Effects Of Dual-task Training Research Articles

Effect of Dual-Task Training on Gait and Balance in Stroke Patients: An Updated Meta-analysis: Erratum.

Effect of Dual-Task Training on Gait and Balance in Stroke Patients: An Updated Meta-analysis: Erratum.

EFEITO DO TREINO DE DUPLA TAREFA NA MARCHA CONGELANTE EM IDOSOS COMDOENÇADEPARKINSON:UMAREVISÃOINTEGRATIVA.1

One of the most debilitating symptoms of Parkinson’s disease is freezing of gait (FoG), which significantly impacts the quality of life of elderly individuals. Dual-task training, which involves performing a motor task and a cognitive task simultaneously, has been explored as an effective intervention to improve these symptoms. This method is used in Parkinson’s patients because they often have difficulties performing multiple tasks at the same time. Dual- task training helps improve coordination and functionality by challenging both motor and cognitive systems, which can reduce the risk of falls and increase mobility. This study aimed to conduct a literature review to assess the effects of dual-task training on freezing of gait in elderly patients with Parkinson’s disease. It is an integrative review guided by the question, “What are the effects of dual-task training on freezing of gait in elderly patients with Parkinson’s disease?”. Searches were conducted in 2023/2024 using the Virtual Health Library (BVS), Cochrane Library, MEDLINE/PubMed, and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Articles published between 2019 and 2024 in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, addressing elderly individuals of both genders diagnosed with Parkinson’s and freezing of gait, and employing dual-task (DT) training, regardless of whether or not it was combined with other therapies, were included. Incomplete studies, review articles, conference proceedings, and studies without a proper description of the DT methodology were excluded. A total of 8 randomized clinical trials were selected, resulting in an analysis of the therapeutic effects on these patients’ gait. The reviewed studies indicated that dual-task training showed significant improvements in gait and balance in Parkinson’s patients, reducing the severity of freezing of gait. It is concluded that dual-task training is a promising intervention to improve gait and reduce FoG in elderly patients with Parkinson’s, highlighting the importance of multidimensional and personalized interventions for effective FoG management.

Improving Executive Function and Dual-Task Cost in Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Dual-task walking is challenging for people with Parkinson disease (PD). Gait performance worsens while executing dual tasks, possibly due to a decline in executive function (EF). This study aimed to investigate the effects of dual-task training on EF and dual-task cost (DTC) in people with PD and to explore whether training-induced changes in EF were associated with changes in DTC. This study was a randomized controlled trial. A total of 28 people with PD participated. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (dual-task training) and the control group (treadmill training). Both groups received a total of 16 training sessions during the 8weeks. Assessments were conducted at baseline and postintervention. Primary outcomes included EF and dual-task cost. Significant time-by-group interactions were found in executive function and DTC. The experimental group showed significant improvement in frontal assessment battery (FAB), trail-making test (TMT) part A, Stroop color and word test (SCWT), and DTC on speed in cognitive dual-task walking. There was a moderate to high correlation between the change values of the FAB, TMT part A, SCWT, and the change values of DTC in cognitive dual-task walking. Compared to treadmill training, dual-task training resulted in greater improvements in EF and DTC. Training-induced changes in EF were linked to changes in DTC when walking while performing a cognitive task but not when walking while performing a motor task. For more insights from the authors Supplemental Digital Content available at http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A485.

The effect of dual-task training on postural and cognitive performances in adolescents with down syndrome

BackgroundThe dual task training (DTT) has been shown to improve postural and cognitive performances in many populations. Therefore, it seems of interest to explore the effect of such training modality in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) presenting both cognitive and postural deficits. AimsThis study explored the effect of a DTT compared to a single task training (STT) on postural and cognitive performances in adolescents with DS. Methods and proceduresThe center of pressure velocity (CoPVm) and the cognitive performance in the selective word recall test were recorded under single task (ST) and DT conditions before and after 8 weeks in the STT group (STTG), the DTTG and the control group (CG). Outcomes and resultsBefore training, CoPVm values increased and cognitive performances decreased (p < 0.001) during the DT compared to ST conditions in all groups. After training, CoPVm decreased (p < 0.001) in the DTTG and the STTG under the ST conditions. However, under DT conditions, these values decreased (p < 0.001) only in the DTTG. The cognitive performance increased (p < 0.001) only in the DTTG in both ST and DT conditions. ConclusionThe DTT is strongly recommended to improve both postural and cognitive performances in individuals with DS notably in DT conditions.

