Effects Of Exercise Modalities Research Articles

Effect of exercise modalities on postexercise hypotension in pre- and postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hormonal changes associated with menopause increase the risk of hypertension. Postexercise hypotension (PEH) is an important tool in the prevention and management of hypertension; however, menopause may alter this response. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis [International Prospective Registered of Systematic Review (PROSPERO): CRD42023297557] was to evaluate the effect of exercise modalities (aerobic, AE; resistance, RE; and combined exercise, CE: AE + RE) on PEH in women, according to their menopausal status (premenopausal or postmenopausal). We searched controlled trials in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Science Direct published between 1990 and March 2023. Inclusion criteria were normotensive, pre- and hypertensive, pre- and postmenopausal women who performed an exercise session compared with a control session and reported systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) for at least 30 min after the sessions. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Standardized mean differences (Hedge's g) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and Q-test and Z-test were conducted to assess differences between moderators. Forty-one trials with 718 women (474 menopausal) were included. Overall, we found with moderate evidence that SBP and DBP decreased significantly after exercise session (SBP: g = -0.69, 95% CI -0.87 to -0.51; DBP: g = -0.31, 95% CI -0.47 to -0.14), with no difference between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Regarding exercise modalities, RE is more effective than AE and CE in lowering blood pressure (BP) in women regardless of menopausal status. In conclusion, women's menopausal status does not influence the magnitude of PEH, and the best modality to reduce BP in women seems to be RE.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This meta-analysis has demonstrated that a single bout of exercise induces postexercise hypotension (PEH) in women and that the hormonal shift occurring with menopause does not influence the magnitude of PEH. However, we have shown with moderate evidence that the effectiveness of exercise modalities differs between pre- and postmenopausal women. Resistance and combined exercises are the best modalities to induce PEH in premenopausal women, whereas resistance and aerobic exercises are more effective in postmenopausal women.

The Effect of Exercise Modalities on Walking Capacity in Patients With Intermittent Claudication: A NETWORK META-ANALYSIS.

Despite extensive research on the effect of supervised exercise therapy on walking performance in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD), it remains unclear which training modality provides the greatest improvement in walking capacity. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of different types of supervised exercise therapy on walking capacity in individuals with symptomatic PAD. A random-effect network meta-analysis was performed. The following databases were searched from January 1966 to April 2021: SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, MEDLINE, AMED, Academic Search Complete and, Scopus. Trials had to include at least one type of supervised exercise therapy for patients with symptomatic PAD, with an intervention lasting ≥2 wk with ≥5 training sessions, and an objective measure of walking capacity. Eighteen studies were included for a total sample of 1135 participants. Interventions duration ranged from 6-24 wk and included aerobic exercise (treadmill walking, ergometer, and Nordic walking), resistance training (lower and/or upper body), a combination of both, and underwater exercise. Results showed that combined training improved treadmill walking capacity to a comparable extent to aerobic walking (+122.0 [24.2-219.8] m vs +106.8 [34.2-179.4] m), but with a larger effect size (1.20 [0.50-1.90] vs 0.67 [0.22-1.11]). Similar results were observed for the 6-min walk distance, with combined training being the most promising modality (+57.3 [16.2-98.5] m), followed by underwater training (+56.5 [22.4-90.5] m) and aerobic walking (+39.0 [12.8-65.1] m). While not statistically superior to aerobic walking, combined exercise seems to be the most promising training modality. Aerobic walking and underwater training also improved walking capacity for patients with symptomatic PAD.

Effects of exercise modalities on decreased blood pressure in patients with hypertension.

