Effect Of Extraction Conditions Research Articles

Effects of extraction conditions on oxalate oxidase activity of germinated paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Effects of extraction conditions on oxalate oxidase activity of germinated paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Effect of extraction conditions on colour content from raw beetroot

Effect of extraction conditions on colour content from raw beetroot

Effect of extraction conditions and tannase enzyme application on catechin content and cream formation in Turkish black tea extracts

Effect of extraction conditions and tannase enzyme application on catechin content and cream formation in Turkish black tea extracts

Solvent selection and effect of extraction conditions on ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from galangal (Alpinia officinarum)

This study aimed to identify the appropriate extraction solvent and investigate the effect of temperature (20–70 °C), time (5–60 min), solvent/solid ratio (5−40), ethanol/water concentration (10–90%) and ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions (ultrasound power of 10–90% and ultrasound cycle of 1–9) on total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of galangal extracts. All extraction conditions studied had significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on TPC, DPPH, ABTS and TFC. Ethanol/water (50%) binary solution was found as the most appropriate extraction solvent. Temperature of 25 °C, extraction time of 20 min, ethanol/water concentration of 50%, solvent/solid ratio of 10, ultrasound power of 50% and ultrasound cycle of 5 were determined to be the most efficient extraction conditions which yielded TPC of 66.89 mg GAE/g, DPPH of 49.01% inhibition, ABTS of 147.43 mM TE/ml and TFC of 148.22 QE/g. Significantly positive or negative, very high, strong and moderate Pearson correlation coefficients were obtained among TPC, DPPH, ABTS and TFC values. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that very high correlations (r ≥ 0.90) existed between DPPH and ABTS (r = 0.907, p ≤ 0.01), and TPC and TFC (r = 0.939, p ≤ 0.01) for the ethanol/water concentration, and between DPPH and ABTS (r = 0.944, p ≤ 0.01) for the ultrasound power. The current study showed that phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity could be extracted from galangal using the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions determined.

Process optimization of microwave-assisted aqueous extraction of tannins and saponins from Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) leaves using ANN-GA and RSM methodology

The effect of microwave-assisted aqueous extraction (MAE) conditions on the recovery and quantification of tannins and saponins from Basella alba leaves has been explored. The experiment was carried out according to the Box-Behnken experimental design of response surface methodology (RSM) with 17 runs. The independent variables of the study were microwave power (100 to 300 W), treatment time (5 to 15 min), and feed/solvent ratio (0.025 to 0.05). The effect of extraction conditions on the response variables, total condensed tannin, total hydrolyzed tannin, and total saponin content, were predicted using RSM and artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) methodology. The extracted values of total condensed tannin, total hydrolyzed tannin, and total saponin content, using RSM and ANN-GA were compared and evaluated for goodness of fit. The predicted values using RSM and ANN-GA models for total condensed tannin were found to be 0.18 and 0.26 mg TAE g−1, total hydrolyzed tannin were 0.14 and 0.15 mg TAE g−1, and total saponin content were 1.66 and 1.49 mg DE g−1, respectively. When compared to RSM, ANN-GA demonstrated higher value of R2 and lower values of other statistical parameters. Additionally, the predicted value of ANN-GA was more closely aligned with the experimental value.

Extracting antioxidants from blueberries

Blueberries are widely consumed for their flavor and complex array of antioxidants and other beneficial phytochemicals. Central to studies on blueberries is the ability to extract antioxidants. For appropriate analysis, the extracted compounds must represent those contained in the blueberry without bias or loss of information. Given the complex array of phytochemicals present, extracting these chemicals from blueberries is a complex task and is the focus of much debate in the current literature. While many studies have examined the best extraction technique to maximize the concentration of extracted antioxidants, there remains no systematic study on the effect of extraction conditions and technique on the variety of antioxidants extracted from the blueberry samples. The current study fills this gap by applying High-Performance Liquid Chromatography combined with novel forms of post-column derivatization and the commonly used CUPRAC assay to examine the range and concentration of antioxidants extracted. We have found that solvent choice plays a large role in determining the variety of compounds extracted, with acidification, extraction time, and temperature having minimal effect, and acetone has been shown to provide extraction of the greatest range and highest concentration of compounds.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using extract of banana peel waste assisted by microwave irradiation