Dual-task training is as effective as functional training on the functional fitness of older women: a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundThe interest in approaches that improve older individuals’ functional fitness and autonomy is increasing. However, the effects of dual-task training on older women’s functional fitness and the comparison with the functional training approach are unclear. Therefore, we compared dual-task and functional training on the functional fitness of older women and the effects of three months of detraining.MethodsSixty-one women performed 16 weeks of dual-task training or functional training. The functional fitness was measured pre-, post-training, and post-detraining, based on the ability to put on and take off a t-shirt, evaluating the mobility of the upper limb, standing-up from the prone position measuring the global functionality, five times sit-to-stand test to assess the lower limbs muscle power, timed up and go to measure the dynamic balance and agility, gallon-jug shelf-transfer to evaluate the global functionality emphasizing the upper limbs and 10 m walk test to analyze the gait ability.ResultsDual-task training and functional training generally provided significant small to moderate magnitude performance increases in the put on and take off a t-shirt (dual-task training: d = 0.35 / functional training: d = 0.49), five times sit-to-stand test (dual-task training: d = 0.41 / functional training: d = 0.77), timed up and go (dual-task training: d = 0.34 / functional training: d = 0.78), and gallon-jug shelf-transfer (dual-task training: d = 0.76 / functional training: d = 0.82). Only the functional training improved the 10 m walk test (d = 0.32; p = 0.013), and both groups did not change the standing-up from the prone position performance. After the detraining period, both groups kept the adaptations for the gallon-jug shelf-transfer and five times sit-to-stand test. At the same time, only the dual-task training maintained the adaptations for the put on and take off a t-shirt and the functional training for the timed up and go.ConclusionSixteen weeks of dual-task and functional training are similarly effective in improving older women’s functional fitness, maintaining their benefits even after three months of detraining.Trial registrationRBR-10ny848z (https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-10ny848z).

Optimizing Motor Recovery: Dual-Task Training versus Motor Relearning Program for Ambulatory Left-Hemiplegic Stroke Patients

Background: Stroke is a significant cause of long-term disability, leading to chronic impairments of balance and gait. However, successful rehabilitation can help stroke survivors improve their mobility and quality of life. This study compares the effects of Dual-Task Training (DTT) and Motor Relearning Program (MRP) on dynamic balance and gait parameters in chronic stroke patients with left hemiplegia. Methods: A randomized, double-blinded controlled trial was done in a tertiary care hospital from March to August 2023. Through simple randomization, 40 subjects with chronic left hemiplegic stroke were allotted into either the DTT group or the MRP group. Both groups received 45-minute sessions three times weekly for 12 weeks. The primary outcomes measured were the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) and the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG)—secondary outcomes related to gait parameters, step length, cadence, cycle time, and stride length. Statistical analyses involved paired and independent t-tests, with a set level of significance described as p&lt;0.05. Results: The statistical improvements in the DTT group show in the gait speed (10MWT) and TUG scores, which are significantly better than in the MRP group (p&lt;0.05). Likewise, the DTT group’s step length, cadence, cycle time, and stride length also improved significantly (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The use of DTT significantly improves the dynamic balance and gait of chronic stroke patients with left hemiplegia compared to MRP. This underscores the effectiveness of DTT as a tool for rehabilitating motor function in stroke patients. Further research should be pursued to optimize its application and evaluate long-term outcomes. Keywords: Balance, Gait, Impairments, Stroke Rehabilitation.