This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of aerobic and resistance exercises on blood pressure and endothelial blood markers. We also correlated post-exercise blood pressure response with baseline cardiovascular parameters in middle-aged patients with hypertension. This cross-sectional study randomized 54 volunteers into the aerobic exercise group (AG, n = 27; 45.6 ± 7.7 years) or dynamic resistance exercise group (RG, n = 27; 45.8 ± 8.4 years). Blood marker evaluation, cardiopulmonary exercise tests, resting blood pressure monitoring, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), flow-mediated dilatation monitoring, and body composition evaluation were carried out. Exercise sessions were performed to evaluate post-exercise hypotension (PEH) and endothelial marker responses, in addition to post-exercise ABPM (ABPMex). This study is an arm of the study which was approved by the local ethics committee (No. 69373217.3.0000.5347) in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03282942). The AG performed walking/running at 60% of the reserve heart rate, while the RG performed 10 exercises with two sets of 15–20 repetitions. The mean 24 h ABPM and ABPMex values showed no significant statistical differences. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure hypotension after aerobic and dynamic resistance were −10.59 ± 5.24/−6.15 ± 6.41 mmHg and −5.56 ± 7.61/−6.20 ± 8.25 mmHg, respectively. For an up-to-7 h assessment of resting pressure, there was a positive effect in the aerobic group. The concentrations of nitrites/nitrates (NOx) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) did not change during hypotension. Moreover, PEH and ABPMex were significantly correlated with baseline health variables. Thus, when middle-aged patients with hypertension perform aerobic or resistance exercise, the NOx/ET-1 pathway does not provide the best explanation for PEH. Finally, we found associations between baseline cardiovascular variables and endothelial vasoconstrictors with PEH.

Impacts of different intensities of exercise on inflammation and hypoxia markers in low altitude

BackgroundThis study aims to determine and compare the effects of exercise modalities with different intensities on the secretion of key inflammation and hypoxia markers in amateur athletes.MethodsTwenty-three athletes with a mean age of 20.1 years, living at low altitude (1850 m) participated in this study. The participants' maximal oxygen consumption values (VO2 max) were determined with an incremental cycle exercise test as 54.15 ± 6.14 mL kg min−1. Athletes performed four protocols: at rest, 50% VO2 max, 75% VO2 max and 100% VO2 max (until exhaustion) with one-week intervals. 50% VO2 max, 75% VO2 max sessions were performed continuously for 30 min on a bicycle ergometer and 100% VO2 max session was performed by cycling until exhaustion. Blood samples were obtained at rest and immediately after each exercise session. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) levels were measured.ResultsThere were significant differences in serum TNF-α levels in 75% VO2 max and 100% VO2 max sessions (489.03 ± 368.37 and 472.70 ± 365.21 ng/L, respectively) compared to rest conditions (331.65 ± 293.52 ng/L). Serum CRP levels of 50% VO2 max and 75% VO2 max sessions (1.19 ± 0.50; 1.07 ± 0.52 mg/L) were significantly higher than the rest condition (0.74 ± 0.35 mg/L). There were significant differences in serum IL-10 levels of rest condition and 50% VO2 max; 50% VO2 max, and 100% VO2 max sessions (328.09 ± 128.87; 446.36 ± 142.84; 347.44 ± 135.69; 324.88 ± 168.06 pg/mL). Serum HIF-1α levels were significantly higher in 75% VO2 max session compared to rest (1.26 ± 0.16; 1.08 ± 0.19 ng/mL) (P < 0.05 for all comparisons).ConclusionsBoth inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathway is induced on different exercise intensities. Exercise protocols performed until exhaustion may lead to activation of inflammatory pathways and hypoxia-induced damage.

Effects of exercise modes on oxygen uptake efficiency slope

Effects of exercise modes on oxygen uptake efficiency slope

Effects of aerobic, resistance and concurrent exercise on pulse wave reflection and autonomic modulation in men with elevated blood pressure

The acute effects of exercise modes on pulse wave reflection (PWR) and their relationship with autonomic control remain undefined, particularly in individuals with elevated blood pressure (BP). We compared PWR and autonomic modulation after acute aerobic (AE), resistance (RE), and concurrent exercise (CE) in 15 men with stage-1 hypertension (mean ± SE: 34.7 ± 2.5 years, 28.4 ± 0.6 kg/m2, 133 ± 1/82 ± 2 mmHg). Participants underwent AE, RE, and CE on different days in counterbalanced order. Applanation tonometry and heart rate variability assessments were performed before and 30-min postexercise. Aortic pressure decreased after AE (− 2.4 ± 0.7 mmHg; P = 0.01), RE (− 2.2 ± 0.6 mmHg; P = 0.03), and CE (− 3.1 ± 0.5 mmHg; P = 0.003). Augmentation index remained stable after RE, but lowered after AE (− 5.1 ± 1.7%; P = 0.03) and CE (− 7.6 ± 2.4% P = 0.002). Systolic BP reduction occurred after CE (− 5.3 ± 1.9 mmHg). RR-intervals and parasympathetic modulation lowered after all conditions (~ 30–40%; P < 0.05), while the sympathovagal balance increased after RE (1.2 ± 0.3–1.3 ± 0.3 n.u., P < 0.05). Changes in PWR correlated inversely with sympathetic and directly with vagal modulation in CE. In conclusion, AE, RE, and CE lowered central aortic pressure, but only AE and CE reduced PWR. Overall, those reductions related to decreased parasympathetic and increased sympathetic outflows. Autonomic fluctuations seemed to represent more a consequence than a cause of reduced PWR.

