Effect Of Electrode Type Research Articles

Characterization and electrocaogulative treatment of nanofiltration concentrate of a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant

In this study, characterization and electrocoagulative treatability of nanofiltration concentrate from a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant (Istanbul, Turkey) were investigated. The average concentrations of COD, TKN and ammonia were determined as 6200, 587.5, and 110 mg/L, respectively. Membrane concentrate also have almost neutral pH, high conductivity and color. Besides, nanofiltration concentrate contains low metal concentrations. After the characterization of the concentrate, treatment of the concentrate by electrocoagulation method with aluminum plate electrodes was investigated. The effects of electrode type, current intensity and treatment time on the treatment of nanofiltration concentrate by EC process were investigated. According to the results, the most acceptable current intensity for COD, color, and phosphorus removal was determined to be 15.9 mA/cm 2 and the most acceptable treatment time was determined to be 30 min. The treatment efficiencies for COD, color, and phosphorus at 15.9 mA/cm 2 and 30 min were determined as 45%, 60%, and 91.8%, respectively. According to the results of this study, EC process may be an acceptable solution for the treatment of leachate nanofiltration concentrate. More detailed studies however need to be done for the determination of the optimum operational parameters of the electrocoagulative treatment of membrane concentrate.

Short-term iontophoretic and post-iontophoretic transport of model penetrants across excised human epidermis

The effect of short-term current application (0.4 mA for 10 min) on the epidermal transport of two model penetrants (butyl paraben, BP; caffeine, CF) of differing lipohilicity was investigated and compared to that produced by employing an established method of skin penetration enhancement (delipidisation). The aim was to investigate the mechanism of enhancement and route of skin permeation associated with each penetrant and mode of treatment. Franz cell diffusion experiments were conducted using human epidermal sheets and a saturated buffer solution (pH 7.4) of the respective penetrant, at a pseudo-finite dose. The effects of electrode type (anodal or cathodal) and current treatment protocol (iontophoresis or post-iontophoresis) on solute permeation was found not to be significantly different ( p > 0.05). However, in contrast to BP, a significant increase in CF transport (3–5-fold) relative to untreated skin was observed when iontophoretic/post-iontophoretic treatment protocols were employed. The use of delipidised skin was found to enhance the permeation of both model penetrants to an extent greater than iontophoresis (BP: 3-fold; CF: 24-fold). Results from this study suggest that the permeation of the more hydrophilic CF across the skin, unlike BP, may involve multiple pathways. Electroperturbation of the epidermis was confirmed as the mechanism responsible for enhancing CF transport when electrical current was applied. Iontophoretic and post-iontophoretic enhancement may serve as a potential approach to enhance the topical delivery of CF in cosmetic or dermatological treatments (anti-cellulite, viral infections and psoriasis).

Effect of Shear Speed on the Ball Shear Strength of Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu Solder Ball Joints

The effect of shear speed on the ball shear strength of Sn–3wt%Ag–0.5wt%Cu solder ball joints has been investigated. The effect of electrode type on shear strength under various aging conditions was also studied. A linear relationship was obtained between the logarithm of shear speed and the ball shear load in the joints with Cu electrodes, regardless of aging conditions. Fracture occurs in the solder at lower shear speeds (below 10–3 m/s) in joints both with Cu and with electroless Ni–P/Au plated electrodes. The fracture mode changes from a solder fracture to an intermetallic compounds (IMC) fracture at higher shear speeds (above 0.5 m/s), regardless of electrode type. This means a ductile-to-brittle transition exists in the shear speed range from 10–3 m/s to 0.5 m/s. In the case of the joint with the Ni–P/Au electrode, shear strength decreases at higher shear speeds (above 0.5 m/s) due to the ductile-to-brittle transition.

Effects of electrode types and output powers of microwave ablation on temperature increases: Consecutive monitoring by MR temperature mapping

Effects of electrode types and output powers of microwave ablation on temperature increases: Consecutive monitoring by MR temperature mapping

Effects of Electrode Types in Corona Discharge Treatment on Adhesive Strength of Low Density Polyethylene Sheet

Effects of Electrode Types in Corona Discharge Treatment on Adhesive Strength of Low Density Polyethylene Sheet

Electrode Impedance in Neurophysiologic Recordings: 2. Role in Electromagnetic Interference

ABSTRACT.Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is an important factor in producing a low signal-to-noise ratio during neurophysiologic recordings in electronically hostile environments such as the operating room. Using a controlled EMI generating source, both capacitative and inductive mechanisms of EMI were explored. The effects of electrode type, total electrode impedance, electrode impedance imbalance, inter-electrode distance, and electrode dipole orientation were also explored. The results of these studies indicate that although there are substantial differences in impedance between various types of electrodes, these have a significant but small effect on recorded EMI compared to other factor such as the electrode dipole orientation. From a practical perspective, the use of heterogeneous electrode combinations does not necessarily cause an increase in EMI and (after appropriate testing on an individual basis) may increase recording convenience in specialized environment such as the operating room.

Studies on the effect of electrode type and substrate temperature on plasma polymerization of two model compounds: Acrylonitrile and hexamethyldisiloxane

AbstractPolymers were prepared from saturated (HMDS) and unsaturated (AN) monomers in a radio frequency discharge (plasma). The effect of selected parameters such as electrode type (such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Al), reactor type, and substrate temperature (other parameters constant) on chemical structure and the rate of polymer deposition was examined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Differences in the nature of electrodes and reactor types were found to yield similar plasma products with similar rates of deposition for two monomers. In the tubular reactor used, deposition rates were observed to decrease with increasing substrate temperatures showing different dependencies on temperature for the monomers tested.

Suppression of Selective Volatilization in a Method for the Spectrographic Analysis of Lanthanum

The effects of electrode type, arc current, and the Stallwood Jet on selective distillation of impurities other than rare earths in La2O3 are evaluated. Selective volatilization is reduced by use of a 20-A dc arc with a ⅛-in.-diam electrode. An analytical method incorporating these operating conditions is presented for 19 impurity elements in La2O3 prepared from the lanthanum metal sample. The overall precision is about ±14% relative standard deviation over the concentration range of 30 to 1000 parts per million.