Multimodal training with dual-task enhances immediate and retained effects on dual-task effects of gait speed not by cognitive-motor trade-offs in stroke survivors: a randomized controlled trial

Purpose Individuals who have experienced stroke may benefit from dual-task related training to improve gait speed performance. Whether noted improvements reflect true effects on gait or cognitive-motor trade-offs still remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dual-task training on dual-task effects of both walking and cognitive domains in stroke survivors. Materials and methods Forty-four individuals with stroke were randomized to dual-task or single-task training groups. Both groups exercised three 60-minute sessions per week for 4 weeks. The primary outcomes were dual-task effects on gait speed and cognitive score. Outcomes were assessed before and after the intervention and 1-month follow-up. Results While both groups exhibited improvement in absolute gait speed under dual-task conditions, the dual-task training group demonstrated superior results by providing an additional gain on dual-task effects of gait speed. Compared to single-task training, dual-task training exhibited a significant improvement in dual-task effects of gait speed at post-treatment and follow-up. Regarding the dual-task effects on cognitive scores, no significant differences within and between groups after training were observed. Conclusion Dual-task training enhances immediate and retained effects on the dual-task effects of gait speed in individuals with stroke, not by cognitive-motor trade-offs. Trial registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02686515

CSP2023: 142 - Cost and effectiveness of Dual-task training on balance and fall risk in individuals with cerebellar ataxia: A randomized controlled trial

CSP2023: 142 - Cost and effectiveness of Dual-task training on balance and fall risk in individuals with cerebellar ataxia: A randomized controlled trial

CSP2023: 438 - Key features of an acceptable trial investigating the effects of dual-task training on balance in people with Parkinson’s disease

CSP2023: 438 - Key features of an acceptable trial investigating the effects of dual-task training on balance in people with Parkinson’s disease

Dual-Task Training Dan Edukasi Menurunkan Tingkat Risiko Jatuh Pada Lansiadi Pstw Budi Mulia Iv Jakarta Timur

Fall is an accident that causes injury in elderly. The increased risk of falling in the elderly affects the mobility and independence of the elderly in activity daily living. Interventions for the risk of falling are dual-task training and providing education about the risk of falling. This study aims to determine the effect of a combination of dual-task training and education on the risk of falling in the elderly. This study used a quasi-experimental research design with two groups pre-post test. The sample was selected based on the purposive sampling method with a total sample of 34 people, 17 people in the intervention group were given a combination of dual-task training and education, and 17 people in the control group were given education. The risk of falling is measured using the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT). The results of the paired sample t-test for the difference in measuring risk of falling before and after in the intervention group obtained p-value=0.000 (p&lt;0.05). The independent sample t-test for the difference between before and after in the intervention group obtained p-value=0.000 (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion from this research there is an effect of dual-task training and education on the elderly in PSTW Budi Mulia IV, East Jakarta.

Dual-Task vs. Single-Task Gait Training to Improve Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in People with Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

People with Parkinson's disease (pwPD) present alterations of spatiotemporal gait parameters that impact walking ability. While preliminary studies suggested that dual-task gait training improves spatiotemporal gait parameters, it remains unclear whether dual-task gait training specifically improves dual-task gait performance compared to single-task gait training. The aim of this review is to assess the effect of dual-task training relative to single-task gait training on specific gait parameters during dual-task tests in pwPD. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), searching three electronic databases. Two reviewers independently selected RCTs, extracted data, and applied the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (Version 2) and the GRADE framework for assessing the certainty of evidence. The primary outcomes were dual-task gait speed, stride length, and cadence. Secondary outcomes included dual-task costs on gait speed, balance confidence, and quality of life. We included 14 RCTs (548 patients). Meta-analyses showed effects favoring dual-task training over single-task training in improving dual-task gait speed (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.20-0.77; 11 studies; low certainty evidence), stride length (mean difference [MD] = 0.09 m, 95% CI = 0.04-0.14; 4 studies; very low certainty evidence), and cadence (MD = 5.45 steps/min, 95% CI = 3.59-7.31; 5 studies; very low certainty evidence). We also found a significant effect of dual-task training over single-task training on dual-task cost and quality of life, but not on balance confidence. Our findings support the use of dual-task training relative to single-task training to improve dual-task spatiotemporal gait parameters in pwPD. Further studies are encouraged to better define the features of dual-task training and the clinical characteristics of pwPD to identify better responders.

Comparing the effects of dual-task training and single-task training on walking, balance and cognitive functions in individuals with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review.

