Effect Of Drag Force Research Articles

Application of Fluid Dynamics in the Formula One car: Exploring automobile air drag force and model design principles

Formula one racing is one of the best sporting events in the world, in addition to the driver’s driving skills, the performance of the vehicle also plays an important role in this race. The application of fluid mechanics and aerodynamics in vehicles has greatly improved vehicle performance, maneuverability and stability, it can reduce the effect of air drag force on the vehicle and convert the air drag force into a force that is beneficial to the vehicle. To achieve this, it must be started with the design of the vehicle itself. This article will start from the basic application theory of fluid mechanics and aerodynamics in vehicles, and the composition of aerodynamics components, make a model based on the 2018 Formula one car as a reference, and then use CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software Ansys workbench to conduct simulation verification and analysis. Looking to the future from now on and drawing conclusions.

Effects of Background Solar Wind and Drag Force on the Propagation of Coronal-mass-ejection-driven Shocks

The propagation of interplanetary shocks, particularly those driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs), is still an outstanding question in heliophysics and space weather forecasting. Here, we address the effects of the ambient solar wind on the propagation of two similar CME-driven shocks from the Sun to Earth. The two shock events (CME03, 2010 April 3; CME12, 2012 July 12) have the following properties. Both events (1) were driven by a halo CME (i.e., the source location is near the Sun–Earth line); (2) had a CME source in the southern hemisphere; (3) had a similar transit time (∼2 days) to Earth; (4) occurred in a nonquiet solar period; and (5) led to a severe geomagnetic storm. The initial (near the Sun) propagation speed, as measured by coronagraph images, was slower (by ∼300 km s−1) for CME03 than CME12, but it took about the same amount of traveling time for both events to reach Earth. According to the in situ solar wind observations from the Wind spacecraft, the CME03-driven shock was associated with a faster solar wind upstream of the shock than the CME12-driven shock. This is also demonstrated in our global MHD simulations. Analysis of our simulation result indicates that the drag force indirectly plays an important role in the shock propagation. The present study suggests that in addition to the initial CME propagation speed near the Sun, the shock speed (in the inertial frame) and the ambient solar wind conditions—in particular, the solar wind speed—are key to timing the arrival of CME-driven shock events.

Optimal homotopic strategy for thermal and mass transport in Williamson model flow PDEs under heat generation/absorption and Joule heating

In current paper, we considered the 3-D occurrence of magneto Williamson fluid subjected to linear penetrating expanding sheet. The Williamson liquid is taken into account under the essence of bio convection bordering with Joule heating, heat production. Moreover, Brownian movement combined with thermophoresis diffusion was also analyzed in current study. Central PDEs are modified into system of ODEs on the basis of appropriate similarity transformation utilization. For solution purpose, an optimal approach namely HAM was opted. The critical review based on all involved multifarious constraints across the non- dimensional velocity contour [Formula: see text] energy and concentration distribution. Moreover, across the motile organism distribution was also conducted graphically and depicts total covenant with the former published research work. The drag force effect, Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and motile organism density in tabular form is also proposed in this study. Moreover, Motile organism profile graphically demonstrates decreased demeanor for considered bio convection Lewis number, Peclet number, and also temperature difference constraint whereas results of motile organism density augmented in tabular version for the considered bio convection Lewis number, Peclet number, and also temperature difference constraint.

Nonlinear Vlasov and Fokker-Planck Dynamics in Confined Systems with Drag: A Numerical Study

Abstract We explore numerically the behavior of a one-dimensional many-body system consisting of particles that interact through short range repulsive forces, and are also under the effects of drag forces, and of an external confining potential. The statistical dynamics of systems of this kind exhibits interesting links with the thermostatistical formalism based on the Sq non-additive entropies. In the regime of overdamped motion, these systems admit an effective description in terms of a non-linear Fokker-Planck equation. When the overdamped condition is relaxed, and inertial effects are explicitly taken into account, the system can be described by a Vlasov-like effective mean field dynamics. The Vlasov-like description of this type of systems has been recently investigated in the literature from an analytical point of view. In the present contribution we explore the behaviour of these system numerically, through direct molecular dynamics simulations. We consider examples of systems with four different short range repulsive forces, with a dependence on distance given by exponential, Heaviside, Lorentzian, and Bessel functions. The results of our numerical simulations are fully consistent with the predictions derived from the Vlasov-like mean field description. In particular, we verify that, in the asymptotic limit of large times, the system evolves towards a state exhibiting a spatial distribution of particles that coincides with the stationary solution of an appropriate nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation. This limit spatial distribution has the form of a q-Gaussian.

