%), phosphatidylinositol (3%), and phosphatidylcholine (44%). The triacylglycerol compositions of extracts obtained by Folch and ethanol-modified SC-CO2 extractions were similar. A sequential pure SC-CO2 and ethanol-modified SC-CO2 extraction was carried out to separate nonpolar lipids in the first fraction, thereby concentrating phospholipids in the second fraction. This sequential extraction produced a highly concentrated phospholipid extract (76%, wt/wt). To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest phospholipid concentration reported from buttermilk powder. Thus, this phospholipid-rich extract can be used in the development of functional foods as a food-grade emulsifier with potential health-promoting effects.

Effect of extraction conditions on ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polyphenolic compounds from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) leaves

The effects of extraction conditions on ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of polyphenolic compounds from okra leaves (OKL) were investigated. Dried OKL powder was extracted using different conditions, including ethanol concentration (20-100%), sample-to-solvent ratio (1:10-1:40 g/mL), UAE temperature (10-70°C) and time (15-75 min); and their effects on total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, as well as the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, were examined via a single-factor design. The principal component analysis (PCA) was useful in indicating the optimal extraction parameters and aided a clearer understanding of correlative relationships between the extraction variables. The results showed all extraction conditions to have significant effects on OKL polyphenolics yield and antioxidant activities. The extraction conditions of 60% ethanol, 1:40 g/mL solid-to-solvent, at 70°C for 30 min, favored OKL polyphenolics recovery and antioxidant stability. At this optimal condition, the values for OKL extract yield, TPC, TFC, DPPH, and ABTS were 31.50%, 13.21 mg GAE/g, 29.57 mg RE/g, 16.86 mg AAE/g and 31.90 mg AAE/g, respectively. PCA result substantiated the results obtained for optimal extraction conditions and informed a close correlation between OKL polyphenolics and antioxidant activity. Moreover, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric, and catechin were identified as the major polyphenols in OKL. Conclusively, optimal UAE conditions for OKL polyphenols were obtained, and this could provide a basis for the utilization of OKL as a potential functional material.

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of some brown seaweeds collected in Nha Trang bay, Khanh Hoa province

Diabetes has become a global problem in recent years. Inhibition of α-glucosidase is one of the effective approaches to control the postprandial blood glucose and thereby managing diabetes. This study evaluated inhibitory activity of seven brown seaweed extracts (Colpomenia sinuosa, Padina australis, Sargassum aquifolium, Sargassum mcclurei, Sargassum duplicatum, Sargassum polycystum and Sargassum swartzi) against α-glucosidase. The results indicated that all seaweed extracts inhibited enzyme activity with the IC50 values ranging from 154.27 to 426.27 μg/mL. The seaweed Sargassum mcclurei showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The effects of extraction conditions and extraction solvent fractions on α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Sargassum mcclurei were investigated. The suitable extraction conditions were found to be the solid to liquid ratio (g/mL) of 1/40, the extraction time of 60 min and the extraction temperature of 60oC. The ethyl acetate extracted fraction showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity compared with other fractions.

Effect of extraction condition on the antioxidant, antiglycation and α-amylase inhibitory activities of Opuntia macrorhiza fruit peels polysaccharides

In this study, the effect of acidic, neutral and alkaline medium extraction of polysaccharides from Opuntia macrorhiza fruit peels was evaluated. The extraction yields ranged from 6.8 to 13.7%, and the highest content in uronic acid was observed in the acidic extract (50.5%). Likewise, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy showed the presence of uronic acids in the methyl ester and free forms, with a degree of esterification of 46.9, 39.3 and 48.3% for the acidic, neutral and alkaline extracts. Monosaccharide composition showed that the extracted polysaccharides were principally composed of arabinose, rhamnose, galactose and glucose, with an average molecular weight of 208,000, 1460,000 and 1380,000 g/mol, respectively. Therefore, this finding indicates that extracts are a low methoxyl pectic polysaccharides. Finally, all polysaccharides exhibited good antioxidant activity, especially acid extract significantly inhibits lipid peroxidation and in vitro protein glycation in BSA-glucose glycation model and alkaline extract inhibits α-amylase with a competitive type.