This systematic review aimed to examine whether dual-task (DT) training was superior to single-task (ST) training in improving DT walking, balance and cognitive functions for individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Literature search was performed in the following electronic databases: PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Metstr covering inception to May 10, 2023. And in order to facilitate comparison across trials, we calculated the effect size (Hedges' g) of gait, balance, cognitive, and other parameters under both ST and DT conditions, using the mean change score and standard deviation (SD) of change score of the experimental and control groups. Randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of DT motor and cognitive training in individuals with Parkinson's disease were included for this systematic review. A total of 214 participants recruited from six articles (actually five trials) were involved in this review. In terms of walking ability, only double support time and stride time variability showed significant between-group difference (Hedges' g=0.34, 0.18, respectively). Compared to ST training group, DT training group had a more improvement effect in laboratory balance measurement (Hedges' g=0.18, 1.25), but no significant improvement in clinical balance measurement. No significant between-group differences were observed, thus its training effect on cognitive function was inconclusive. The DT training failed to achieve promising results better than ST training in improving DT walking and balance functions for individuals with PD. Any firm conclusion cannot be drawn at present, due to the limited number of eligible publications. Larger sample size and high-quality studies are needed to investigate the effectiveness of DT training in individuals with PD.

Dual-Task Specific Training or Conventional Physiotherapeutic Interventions, Which one is more Effective?

Background: Physiotherapeutic interventions play a crucial role in motor re-learning and functional recovery for stroke patients with upper and lower limb motor impairments. Among these interventions, dual-task training (DTT) has demonstrated significant effectiveness in enhancing the functional recovery of stroke patients. Objective: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of DTT and conventional physical therapy in ambulating right-hemiplegic stroke patients.Material and Methods: A randomized control trial (RCT) was conducted at the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Saidu group of Teaching Hospital, 2nd March 2020 to 3rd August 2020. Chronic right-hemiplegic stroke patients meeting set inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to two groups: the treatment group (TG) receiving DTT and the control group (CG) undergoing conventional physical therapy. DTT interventions included walking forward, backward, and sideways on a smooth surface while holding an 80-gram sandbag. The CG received conventional physiotherapy involving mat activities, strengthening, stretching exercises, and ambulation/gait training. Pre- and post-tests collected clinical data analyzed on SPSS 22 included spatial and temporal variables, 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), Time Up &amp; Go Test (TUG), step length, cadence, cycle time, and stride length. Results: Out of 18 patients, each group had 50%, comprising 5 males (28%) and 4 females (22%). The mean age in CG was 57.20± 5.20, and in TG, it was 57.27± 6.10 years. Baseline clinical parameters were nearly identical between groups (P&gt;0.05). Post-test scores revealed significant improvements in spatial and temporal gait variables, 10MWT score, cadence, step length, stride, and cycle time in TG compared to CG (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Dual-task training and conventional physical therapy both significantly enhance the functional ability of right-hemiplegic patients across all gait temporal and spatial parameters. Keywords: Conventional physical therapy, Dual task training, Gait &amp; ambulation, Stroke.

Effect of Dual-Task Training on Balance and Knee Proprioception in Weight Bearing and Non-Weight Bearing Position among Older Adults

Aims To investigate the effect of dual-task training on balance and knee proprioception in both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing conditions in older adults with significant imbalance and high risk of falling. Methods This pre-posttest experimental design included 83 older adults (43 males, 40 females), selected based on age criteria (65–75 years) and specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants underwent dual-task training consisting of 30-minute sessions, three times per week, for four weeks (totaling 12-sessions). Measures included Berg Balance Scale and knee proprioception deficit before and after dual-task training. Results The study showed statistically significant effect of dual-task training on balance (p < 0.001) and knee proprioception in both weight-bearing (p < 0.001) and non-weight-bearing (p < 0.001) in older adults. Pre-and post-measurements of independent variables between male and female older adults showed no significant difference. Conclusions Dual-task training improves balance and knee proprioception in both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing conditions in older individuals, thereby enhancing stability and reducing the risk of falls.