Numerical analysis of heat transfer and fluid flow structures of jet impingement on a flat plate with different shapes of roughness elements

Jet impingement is a heat transfer technique utilized in different applications in industry. It is used for cooling the turbine blade and the combustor wall because of its high cooling rate. The heat transfer (HT) and flow structure of a circular air-impinging jet over a flat target plate with a circular row of 48 roughness elements are numerically investigated using renormalization group k–ε turbulence model. Different shapes of roughness elements, namely cylindrical roughness elements (CREs), droplet roughness elements (DREs), and hemispherical roughness elements (HREs), are examined. The effects of Reynolds number changed from 7,000 to 35,000, and the roughness elements location relative to jet diameter ( s / d ) of 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 at a constant jet-to-target plate distance ( H / d ) of 2 are studied. Temperature distribution, local Nusselt number ( Nu ), average Nusselt number (Nuavg ), average Nusselt number ratio (Nuavg,r ), velocity distribution, turbulence kinetic energy, streamline contours, and static pressure ( p ) over the roughness elements are evaluated and discussed. The results showed that the existence of roughness elements has a significant effect on the thermal and hydraulic characteristics. The Nuavg,r for the CREs, DREs, and HREs is up to 1.61, 2.02, and 1.2, respectively. All roughness element shapes increase the flow velocity in the narrow area between the elements and increase the wetted area. CREs augment the HT rates by increasing the turbulence intensity, while DREs reduce the drag force effects.

Output feedback linearization control for nanorobots with actuator and sensor delays

This paper proposes an output predictive control design for the endovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided nanorobots in the presence of actuator and sensor delays. The nanorobot is modeled considering the effects of hydrodynamic drag force, apparent weight, and magnetic motive force. Using feedback linearization approach, the state feedback control is designed. To physically implement the predicted states in the state feedback control, the high-gain predictor is constructed. The performance recovery property of the output feedback using the high-gain predictor is achieved. The numerical simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the designed controllers and the performance recovery property of the designed high-gain predictor.

Experimental and numerical study on multiphase fluid dynamics of coal and blends with biomass (sugarcane bagasse) in a lab-scale full-loop circulating fluidized bed gasifier

ABSTRACT The current research presents a 3-D hydrodynamic simulation of the fluidized bed riser with a validated CFD model at different superficial gas velocities and inventory composition (coal of 2 kg is blended with sugarcane bagasse weights 0.2 kg and 0.8 kg). The experiments are performed by varying superficial gas velocity (0.5 Umf to 3 Umf), coal particle size (460 μm and 460 μm), and coal bed inventory size (1.5 kg and 2 kg) in a pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed riser of 100 mm diameter and 3000 mm height. The CFD model results are in good agreement with experimental pressure drop and solid volume fraction. The effect of drag and lift force in fluidization hydrodynamics has been studied. The validated CFD model is then extended to predict the hydrodynamics of the three-fluid, coal-sugarcane bagasse-air system. A mixing factor is defined to quantify the mixing behavior of coal and sugarcane bagasse. It is concluded that a 200 gm sugarcane bagasse blend has good mixing than the 800 gm blends. For efficient mixing, coal and sugarcane bagasse fluidized beds should operate in the 2 Umf to 4 Umf superficial gas velocity range. The results of axial and radial distribution of coal, sugarcane bagasse and air volume fraction, pressure drop, slip velocity, and fluidized bed heights are presented.