Silver (Ag) nanoparticles are among the most desirable nanomaterials for a variety of applications, such as lithium-ion battery, water pollution monitoring, photocatalytic water splitting, and medical devices. Their increased production and integration in environmental applications play an important role for nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering. The synthesis methods of Ag nanoparticles include physical, chemical, and biological routes. In this study, we reported a rapid, eco-friendly, and cost-efficient method to synthesize Ag nanoparticles using an extract of banana peel waste as a reducing and capping agent under microwave radiation. A comparison between the conventional heating method and microwave radiation revealed that the microwave radiation method for the extraction of banana peel waste and the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles required much shorter extraction and reaction times. The effects of extraction conditions (banana peel content and extraction time) and synthesis conditions (silver nitrate concentration and reaction time) on Ag nanoparticles were investigated. The optimum conditions were found to be for the extraction: 50 g/L banana peel-to-water ratio and microwave extraction time of 140 s at 800 W and for the Ag nanoparticles synthesis: microwave reaction time of 120 s at 800 W and 1 mM silver nitrate solution and. Plasmonic Ag nanoparticles with a surface plasmon resonance peak at 420 nm and an average size of about 149 nm were synthesized.

The effects of extraction conditions on the antioxidant activities, total polyphenol and monomer anthocyanin contents of six edible fruits growing wild in Hungary

Although wild fruits are significantly underutilized in most countries, they could be good sources of valuable bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. Therefore the present study focused on the study of a conventional extraction technique (maceration with shaking; MACS) to extract natural antioxidants and anthocyanin colorants from six edible wild-growing fruits (European crab apple, bilberry, yellow-, red-, and purple-skinned greengage, and quince). One-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) methodology was chosen to investigate the influences of three different parameters (solvent type, extraction time and solvent acidity) on the total polyphenol contents (TPCs), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) contents, and antioxidant capacities, specifically ferric reducing power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity (DPPH). After optimization, the recorded TPCs and antioxidant activities proved to be significantly higher for all analyzed fruits when compared to differing extraction conditions. For European crab apple and purple-skinned greengage, the best extraction conditions were a ratio of 80:20 (v/v) EtOH–H2O, 1% (v/v) of HCOOH, and an extraction time of 90 min. In the case of red-skinned greengage, the extraction parameters were the same as the above except for the acid concentration (0.5%; v/v) used. For quince, the optimized conditions required a 50:50 (v/v) EtOH–H2O mixture, an extraction time of 90 min, and 0.5% (v/v) HCOOH concentration. The best conditions for the extraction of bilberry and yellow-skinned greengage were an EtOH–H2O combination of 50:50 (v/v), extraction time of 60 min, and HCOOH concentration of 0.5% (v/v). The highest TPC and antioxidant activity were observed in quince (281–510 mg GAE/100g and 109–395 mg AAE/100g) whereas the lowest were measured in European crab apple (55.9–70.0 mg GAE/100g and 20.1–43.2 mg AAE/100g). Bilberry exhibited the highest TMA content (346 mg CGE/100g). Overall, our results showed that these wild fruits could be a good source of natural antioxidants for the local residents.

The effects of extraction conditions on the yield of crude pectin extract from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) and the application of the extract on jam forming ability

The peel of purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) can account for up to 60% of the total weight and contains usable organic compounds such as polymeric sugars, including pectin. The influences of ripeness stages and the extraction conditions (solvents, peel to solvent ratio, temperature, time) on the extract of crude pectin yield were investigated. The results indicated that pectin yield was independent of fruit maturation. The extraction efficiency reached its peak when extracted with citric acid and demonstrated optimal pectin production yield with the ratio of 1:5 (w/v) and at 95°C for 80 minutes. The extracted crude pectin was then applied to mango jam production. Jam made from extracted pectin had a good structure, moderate hardness, nice color, and harmonious taste. The ability to form coagulation on mango jam of crude pectin was weaker than commercial pectin. This study found that the topic's practical applicability to the processing of food products was significant.