The effect of dual-task training on cognitive ability, physical function, and dual-task performance in people with dementia or mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To summarize the effect of dual-task training on cognitive, physical function, and dual-task performance in people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Data sources Embase, PEDro, PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, and a forward search conducted via Web of Science have been searched from inception to July 2023. Review methods Good-quality randomized controlled trials compared dual-task training with no/placebo intervention or single-task training among people with a primary diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia were included. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the methodological quality of individual studies. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations system was adopted to appraise the quality of evidence for each outcome. Results Eighteen trials (1325 participants) were included, and 17 provided data for meta-analysis. Comparing with no intervention, dual-task training led to significant improvements on attention (mean difference (MD) = −20.66, 95%CI [−39.42, −1.90]), functional mobility (MD = −2.73; 95%CI [−3.98, −1.49]). Compared with single-task training, dual-task training had greater effects on overall cognitive function (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.29, 95%CI [0.09, 0.49]), balance (SMD = 0.78, 95%CI [0.40, 1.15]) and functional mobility (MD = −1.17; 95%CI [−1.77, −0.58]). Its effect on dual-task performance remains inconclusive due to the inconsistent results reported. Conclusion Low- to moderate-quality evidence supports that dual-task training has beneficial effects on cognitive function and physical function in individuals with dementia or mild cognitive impairment. The optimal training protocol of dual-task training on cognitive and physical functions, and dual-task performance remains uncertain. Well-designed, randomized studies with large enough sample sizes are warranted.

Effect of Dual-task Training on the Upper Limb Functon, Muscle Tone, and Actvites of Daily Living in Women With Chronic Stroke

Background and Aims Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the world; which can cause disability. One of the main goals of rehabilitation in these patients is to improve their upper limb function. Dual-task training (DTT) is one of the rehabilitation methods in stroke patients, which include performing motor tasks along with mental exercises. This study aims to investigate the effect of DTT on upper limb function, elbow flexor muscle tone, wrist extension range of motion (ROM), and the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) in women with chronic stroke. Methods In this pilot study, 16 female patients suffering from chronic stroke for more than 6 months were selected and divided into two groups of 8 including training and control. In both groups, the routine treatment included electrical stimulation of quadriceps and dorsiflexors of the affected hand, 10 minutes of bicycling, and performing three movement tasks for the upper limb (sorting colored blocks, opening and closing the bottle cap with the affected hand, and moving the beans with a spoon towards a determined point). In the training group, DTT included performing these three movement tasks simultaneously with performing mental task (counting down from 100). The training was performed for 4 weeks at 12 sessions, three sessions per week. The upper limb function was measured by the box &amp; block test; elbow flexor muscle tone by the modified Ashworth scale; active ROM of wrist extension by a goniometer; and ADL by the Barthel index before and after the treatments. Results No significant difference was found in any variables between the two groups (P&gt;0.05). In both in groups, there was a significant improvement in the three variables of elbow flexor muscle tone, upper limb function, and the ability to perform ADL after interventions compared to baseline (P&lt;0.05). However, no significant difference was found in the active ROM of wrist extension in any groups (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion Training with and without DTT can lead to significant improvement in elbow flexor muscle tone, upper limb function, and the ability to perform ADL in women with chronic stroke. The DTT has no superior effect on these variables.

Effects of dual-task training on chronic ankle instability: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundDual-task training has been a popular intervention for individuals with balance impairments. However, the effects of dual-task training on chronic ankle instability (CAI) have not been comprehensively analyzed and reliable clinical evidence is scarce. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of dual-task training on postural stability and functional ability in individuals with CAI.MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were researched from inception to November 2022. This study was conducted by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Two reviewers assessed the studies for inclusion and extracted data. The Cochrane Risk of Bias list was used to assess the risk of bias in included studies. Mean differences (MD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated with the RevMan 5.3 software.ResultsA total of 7 randomized controlled trials with 192 CAI met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis results showed that compared with the control group, dual-task training significantly improved the Y-balance test (MD = 1.60, 95% CI: −0.00 to 3.21, P = 0.050) and reduced COP-area (MD = − 0.94, 95% CI: −1.62 to − 0.26, P = 0.007) in individuals with CAI. However, there is no significant difference between dual-task training and the control group on COP-velocity (MD = − 0.26, 95% CI: −0.70 to 0.17, P = 0.240), hop test (MD = − 0.20, 95% CI: −0.66 to 0.26, P = 0.386) and BESS (MD = − 1.24, 95% CI: −2.95 to 0.48, P = 0.157) in individuals with CAI.ConclusionThis meta-analysis showed that dual-task training may be effective in improving static and dynamic postural stability. However, more high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to verify the short and long-term effectiveness of dual-task training on CAI.