Effects of exercise modalities on BDNF and IL-1β content in circulating total extracellular vesicles and particles obtained from aged rats.

There are evidences about the involvement of systemic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), on functional exercise effects. Although aerobic exercise can impact circulating extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) cargo, other exercise modalities were not studied. Taken that BDNF and anti-inflammatory effects have been related to functional outcomes, and BDNF and IL-1β have been detected in circulating EVPs, our aim was to evaluate circulating total EVPs profile from adult and aged Wistar rats submitted to exercise modalities, namely aerobic, acrobatic, resistance or combined for 20min, 3 times a week, during 12weeks. A modality- and age-dependent effect on total EVPs cargo was observed; aerobic exercise induced an augment in BDNF and IL-1β in EVPs from aged rats, while acrobatic and combined exercise modalities reduced IL-1β content in EVPs from adult ones. Besides, all exercise modalities attenuated aging-induced CD63 changes in circulating total EVPs; this finding can be involved with reduced mortality rate and improved memory performance previously observed. Changes on EVPs profile, such as increased CD63 levels can be related, at least in part, to an exercise-induced healthier global status. Additionally, aerobic exercise-induced effects on BDNF and IL-1β levels might indicate additional benefits in aged individuals.

Effects of Exercise Modes on Neural Processing of Working Memory in Late Middle-Aged Adults: An fMRI Study.

Recent studies have highlighted the importance of regular exercise on cognitive function in aging populations, with aerobic exercise and cardiovascular fitness having received the largest amount of research attention. However, the relationship between exercise mode and cognitive function underlying behavioral modification and neural activation remains unknown. The present study, therefore, sought to examine the associations between different exercise modes and the working memory (WM) aspect of executive function as well as its task-evoked brain activation in the late middle-aged population. Seventy late middle-aged adults were classified into open-skill, closed-skill, or irregular exercise groups based on their participation in exercise activities prior to the study and then performed a spatial working memory (SWM) task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. The results revealed that exercise groups, regardless of exercise modes, showed better SWM and physical fitness performance. Additionally, the open-skill group exhibited greater brain activation in the prefrontal lobe, anterior cingulate cortex/supplementary motor area (ACC/SMA), and hippocampus than those in the closed-skill group, suggesting a mode-sensitive compensatory mechanism in late middle-aged adults. These findings indicate that exercise promotes cognitive health, improves WM, and enhances neurocognitive scaffolding in late middle-aged adults and further suggest that various exercise modes can effectively modulate frontal and hippocampal function in the face of age-related neurocognitive declines, implications that may inform the development of exercise programs for the elderly.

746-P: Effects of Exercise Modes to Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Obese and Patients with Type 2 Diabetes—A Meta-analysis

Physical activity is effective in improving insulin sensitivity in an obese and type 2 diabetic population (T2D). However, most Americans do not adhere to the ACSM exercise guidelines. The effectiveness of different exercise modes to improve insulin sensitivity in an obese and T2D is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was 1) to compare the effects of aerobic, resistance, and combination exercise training and 2) to determine the role of volume and intensity (aerobic) and repetitions and sets (resistance) on exercise induced improvement in insulin sensitivity in an obese and T2D population. 73 studies were used for this review. Meta-analysis methods were used to evaluate the role of moderators, such as volume, intensity, number of sets and repetitions, in the effectiveness of exercise training to improve insulin sensitivity. Aerobic, resistance and combination exercise training were effective modes in improving insulin sensitivity in obese and T2D (Z=5.43, p&amp;lt;.0001). Volume and intensity during aerobic exercise did not have an effect on degree of improvement in insulin sensitivity (Q=1323.6, p&amp;lt;.0001). During resistance exercise, greater number of sets resulted in a greater improvement however, number of repetitions did not have an effect on improving insulin sensitivity (Z=3.1370, p=0.0017). Although traditional aerobic exercise is an effective training method in improving insulin sensitivity in obese and individuals with T2D, resistance and/or combination exercise provide beneficial alternative training methods to improve insulin sensitivity. While prescribing resistance exercise, focusing on number of sets (3 or more), rather than number of repetitions, should be emphasized to improve insulin sensitivity. Disclosure M. Garcia: None. K.R. Perales: None. A.E. Wagler: None. S. Bajpeyi: None.

