Abstract
BackgroundThis study aims to determine and compare the effects of exercise modalities with different intensities on the secretion of key inflammation and hypoxia markers in amateur athletes.MethodsTwenty-three athletes with a mean age of 20.1 years, living at low altitude (1850 m) participated in this study. The participants' maximal oxygen consumption values (VO2 max) were determined with an incremental cycle exercise test as 54.15 ± 6.14 mL kg min−1. Athletes performed four protocols: at rest, 50% VO2 max, 75% VO2 max and 100% VO2 max (until exhaustion) with one-week intervals. 50% VO2 max, 75% VO2 max sessions were performed continuously for 30 min on a bicycle ergometer and 100% VO2 max session was performed by cycling until exhaustion. Blood samples were obtained at rest and immediately after each exercise session. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) levels were measured.ResultsThere were significant differences in serum TNF-α levels in 75% VO2 max and 100% VO2 max sessions (489.03 ± 368.37 and 472.70 ± 365.21 ng/L, respectively) compared to rest conditions (331.65 ± 293.52 ng/L). Serum CRP levels of 50% VO2 max and 75% VO2 max sessions (1.19 ± 0.50; 1.07 ± 0.52 mg/L) were significantly higher than the rest condition (0.74 ± 0.35 mg/L). There were significant differences in serum IL-10 levels of rest condition and 50% VO2 max; 50% VO2 max, and 100% VO2 max sessions (328.09 ± 128.87; 446.36 ± 142.84; 347.44 ± 135.69; 324.88 ± 168.06 pg/mL). Serum HIF-1α levels were significantly higher in 75% VO2 max session compared to rest (1.26 ± 0.16; 1.08 ± 0.19 ng/mL) (P < 0.05 for all comparisons).ConclusionsBoth inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathway is induced on different exercise intensities. Exercise protocols performed until exhaustion may lead to activation of inflammatory pathways and hypoxia-induced damage.
Highlights
This study aims to determine and compare the effects of exercise modalities with different intensities on the secretion of key inflammation and hypoxia markers in amateur athletes
Results show that IL-10/Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) ratio was decreased in 100% VO2 max session compared to both rest and 50% V O2 sessions (P = 0.008 and P = 0.041, respectively)
We can suggest that exercise intensity should not reach to exhaustion due to there was no improvement in the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 and there was an increment in the pro-inflammatory marker TNF-α with the potential increase in inflammation
Summary
This study aims to determine and compare the effects of exercise modalities with different intensities on the secretion of key inflammation and hypoxia markers in amateur athletes. There are promising results from comparison studies demonstrating the equality or superiority of highintensity intermittent training (HIIT) programs over low-intensity regular exercise programs based on cardiorespiratory and metabolic parameters [2,3,4]. For this reason, there is a growing interest in the studies with high-intensity intermittent training protocols since this training type is considered helpful for people who cannot exercise regularly, and HIIT protocols are time efficient [5, 6]. Optimal exercise protocol should be used for athletes and sedentary people to improve outcomes and prevent musculoskeletal damages, cardiovascular, neurological, and endocrinological side effects [13, 14]
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