Dual-Task Training Effects on Mobility of Older Adults Residents of Porto Alegre: Pilot Study

Introduction: Balance deficit during gait is a factor that affects older people’s mobility. It’s related to an increased risk of falls, hospitalization, and mortality. Regular physical activity is an easy and low-cost strategy to improve older adults’s functional mobility. Dual-task training is also suggested to improve balance and has been highlighted in the new World Guidelines for Falls Prevention and Management for Older Adults. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dual-task training on functional mobility of community-dwelling older adults. Methodology: Volunteers over 60 years old were submitted to a 24-weeks exercise routine associated with dual-task challenges. On the first 12 weeks of muscular training, based on The High Intensity Functional Exercise (HIFE) Program was applied. On the following 12 weeks, cognitive challenges and dual-task exercises were added to the exercise protocol. Functional mobility was evaluated by different gait strategies (Figure 8 Walking Test, Tandem Gait Test, 10 Meter Walk Test), in admission, after 12 weeks, and at the end of 24 weeks intervention protocol. Results: Seven participants achieved the preestablished protocol length. The mean values showed that the time of execution has diminished in Tandem Gait Test and Figure 8 Walking Test, when comparing the first and the last evaluations. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that possible dual-task exercise is an effective way to improve older adults’s gait.

Efficacy of Dual-Task Training in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

Dual-task training (DTT) involves simultaneously motor and cognitive exercises. To determine the effectiveness of DTT, in comparison to other interventions [single-task training (STT) and usual care (UC)], on gait and balance parameters, motor impairments, activities of daily living (ADLs) and quality of life (QoL) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) immediately post-intervention and at 3, 6, and 12 months after therapy. A meta-analysis was performed following PRISMA Guidelines through searching in PubMed, SCOPUS, WOS, CINAHL, SciELO and PEDro up to September 2022. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compare the effect of DTT versus STT and UC on gait (speed, step and stride length, cadence and steps per day), balance (functional and dynamic balance), motor impairments, ADLs and QoL. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. The pooled effect was calculated through Cohen's Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Seventeen RCTs with 826 participants and a mean PEDro score of 6.59 ± 1 points were included. In comparison to STT and UC, DTT is effective in improving walking speed (SMD 0.42, 95%CI 0.23-0.6), stride length (SMD 0.69, 95%CI 0.23-1.15), cadence (SMD 0.41, 95%CI 0.19-0.63), functional balance (SMD 1.15, 95%CI 0.92-1.4), dynamic balance (SMD -0.5, 95%CI -0.81 to -0.18) and motor impairments (SMD -0.86, 95%CI -1.25 to -0.47). No adverse effects related to DTT were reported. DTT is an effective and safe therapy for improving gait, balance and motor impairments in patients with PD.

A Systematic Review of the Effect of Dual Task Training Using Computerized Cognitive Rehabilitation Program on the Overall Function of Older Adults

This study aims to find out whether dual task training using computerized cognitive rehabilitation programs is effective in improving the overall function of o lder a dults u sing t he m ethod of s ystematic r eview. A n database s earch w as p erformed u sing CINAH L, P ubmed, Scopus, and Web Of Science from January 2017 to December 2021. To collect literature the following terms were used; “dual task” AND “Computerized cognitive training” AND (“Older” OR “Elder”). The PEDro scale was used for quality assessment. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale and PICOTS-SD (Participation, Intervention, Comparisons, Outcomes, Timing of Outcome Measurement, Settings, Study design) were used for quality assessment and providing a systematic basis of the literature. In the five finally selected studies, a total of 1,073 older adults with an average age of 64.0 to 82.7 years were recruited. The average time to perform one intervention was 58 minutes, and the most common was three times a week, and the intervention period ranged from 8 to 12 weeks. In a total of five studies, physical function factors, cognitive factors, behavioral factors, daily life function factors, and weakness factor evaluation tools were used to confirm the overall function of older adults. Five studies were found to have significant effects in at least one area, including physical function, cognitive function, behavioral function, ability to perform daily life activities, and weakness after dual task training. Further work is needed evaluating not only the assessment tool but also the performance and the level of dual tasks in order to more clearly understand the effect on the overall function of older adults.