Effects of different exercise modes of ball-holding on venous flow and related thrombus in patients with peripherally inserted central catheter

Objective To explore the effects of different exercise modes of ball-holding on preventing peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) related thrombus, so as to provide a basis for formulating scientific nursing intervention. Methods From June to November 2017, this study selected 86 cancer patients with chemotherapy through PICC of Oncology Department in First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital by purposive sampling. All of the patients from two wards of Oncology Department were divided into the experimental group and the control group by tossing a coin. Patients of the experimental group carried out ball-holding 25 times to 30 times after 3 meals each day with clenching for 10 seconds, loosening 10 seconds and grip strength according to that the ball was compressed to one half. Patients of the control group accepted conventional nursing that ball-holding was implemented 3 times, a total of 500 times. Color Doppler ultrasound was used to dynamically observe the blood flow velocity, incidence, formation position, formation time and classification of thrombus as well as other complications after indwelling catheter. The SAS 9.4 was used to statistical analysis. Results This study involved 42 patients in the experimental group and 41 patients in the control group after removing missing patients. The maximum velocity of axillary vein of patients in experimental group before and 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days after indwelling catheter was (16.12±3.62) , (15.83±3.07) , (15.69±3.01) , (15.05±2.49) , (14.46±3.85) , (15.47±2.95) and (14.75±2.91) cm/s respectively. There was no significant difference in blood flow velocity before indwelling catheter between two groups (t=-0.54, P=0.594 5) . But, there were significant differences in blood flow velocity 21 and 28 days after indwelling catheter between two groups (t=-5.00, -4.69; P<0.000 1) . The difference of the maximum velocity in interaction between groups and different time points was significant (F=22.23, P<0.000 1) . The average velocity per unit time of axillary vein of experimental group before indwelling catheter and 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days after indwelling catheter was (9.97±3.01) , (9.69±2.61) , (9.72±2.49) , (8.88±1.47) , (8.55±2.20) , (9.48±2.71) , (9.26±2.73) cm/s respectively. There was no significant difference in average velocity before indwelling catheter between two groups (t=0.07, P=0.945 9) . After indwelling catheter, there were significant differences in average velocity 21 and 28 days after indwelling catheter between two groups (t=-4.60, -4.48; P<0.000 1) . There was also a significant difference in average velocity per unit time of axillary vein among the interaction between groups and different points (F=9.84, P<0.000 1) . The flow velocity of axillary vein of two groups declined over time 14 days before indwelling catheter. The flow velocity of experimental group gradually rose over time 14 days after indwelling catheter and was with a fall after rise 21 days after reaching peak value; the flow velocity of control group remarkably slowed over time. A significant difference was found in incidence of catheter related thrombus between two groups (P<0.05) . The incidence of thrombus of control group constantly rose over time (χ2=6.158, P=0.013) . There was also significant difference in incidence of other catheter related thrombus complications between two groups (χ2=5.760, P=0.016) . Conclusions The modes of ball-holding of experimental group can make the flow velocity of axillary vein in a high level and be propitious to prevent blood stagnation, reduce the incidences of thrombus and other catheter related thrombus complications. It is worth to be used in clinical application. Key words: Nursing care; Venous thrombosis; Ball-holding sport; Peripherally inserted central catheter; Catheter-related thrombus; Venous flow velocity

Effects of different exercise modes on the exercise capacity and cognitive functioning of elderly persons with hypertension