Investigation of The Effect of Phase Angle on The Aerodynamic Performance of Three-Bladed Helical Savonius Wind Turbines Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Method

In this study, the effect of the phase angle of the semicircular blades between the stages on the aerodynamic performance of the three-blade, double-stage helical Savonius wind turbines (HSWT), which are vertical axis wind turbines, was examined by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. In the Savonius wind turbine system, the drag force effect provides the most significant contribution to aerodynamic performance. Performance improvements that can affect drag force can provide significant advantages. For this purpose, three-bladed double-stage helical Savonius rotors with eccentricity L/H=1/2 and phase angles of the semicircular blades between the stages Ɵ=0°, 45° and 90° were designed. Solidworks R2018 is used for designs and ANSYS-Fluent 18.1 programs are used for analysis. The turbine with L/H=1/2 and Ɵ=90° was produced on a 3D printer and tested experimentally. Experiments were carried out in the T-490 air tunnel. The results obtained were used as a reference for numerical analysis and the ideal turbine model was tried to be determined. 10 different air velocities ranging between 3.83-20.35 m/s were used in the numerical analysis. As a result, an 11.64% increase in the drag force was observed by changing the phase angle from 0° to 45° in HSWT 1/2s. By changing the phase angle from 0° to 45° in HSWT 1/2s, a 10.77% rise in the drag coefficient was observed. It has been evaluated that the HSWT efficiency improved with the increment in drag force.

Analyzing the Effect of Magnetic Drag Force on Carbon Nanotubes Suspended in Casson Fluid Within Parallel Surfaces with Heat Diffusion and Rate of Molar Reaction: An Analytical Approach

The study of hydromagnetic CNTs of Casson fluids in Poiseuille flow has significant implications for various industries and can provide valuable insights into the fundamental properties, such as viscosity and conductivity of these fluids. They can improve the heat transfer properties of fluids and enhance the overall efficiency of thermal systems and the presence of CNTs can induce a magnetic field in the fluid. The main goal of using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in Poiseuille flow is to enhance the fluid flow properties, such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and heat transfer and the novelty of CNTs in Poiseuille flow lies in their ability to modify the fluid flow properties by altering the structure of the fluid at the nanoscale level. The use of CNTs in Poiseuille flow has gained attention due to their unique mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. An analytical approach to the investigation of heat transmission in hydro-magnetic forces of natural convective flow of Casson-fluid in a Poiseuille flow implanted by Darcian regime on Carbon Nanotubes with the impacts of magnetic field, heat generation, diffusion thermo, porosity, radiation and first order chemical reaction is presented. In this research, dual solutions are introduced for single-wall and multiple-wall carbon nanotubes over velocity and temperature of nanofluid by the application of various physical and they are elaborated via plane curves. The base fluid is considered for the CNTs as Engine oil. Validity of this model has established by comparing with the available previous literature and is found acceptable agreement with it. In the present study, it is found that the fluctuation in radiation and heat generation plays a significant role in CNTs. It is known that a rise in the Casson parameter and nanoparticle volume fraction enhances the fluid velocity. It is concluded that, the volume fraction of nanoparticles in Poiseuille flow can have a significant impact on the flow behaviour and properties of the fluid. This study has tremendous feasible applications in the areas related to biomedical sciences, water purification process, technology of fibers, nano-materials technology, storage of energy and various applications.

Irreversibility analysis of radiative Williamson nanofluid flow with higher order chemical reaction and quadratic drag force over an extended surface: Non-similar computations

This study aims to present non-similar solutions for the radiative Williamson nanofluid flow with a quadratic drag force effect over a horizontally extended surface. The sheet is extended along the X-axis, and the magnetic field is applied along the Y-axis, perpendicular to the flow. The Buongiorno nanofluid model is employed to incorporate the random dispersion and thermal characteristics of the nanofluid. The innovation in the proposed model lies in its consideration of the effects of viscous and ohmic dissipation, Robin boundary conditions, and higher-order chemical reactions. The governing equations for the flow are scaled down to the second level using an appropriate transformation combined with a non-similarity technique and computationally assessed using the MATLAB bvp4c algorithm. The significant influences of the dimensionless parameters on the velocity, thermal, and solutal fields are depicted graphically. The findings reveal that the fluid velocity diminishes with increasing Weissenberg and Hartmann numbers. The solutal field experiences a reduction with variations in the chemical reaction parameter, while it rises with an increase in the higher-order chemical reaction parameter. The wall heat transfer rate is augmented with higher Eckert and thermal Biot numbers. The mass transfer rate rises with higher values of the chemical reaction parameter, Schmidt number, and solutal Biot number. A comparison of the results from this study with previous research demonstrates strong agreement, affirming the validity of the proposed model. For the value of the Williamson parameter [Formula: see text], the percentage error of the present analysis with established studies is 0% and 0.096770%.