Extraction of monoterpenes from coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds using subcritical water extraction (SWE) technique

Subcritical water extraction (SWE) of monoterpenes from coriander seeds and effect of extraction conditions were investigated varying temperature (170–200 °C) and time (5–20 min). Monoterpenes was influenced by differences in their chemical structures and SWE conditions. The extraction efficiency of linalool was decreased with the increasing extraction temperature and extraction time, whereas linalool oxide was increased due to conversion of linalool to linalool oxide by hydrothermal oxidation. Geraniol, which has the same chemical formula as linalool, was extracted at a high temperature (170 °C) owing to the different placement of hydroxyl groups. The efficiency of SWE for geraniol (1.22 ± 0.22 mg/g) and linalool oxide (0.30 ± 0.09 mg/g) was higher than that of conventional extraction methods (hexane, methanol, hot water, and hydrodistillation). Therefore, SWE can be used to effectively and selectively extract monoterpenes by exploiting temperature changes in short extraction time.

Effects of High Pressure-Assisted Extraction on Yield, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-diabetic Properties of Chlorogenic Acid and Caffeine Extracted from Green Coffee Beans

The bioactive ingredients of green coffee beans were extracted using high pressure-assisted extraction (HPE) and compared against those derived from the traditional heat reflux (HR) extraction method. The effect of extraction conditions on the extraction efficiency of functional components (chlorogenic acids, caffeine, total phenols, and flavonoids); the free radical-scavenging activity of the extract; and the inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and food pathogenic bacteria were measured. Using water as the solvent, the high-pressure extraction rates of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and caffeine were 3.20–5.75 mg/100 g and 4.32–7.95 mg/100 g, respectively, which were significantly higher than the rates obtained using the traditional method (2.92 mg/100 g and 3.54 mg/100 g, respectively). Under optimal extraction conditions of 25 °C and 600 MPa for 2.5 min, inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase by the extract reached rates of 27.8% and 26.7%, respectively, with the highest free radical-scavenging activity of 81.5%. HPE exhibited antibacterial activity against both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocua) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica) bacteria, and the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (4.69 mg/mL) against S. aureus was achieved. Scanning electron microscopic observations evidenced that high pressure partially damaged the intercellular compartments of coffee beans, increased solvent permeability, and improved the extraction rate of bioactive ingredients. The outcomes of the study demonstrated that HPE can be employed as an efficient extraction technique for production of chlorogenic acids and caffeine that might have a potential application in food and related industries.

Effect of extraction conditions on the antioxidant compounds from habanero pepper ( Capsicum chinense ) and its potential use as antimicrobial

Habanero pepper is a good source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity; however, up to now, some factors for increasing their extraction have not been investigated yet. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of solid-to-solvent ratio (1:250, 1:45, and 1:25 w/V), temperature (20, 35, and 50°C), and time (6, 15, and 24 hr) on the extraction of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity from habanero pepper following a Box–Behnken design. The optimal extract was evaluated in its capsaicinoids content by HPLC and as an antimicrobial against two foodborne pathogens. The response surface models adequately adjusted (R2 > .75) experimental data of bioactive compounds extraction from habanero pepper in the ranges of the variables proposed. Extract obtained under the optimal conditions (1:250 w/V, 50°C, and 24 hr) contains 1,617.9 mg/100 g and 628.0 mg/100 g of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, respectively, showing a reduction of 1.23 ± 0.14 and 2.37 ± 0.10 log cycles for S. Typhimurium and S. aureus, respectively. Novelty impact statement Extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources is currently on the rise. However, regardless the use of traditional or novel extraction technologies is necessary for the evaluation of factors that may affect the yield of bioactive compounds extraction. Habanero pepper is a well-known source of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. However, until the moment, the effect of factors, such as temperature, time, solid-to-solvent ratio, etc., has been scarcely studied. Thus, this study may be a good starting point for future research on the extraction of bioactive compounds from the habanero pepper and find potential applications in food, biotechnological, pharmaceutical, among other industries.