Objective To observe the effect of aerobic exercise and resistance training on the exercise capacity and cognition of elderly persons with hypertension. Methods Eighty-four elderly persons with essential hypertension were randomly divided into an aerobic exercise (AE) group, a resistance training (RT) group and a sedentary control (SC) group, each of 28. The AE and RT groups received 12 weeks of aerobic exercise or resistance training respectively, while the SC group maintained their normal lifestyles. Before and after the experiment, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and time and distance to exhaustion were evaluated using a treadmill and a 30 s Wingate test. Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the quadriceps femoris was quantified using an isokinetic ergometer. Perception speed, mental arithmetic, spatial imaging, working memory and memory recall were tested using computer software. Results After the intervention, significant increases were observed in the average VO2max and the time and distance to exhaustion of the AE group. The RT group showed significant improvements in the 30 s Wingate test, as well as in their average MVC, peak power, mean power and fatigue index. The average systolic and diastolic pressure was reduced in both groups but the difference was not significant. Average perception speed, working memory and total score in the cognitive function test had however improved significantly in both groups. There was no significant inter-group difference. The SC group showed no significant changes. Conclusion Either aerobic exercise or resistance training can reduce the blood pressure and improve cognition for elderly persons with essential hypertension, though they have significantly different effects on the exercise capacity. Key words: Aerobic exercise; Resistance training; Hypertension; Exercise capacity; Cognition

The Effects of Different Exercise Modalities in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer hastaligi (AH) ilerleyici norodejeneratif bir hastalik olup demansin en sik gorulen nedenidir. Artmis oksidatif stres, anormal amiloid β (Aβ) ve tau proteinlerinin birikimi, noroinflamasyon, noronal plastisite yetmezligi ve noronal kayip AH’nin patofizyolojisi ile iliskilendirilen ana faktorlerdir. Artan kanitlar fiziksel aktivitenin, hem kognitif fonksiyona hem de AH’de gozlenen hucresel patolojilere iyilestirici etkileri oldugunu gostermektedir. Aerobik egzersizin (AE) antioksidan enzim aktivitesini, norotrofik faktorlerin sentezini arttirdigi, noroinflamatuar belirtecleri azalttigi, ogrenmeyi ve bellek fonksiyonlarini iyilestirdigi gosterilmistir. Ayrica hucre yasayabilirligi ve Aβ klirensi uzerine yararlidir. AE, beyin dokusundaki cozulebilir Aβ1-42 duzeylerini klirensten sorumlu enzimlerin aktivitelerini arttirarak dusurur. Ayni zamanda kaspaz-9, sitokrom c, Bax ve kaspaz-3 gibi apoptotik enzimleri baskilar. Direnc egzersizlerinin (DE) AH’deki etkileri hakkinda acik bir bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte az sayida calismada daha cok yaslanma modellerinde etkilerine bakilmistir. Bu calismalarda DE’nin insulin benzeri buyume faktoru-I ve beyin kaynakli norotrofik faktorun (BDNF) serum konsantrasyonlarini artirdigi, oksidatif stresi azalttigi insanlarda gosterilmis olup, hayvanlarda hipokampal BDNF mRNA duzeyinde artis yaptigi bildirilmistir. Ek olarak DE ve AE, Alzheimer hastalarinda gunluk aktivitelerin gelisimine ve fiziksel becerilerin arttirilmasina yardimci olabilir. Sonuc olarak egzersiz terapisi uygulamalari daha etkili tedavi secenekleri gelistirilmesine ve AH’nin ilerlemesinin yavaslatilmasina, herhangi bir yan etki yapmaksizin yardimci olabilir.