A falling particle receiver thermal model for system-level analysis of solar tower plants

Falling particle receivers are one of the most promising new generation solar tower technologies. They have the advantage of being directly heated, thus relaxing flux limitations associated with conventional receivers, and being able to achieve very high temperatures (>1000 °C) without degradation. The goal of this work is the development of a thermal model able to describe the behaviour of a falling particle receiver under different operating conditions, to provide the value of its thermal efficiency within reasonable computational time so that the model can be applied for optimization of solar tower plants at system-level. The thermal model was developed starting from models described in literature, upgrading them with various features (e.g., 2D/3D discretization, drag force effect, etc.) to describe more in detail the heat transfer phenomena occurring during receiver operation. The obtained model results were verified against CFD showing better agreement than the original model. Furthermore, the thermal model was employed in a case study with the goal of optimizing the receiver size for a given solar field and performing off-design and annual performance analyses. Results showed that the adoption of multiple stages increases performance compared to a free-falling particle receiver both under nominal and off-design conditions, and the higher the number of stages the better is the performance. A free-falling particle receiver showed a yearly thermal efficiency of 72.0 %, while the five stages one achieved 75.3 %. In addition, recirculation was investigated as part load strategy for improving performance of the free-falling receiver, but the benefits in terms of performance were limited.

Nonlinear dynamic modeling and model-based AI-driven control of a magnetoactive soft continuum robot in a fluidic environment

In recent years, magnetoactive soft continuum robots (MSCRs) with multimodal locomotion capabilities have emerged for various biomedical applications. Developments in nonlinear dynamic models and effective control methods for MSCRs are deemed vital not only to gain a better understanding of their coupled magneto-mechanical behavior but also to accurately steer the MSCRs inside the human body. This study presents a novel dynamic model and model-based AI-driven control method to guide an MSCR in a fluidic environment. The MSCR is fully exposed to fluid flows at different rates to simulate the biofluidic environment within the body. A novel nonlinear dynamic model considering the effect of damping and drag force attributed to fluidic flows is first developed to accurately and efficiently predict the response of the MSCR under varying magnetic and mechanical loading. Fairly accurate correlations were observed between the theoretical responses based on the developed magneto-viscoelastic model and the experimental data for various scenarios. A novel model-based control algorithm based on a fractional-order sliding surface and deep reinforcement learning algorithm (DRL-FOSMC) is subsequently developed to accurately steer the magnetoactive soft robot on predefined trajectories considering varying fluid flow rates. A fractional-order sliding surface and a compensator, trained using the deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm, are designed to mitigate the amount of chattering and enhance the tracking performance of the closed-loop system. The stability proof of the developed control algorithm is also presented. A hardware-in-the-loop experimental framework has been designed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm through various case studies. The performance of the proposed DRL-FOSMC algorithm is rigorously assessed and found to be superior when compared with other control methods.

Analysis of magnetized micropolar fluid subjected to generalized heat-mass transfer theories

Abstract In this study, the steady 2D flow of micropolar fluid via a vertical surface is taken into account. The magnetohydrodynamics applied normally to the flow direction at a vertical surface in the presence of temperature-dependent attributes. The effect of the chemical reaction under the generalized Fourier–Fick law is considered to investigate the heat transference rate at the vertical sheet. Under the flow assumptions, the boundary layer approximations were applied to the nonlinear differential equations and partial differential equations were obtained. The use of similarity modifications allows for a reduction in the number of partial differential equations. The resulting ordinary differential equations are then resolved numerically using a technique known as the homotopy analysis method. The results reveal that microparticle suspensions have a significant impact on the flowing domain when varied fluid characteristics are utilized. The effect of potential factors on flow, micro-rotation velocities, temperature, drag force factor, and heat transport rate is investigated. The obtained results show that the velocity profile and micropolar function increase for larger values of micropolar parameters. Drag force effects are also seen, and required outcomes are observed to be in outstanding accord with the available literature. Significant results of this work were toward the velocity function, which gets reduced with increasing magnetic field parameter values, but the velocity function enhances for higher values of β \beta and λ \lambda . On temperature distribution, it decreased for higher values of ϵ 1 {{\epsilon }}_{1} and temperature profile declines due to higher values of Pr \text{Pr} , γ 2 {\gamma }_{2} and γ 1 {\gamma }_{1} or both cases of δ > 0 \delta \gt 0 and δ < 0 \delta \lt 0 . The higher values of Sc \text{Sc} resist declining the temperature function at the surface.