Effect of Temperatures on Polyphenols during Extraction

Background: Polyphenols are a set of bioactive compounds commonly found in plants. These compounds are of great interest, as they have shown high antioxidant power and are correlated to many health benefits. Hence, traditional methods of extraction such as solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction and novel extraction technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and subcritical water extraction (SWE) have been investigated for the extraction of polyphenols. Scope and Approach: Generally, for traditional extractions, the total phenolic content (TPC) is highest at an extraction temperature of 60–80 °C. For this reason, polyphenols are regularly regarded as heat-labile compounds. However, in many studies that investigated the optimal temperature for subcritical water extraction (SWE), temperatures as high as 100–200 °C have been reported. These SWE extractions showed extremely high yields and antioxidant capacities at these temperatures. This paper aimed to examine the relevant literature to identify and understand the mechanisms behind this discrepancy. Results: Thermal degradation is the most common explanation for the degradation of polyphenols. This may be the case for specific or sub-groups of phenolic acids. The different extraction temperatures may have also impacted the types of polyphenols extracted. At high extraction temperatures, the formation of new compounds known as Maillard reaction products may also influence the extracted polyphenols. The selection of source material for extraction, i.e., the plant matrix, and the effect of extraction conditions, i.e., oxidation and light exposure, are also discussed. The overestimation of total phenolic content by the Folin–Ciocâlteu assay is also discussed. There is also a lack of consensus in TPC’s correlation to antioxidant activity.

Extraction of Fucoxanthin Isomers from the Edible Brown Seaweed Undaria pinnatifida Using Supercritical CO2: Effects of Extraction Conditions on Isomerization and Recovery of Fucoxanthin.

Fucoxanthin, a characteristic carotenoid found in brown seaweeds, has been reported to exert beneficial biological activities, including antiobesity and anticancer activities Moreover, the Z-isomers of this compound potentially have greater bioavailability and biological activities than the naturally predominant all-E-isomer. Therefore, the consumption of Z-isomer-rich fucoxanthin through daily meals and dietary supplements may have beneficial effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of different extraction conditions on the Z-isomer ratio and recovery of fucoxanthin obtained from Undaria pinnatifida using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2), particularly focusing on the high-temperature conditions that enhance thermal Z-isomerization. High-temperature SC-CO2 extraction at ≥ 120°C was found to enhance the thermal isomerization of fucoxanthin. For example, when the extraction was performed at 40, 80, 120, and 160°C and 30 MPa for 30 min with a co-solvent (ethanol), the total Z-isomer ratios were 11.7, 11.5, 18.7, and 26.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the high-temperature extraction significantly improved fucoxanthin recovery under high-pressure (≥ 30 MPa) conditions in the presence of the co-solvent. For example, when fucoxanthin was extracted at 40, 80, 120, and 160°C under the same conditions as above, the recoveries were 17.5, 20.6, 30.7, and 29.5%, respectively. Hence, the high-temperature SC-CO2 extraction of fucoxanthin from U. pinnatifida would not only enhance health benefits of fucoxanthin via the Z-isomerization but also improve the productivity. Moreover, the use of non-toxic CO2 and a low-toxicity organic solvent (ethanol) ensures that the final fucoxanthin product is safe for consumption. The Z-isomer-rich fucoxanthin obtained using this method is accordingly considered to have potential for use as a dietary supplement.