Effect of Exercise Modes on Functional Fitness in Middle-aged Women

PURPOSE: The term “functional fitness” has gained attention in recent years for its impact on both performance in athletes and quality of life and movement efficiency in all adults. PURPOSE: The goal of this exploratory study was to determine what type of exercise may be best in preserving the functional ability of women as they age. Exercise is known to help with functional abilities at any age, but little research has been conducted addressing the most effective type of exercise. METHODS: Thirty women ages 52-67 (mean=59.3±4.02 years) volunteered to participate in the study. Functional fitness was assessed using all seven items of the Functional Movement Screen (Deep Squat, Hurdle Step, Inline Lunge, Shoulder Mobility, Straight Leg Raise, Trunk Stability Pushup, and Rotary Stability). Before the FMS, participants answered a questionnaire concerning the type, intensity, and frequency of their exercise for the past six months. Seventeen women participated in both moderate cardio activities and core/strengthening activities such as yoga, pilates, and other exercises involving balance, shifting the center of gravity, and strengthening the core. The other 13 women participated regularly in moderate cardiovascular exercise only. From the questionnaire results, two groups were formed: a cardio + core group (CC; n=17) and a cardio only group (C; n=13). RESULTS: Ages in the two groups and weekly volume of exercise were statistically equal (p>.05). In the FMS, the CC group scored significantly higher than the C group in Deep Squat (p=.006), Lunge (p=.019), Hurdle Step (p=.037); Straight Leg Raise (p=.020); Trunk Stability Pushup (p=.019); and total FMS (p=.0009). The only two items which did not show a significant between-group difference were the Shoulder Mobility and Rotary Stability tests (p=.4309 and .2599, respectively). CONCLUSION: Women who participate in forms of both cardio and core exercise have better functional fitness than those who participate only in cardiovascular exercise.

The Effects of Exercise Modalities on the Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein B and C-Reactive Protein in Obese High School Girls.

The Effects of Exercise Modalities on the Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein B and C-Reactive Protein in Obese High School Girls.

The differential anti‐inflammatory effects of exercise modalities and their association with early carotid atherosclerosis progression in patients with Type 2 diabetes

Adipokines, visfatin, apelin, vaspin and ghrelin have emerged as novel cardiovascular risk factors. We aimed to evaluate the effects of different exercise modalities on the aforementioned novel adipokines and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with Type2 diabetes mellitus. One hundred patients with Type2 diabetes were equivalently (n=25) randomized into four groups: (1) a control group with patients encouraged to perform self-controlled exercise; (2) a supervised aerobic exercise group (exercise four times/week, 60min/session, 60-75% of maximum heart rate); (3) a resistance training group (60-80% baseline maximum load achieved in one repetition); and (4) a combined aerobic exercise plus resistance training group, as in groups2 and 3. All participants had HbA(1c) levels ≥48mmol/mol (≥6.5%), without overt diabetic vascular complications. Blood samples, clinical characteristics, peak oxygen uptake and carotid intima-media thickness measurements were obtained at baseline and at the end of the study, after 6months. At baseline, there were non-significant differences between groups. All active groups significantly ameliorated glycaemic profile, insulin sensitivity and triglycerides levels compared with the control group (P<0.05). Aerobic training further improved lipids, systolic blood pressure and exercise capacity compared with the resistance training and the control groups (P<0.05). Moreover, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and visfatin decreased, while vaspin and apelin circulating levels increased within the aerobic exercise group and the aerobic exercise plus resistance training group, and compared with the other groups (P<0.05). Within- and between-group comparisons showed negligible alterations in ghrelin serum levels and body weight after all exercise modalities. Finally, aerobic training attenuated the carotid intima-media thickness progression (0.017±0.006mm) compared with the control subjects (0.129±0.042mm, P<0.001). That effect was independently associated with visfatin and amelioration of peak oxygen uptake. In subjects with Type2 diabetes, all exercise training modalities improved metabolic profile. Importantly, aerobic training predominantly ameliorated adipokines concentrations and carotid intima-media thickness progression.

Eat as much as you burn - a good diet and eating less should be more important than an intense exercise program for decreasing morbidity and mortality