A numerical study of the slurry erosion in 90° horizontal elbows

The slurry erosion processes of horizontal elbows are investigated numerically using an Eulerian-Lagrangian method coupled with particle rebound and erosion model. First, a mechanical model for the internal multiphase flow involving slurry erosion in the 90° horizontal elbow is established and the corresponding governing equations are presented. Then, a two-way coupled numerical solution procedure is developed and its accuracy and stability are examined carefully using benchmark pipe flow models with experimental results. Using the validated numerical methods, the effects of flow velocity, fluid density and fluid viscosity on the flow and slurry erosion in the horizontal elbow are analyzed in detail. Finally, a prediction method of erosion rate distribution based on the pipe Froude number, particle Stokes number and the Dean number is proposed. In this method the pipe Froude number is employed to qualify the effect of ununiform distribution of particles, particle Stokes number and Dean number are combined to qualify the effects of inertia force, drag force and secondary flow. Using this approach, the location of the maximum erosion rate in horizontal elbows under different operating conditions can be predicted more conveniently.

Rimming flow in a rotating horizontal cylinder with phase change at the interface

The two-dimensional solutions and stability analysis are presented for an evaporating thin viscous liquid film flowing inside a uniformly heated rotating horizontal cylinder. A non-linear, fourth-order, partial differential evolution equation is obtained by simplifying mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations within the lubrication approximation. The effect of evaporation, gravity, viscous drag, surface tension, thermocapillary stress, and intermolecular forces has been taken into account. The numerical solutions of the model are validated against the existing experimental as well as the numerical results, along with the analytical result for the limiting cases of the present model. The film thickness model is solved to elucidate two-dimensional spatiotemporal solutions and their stability for a wide range of thermal and other parameters. The evaporative mass flux at the liquid–air interface results in unsteady solutions which are oscillatory in nature, and the amplitude of the oscillations increases with an increase in the evaporative flux. The film ruptures after some time and the rupture time is found to be inversely proportional to the evaporation number, a non-dimensional number quantifying the rate of evaporation. The linear stability analysis shows that the thermocapillary stresses as well as the long-range molecular forces destabilize the film. A negative disjoining pressure is shown to reduce the rupture time and vice versa. Evaporation (condensation) plays a destabilizing (stabilizing) role in the thin film flow. Non-linear computations are carried out for the steady profiles, validating the growth rates obtained from the linear stability analysis.

Investigating projectile penetration into immersed granular beds via CFD-DEM coupling

Projectile penetration into an immersed granular bed is a common phenomenon in both geophysics and engineering, encompassing various scenarios such as immersed crater formation and offshore soil-structure interaction. It involves the complex physical interaction between the fluid and granular materials. In this study, we investigate the dynamics of projectile penetration into a granular bed immersed in a fluid using a coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (CFD-DEM). The granular bed is composed of polydisperse particles, and the projectile is modeled as a rigid sphere. The morphology of crater formation, the dynamics of the projectile, and the drag force characteristics in immersed cases were studied in detail and compared to the dry scenario. The numerical results show that the final penetration depth of the projectile follows an empirical relation derived from experimental observations, where the falling height and the drag force during penetration obey a power-law function and a modified generalized Poncelet law, respectively. The interstitial fluid not only provides direct drag force, but also enhances the effective drag force of the granular bed by improving its generalized friction and effective viscosity in different configurations. Micro-analyses of the velocity evolution and contact force network in different stages of the fluid–solid interaction were performed to clarify the penetration dynamics. This research provides insights into the mechanisms of projectile penetration and the effects of interstitial fluid on granular media, which are crucial in engineering applications such as offshore anchoring, ball penetration tests in soft sediments, and soil-structure interactions.Graphical