EFFECTS OF EXTRACTION CONDITION ON EXTRACTED CURCUMIN FROM Curcuma xanthorrhiza RHIZOME: A METAANALYSIS

Curcumin is a chemical found in the Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome that has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, it is unknown whether the extraction conditions have a significant effect on the extracted curcumin from C. xanthorrhiza. In this research, the effects of extraction conditions (i.e., particle size, extraction solvents, and extraction methods) on curcumin content from C. xanthorrhiza rhizome were studied by doing a meta-analysis. An article search was performed in ScienceDirect, Garuda Portal, Google Scholar, and the IPB Repository database. Research data produced during the identification and selection phases were then classified, processed, and entered into the metaanalysis statistical program and then analyzed. The maximum curcumin was obtained using extraction conditions with n-hexane as a solvent, 100 mesh for particle size, and Soxhlet for the extraction method. Particle size and extraction method correlate and influence curcumin content; however, solvent extraction does not. This review will highlight how the effectiveness of the extraction of curcumin compounds from C. xanthorrhiza rhizome so that it can be used for extraction at the industrial level.

Valorization of Tomato Residues by Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Tomato processing leads to the production of considerable amounts of residues, mainly in the form of tomato skins, seeds and vascular tissues, which still contain bioactive molecules of interest for food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. These include carotenoids, such as lycopene and β-carotene, tocopherols and sitosterols, among others. Supercritical fluid extraction is well positioned for the valorization of tomato residues prior to disposal, because it remains an environmentally safe extraction process, especially when using carbon dioxide as the solvent. In this article, we provide an extensive literature overview of the research on the supercritical fluid extraction of tomato residues. We start by identifying the most relevant extractables present in tomatoes (e.g., lycopene) and their main bioactivities. Then, the main aspects affecting the extraction performance are covered, starting with the differences between tomato matrixes (e.g., seeds, skins and pulp) and possible pretreatments to enhance extraction (e.g., milling, drying and enzymatic digestion). Finally, the effects of extraction conditions, such as pressure, temperature, cosolvent, flow rate and time, are discussed.

Optimization of conventional solid-liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols and antioxidant compounds of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) pomace through response surface methodology

BACKGROUND: Blueberries contain large amounts of phenolic compounds as well as a higher concentration of anthocyanins than other berries. The peel of these fruits contains most of the anthocyanins and therefore pomace is left with the largest quantity of valuable phenolic compounds. Extraction is the most critical step to obtain such compounds. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to optimize the extraction of polyphenols and antioxidant compounds from blueberry pomace by solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). METHODS: A Pareto chart was used to confirm the factor with the highest impact, response surface for analyzing the effect of extraction conditions on total phenol content (TPC) (through Folin-Ciocalteu), total anthocyanin content (TAC) (through differential pH), antioxidant capacity (AC) (through DPPH assay) and the Box-Behnken matrix to determine the optimal conditions for marc extraction with each method. RESULTS: Ethanol concentration is an impact factor for both methods, as well as irradiation method, radiation power for MAE and temperature for SLE. Regarding SLE and MAE extraction, under optimal conditions, a TCP content of 335.95 and 426.19 (mg GAE/100 g), TAC 272.69 and 389.64 (mg Cyn-3-glu/100 g), and CA 528.96 and 654.11 (mg TE/100 g) was obtained, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of phenolic compound extraction via MAE method is better than that of SLE.

Novel ionic liquid as co-extractant for selective extraction of lithium ions from salt lake brines with high Mg/Li ratio