Dear Editor, We read the article ”The effects of exercise modalities on adiposity in obese rats” written by Guilherme Fleury Fina Speretta et al. with great interest (1). The authors concluded that both of the examined exercise modalities improved lipid profile, adiposity and obesity-associated inflammation in rats, suggesting their use as an alternative to control the deleterious effects of a high-fat diet in humans (1). We thank the authors for their contribution of such a well-designed and well-presented study. We believe that these findings will encourage further studies on obesity and the therapeutic role of diet. In the aging and increasingly obese population worldwide, this study deserves to be emphasized in terms of these current needs. Hyperlipidemia and obesity are strongly associated with the development of atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular accidents and peripheral vascular disease are of particular clinical importance (2,3). Success in decreasing serum lipid levels and obesity has led to successful decreases in patient morbidity and mortality (4). Lifestyle changes and exercise are important and, additionally, antihyperlipidemic drugs can successfully reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis and related diseases. It is well known that nearly one hundred patients must be treated to protect only one from any atherosclerotic event (5). Therefore, investigators should work to identify new drugs, treatment approaches, diet therapies and other modalities to decrease serum lipid levels and obesity and subsequently lower the expected mortality and morbidity of these patients. The present study was primarily conducted in three exercise groups of mice, which were divided into animals receiving a normal diet or a high-fat diet. It was clear that the high-fat diet led to higher visceral adiposity. A statistically significant decrease occurred after swimming and high-resistance exercise in animals fed a high-fat diet. However, this decrease was not as large as the increase in adiposity caused by the high-fat diet and, after intense exercise, the weight of the animals fed a high-fat diet did not normalize to that of the normal diet control groups. Resistance training led to lower amounts of adipose tissue compared to swimming. Animals with sedentary life conditions fed the low-fat diet clearly had the lowest visceral adiposity. We believe that the relative failure of the success of intense exercise in the swimming and resistance training groups should be discussed in future studies. Additionally, this result suggests that a good diet and lower caloric intake may be more important than an intense exercise program for decreasing morbidity and mortality. However, the obesity induced in rats fed a high-fat diet and submitted to exercise programs may differ from some acquired and hereditary types of obesity observed in humans. The physiologic effects and pathways involved in acquired and hereditary types of obesity may differ, and these differences may affect the success of treatment. We believe that the study results should be evaluated in these respects.

The effects of exercise modalities on adiposity in obese rats

OBJECTIVE:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of both swimming and resistance training on tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 expression, adipocyte area and lipid profiles in rats fed a high-fat diet.METHODS:The study was conducted over an eight-week period on Wistar adult rats, who were divided into six groups as follows (n = 10 per group): sedentary chow diet, sedentary high-fat diet, swimming plus chow diet, swimming plus high-fat diet, resistance training plus chow diet, and resistance training plus high-fat diet. Rats in the resistance training groups climbed a vertical ladder with weights on their tails once every three days. The swimming groups swam for 60 minutes/day, five days/week.RESULTS:The high-fat diet groups had higher body weights, a greater amount of adipose tissue, and higher tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in the visceral adipose tissue. Furthermore, the high-fat diet promoted a negative change in the lipid profile. In the resistance training high-fat group, the tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression was lower than that in the swimming high-fat and sedentary high-fat groups. Moreover, smaller visceral and retroperitoneal adipocyte areas were found in the resistance training high-fat group than in the sedentary high-fat group. In the swimming high-fat group, the tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression was lower and the epididymal and retroperitoneal adipocyte areas were smaller compared with the sedentary high-fat group.CONCLUSION:The results showed that both exercise modalities improved the lipid profile, adiposity and obesity-associated inflammation in rats, suggesting their use as an alternative to control the deleterious effects of a high-fat diet in humans.

Exercise modality and physical fitness in perimenopausal women

The effect of exercise modalities on determinants of sarcopenia, specifically, lean tissue mass, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), muscle quality (MQ), and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO(2)peak) over 12 weeks were studied in 42 (45-55 years, 60 days of amenorrhea, with </=1 h/week physical activity) perimenopausal females. Subjects were assigned to strength training (super-slow, 20 s tension, ST(ss) = 7; hypertrophy, 2-4 s tension, ST(ht) = 8), endurance training (intermittent, >/=48 h rest, ET(i) = 7; consecutive, 24 h, ET(c) = 9) and autogenic training group (AT = 11). ST and ET met 60 min day(-1), 3 days week(-1) and AT 1 day week(-1). Leg extension, incremental cycling with gas exchange, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and blood analysis were tested. The MANOVA revealed that ST(ss) improved MVIC (P < 0.01) and MQ (P </= 0.01). The VO(2)peak also increased significantly in ET group by 28% (ET(i): P = 0.02, ET(c): P = 0.01). A modality-specific effect on strength, MQ, and VO(2)peak in perimenopausal females was duly noted.

The Effects of Exercise Modalities on the Maximal Fat Oxidation Rates in Women

The Effects of Exercise Modalities on the Maximal Fat Oxidation Rates in Women