• A novel ionic liquid of [Bmim]Bph 4 was used as co-extractant for extraction of Li + . • The single-stage Li/Mg separation factor was higher than 2500. • Li 2 CO 3 was obtained and the process flow was reduced with Na 2 CO 3 as stripping agent. • The binding capacity of TBP to metal ion followed the sequence Li + ≫ Na + > K + ≈ Mg 2+ . • The whole extraction process with novel extraction system was green and efficient. A novel ionic liquid named 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetraphenylboron ([Bmim]Bph 4 ) containing a stereo symmetric structure of Bph 4 - was synthesized and used as co-extractants with TBP and CH 2 BrCl as extractant and diluent for selective extraction of lithium ions from salt lake brines with high molar ratio of magnesium to lithium. The effects of extraction conditions containing molar ratio of co-extractant to lithium ion, volume percentage of TBP and O/A phase ratio on extraction performance were investigated. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the maximum separation factor of lithium to magnesium reached up to 2754 after one single-stage extraction process. After four stages of counter-current extraction process, the extraction efficiency of Li + reached up to 99.47%. Then the washing and stripping conditions were optimized with the combination of LiCl and NaCl solution as the washing agent and Na 2 CO 3 solution as the stripping agent. After that, 10 cycles of the whole extraction experiments were carried out and the organic phase exhibited excellent reusability and stability. Since no acid and alkaline were used throughout the extraction process, the novel extraction process is greener and more environmentally friendly than the traditional solvent extraction process.

Effects of Extraction Conditions on Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Pomegranate (Punica Granatum) Flower Extracts

Bu çalışma kapsamında nar (Punica granatum L.) çiçeğinden farklı parametreler altında elde edilen ekstraktların antioksidan aktiviteleri ve toplam fenolik içerikleri üzerine ekstraksiyon koşullarının etkisi incelenmiştir. Nar çiçeklerinden su ve etanol kullanılarak 40-60 °C sıcaklık ve 40-60 dk süre ile ekstraktlar elde edilmiş ve liyofilize edilerek kurutulmuştur. Liyofilize ekstraktların antioksidan aktiviteleri 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) radikal giderme aktivitesi ve β-karoten ağartma yöntemleri kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, ekstraktların antioksidan aktivite ve fenolik madde içeriğine ekstraksiyon sırasında kullanılan çözücü, sıcaklık, süre ve bu faktörlerin bazı interaksiyonlarının önemli seviyede etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Etanol ile hazırlanan ekstraktların su ile hazırlanan ekstraktlara kıyasla daha yüksek antioksidan aktivite gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca etanol ile hazırlanan ekstraktların toplam fenolik madde içeriği de daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Etanol kullanılarak, 60 °C sıcaklık ve 40 dk sürede gerçekleştirilen ekstraksiyon işlemi ile elde edilen ekstraktların ortalama %85 DPPH radikali giderim aktivitesine ve %70 β-karoten ağartma aktivitesine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu ekstraktların ortalama 70.36 mg GAE-g fenolik bileşen içerdiği tespit edilmiştir.

Screening of miRNAs in plasma as a diagnostic biomarker for cardiac disease based on optimization of extraction and qRT-PCR condition assay through amplification efficiency

BackgroundAlthough quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a common and sensitive method for miRNAs analysis, it is necessary to optimize conditions and minimize qRT-PCR inhibitors to achieve reliable results. The aim of this study was to minimize interference by contaminants in qRT-PCR, maximize product yields for miRNA analyses, and optimize PCR conditions for the reliable screening of miRNAs in plasma.MethodsThe annealing temperature was first optimized by assessing amplification efficiencies. The effects of extraction conditions on levels of inhibitors that interfere with PCR were evaluated. The tested extraction conditions were the volume of the upper layer taken, number of chloroform extractions, and the inclusion of ethanol washing, a process that reduces PCR interference during RNA extraction using TRIzol.ResultsAn acceptable amplification efficiency of RT-qPCR was achieved by the optimization of the annealing temperature of the tested miRNAs and by the collection a supernatant volume corresponding to about 50% of the volume of TRIzol with triple chloroform extraction. These optimal extraction and PCR conditions were successfully applied to plasma miRNA screening to detect biomarker candidates for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.ConclusionThis is the first study to optimize extraction and qRT-PCR conditions, while improving miRNA yields and minimizing the loss of extracted miRNA by evaluations of the amplification efficiency.