Co-simulation method of pneumatic UAV launching device based on Adams-Hypneu

The purpose of this paper is to use the co-simulation method to predict the velocity of the dummy during the launching process. Taking the PL-40 launching device of ELI Company as the research target, Adams is used to establish the mechanism model, and Hypneu establishes the pneumatic model. At the launching conditions of the 10 kg dummy and 10 bar tank pressure, the preliminary co-simulation result is compared with the launching test, and the velocity error is −3.7%. The frictional force is not a constant and depends strongly on the shuttle’s pull force during the launching process. The results are coincident with the shuttle’s kinetics equations and co-simulation results. The frictional forces between wheels and rail significantly affect the dummy’s velocity of launch devices (LDs). The effect of drag force on dummy velocity is 0.4% for the LD during launching. While the co-simulation results are compared with the reference of all conditions, and the maximum launching velocity error is −3.8%.

Role of Droplet Dynamics on Contact Line Depinning in Shearing Gas Flow.

Sessile droplets exposed to shearing gas flows resist depinning owing to surface tension and contact angle hysteresis. It is known that contact line depinning occurs when the shearing gas flow is large enough to deform the droplet beyond its contact angle hysteresis. This work explores the contact line depinning process by visualizing growing droplets on a porous layer in laminar shear gas flows. High-speed imaging of droplets revealed an oscillatory motion in droplets, which is speculated to originate from an interaction between the drag force and surface tension effects. This oscillatory motion creates an inertial force within the droplet which combines with the drag force when droplet acceleration is in the stream-wise direction. The combined effect competes against the droplet adhesion force, setting the depinning criteria. Analyzing droplet images revealed that droplet local velocity and acceleration (i.e., sessile droplet dynamics prior to detachment from the substrate) increase with the superficial gas velocity. At the same time, the contact line depinning occurs at a smaller droplet size for higher superficial gas velocities. This results in a "hill-like" variation of the inertial force as a function of the convective Weber number, Weconv, causing a local maximum in the inertial force data (Weconv scales the inertia effects of the shear flow to surface tension effects). For the experimental condition tested in the current study, the inertial force created in the droplet could reach up to half of the adhesion force, making the drag force only responsible for the other half to depin the droplet contact line. Even at low superficial gas velocities, which featured lower droplet oscillations, the inertial force created in the droplet was considerable with respect to the adhesion force, reaching around one-third of the adhesion force.

Particle dispersion over side-by-side square cylinders: Proximity interference effects

This paper investigates the dispersion of tiny inertial particles in the two-dimensional laminar wake from a pair of square cylinders placed side-by-side to each other. The flow Reynolds number (defined based on the cylinder size h and uniform inflow velocity Uc) in our study is fixed at 75. The wake pattern resulting from the interaction between vortices shed from individual cylinders depends on the cross-stream spacing between the cylinders, i.e. spacing ratio s/h. We examine the effect of varying the cross-stream spacing between the cylinders on the body impaction and dispersion of particles in the wake flow over a range of their responses. Three different spacing ratios, s/h = 0.3, 2, and 4 are considered. We find that the impaction efficiency of Stokes number St = 0.1 particles is not sensitive to the spacing ratio. However, the impaction efficiency of St = 1 and 10 particles is dependent on the spacing ratio and increases with the latter. We illustrate how the distribution and clustering of representative inertial particles (i.e., with Stokes number unity) evolve over a vortex shedding cycle uniquely due to the wake flow in each spacing ratio configuration and explain the physical mechanism of particle clustering using backward tracking. The non-uniform clustering of particles with different responses to the wake flow in each spacing ratio configuration is analyzed using the Voronoï diagrams. The spacing ratio effects on the dispersion of particles are quantified in terms of mean statistical quantities such as mean local concentration, clustering intensity, and velocity statistics. The local concentration of St = 1 and 10 particles at streamwise positions away from cylinders is significantly influenced by the wake flow behavior governed by the choice of the spacing ratio. Further, the combined effect of gravity and hydrodynamic drag forces on the impaction and clustering behavior of particles is reported, where the Froude number Fr=0.32. In all the cases, particles exhibit ballistic behavior, showing a significantly reduced tendency to form clusters and a drastic increase in the impaction efficiency.

Investigation of the effect of the use of top deflectors on aerodynamic performance in vehicles with CFD analysis

Carbon-containing waste gases from vehicle exhausts are one of the main causes of climatic disasters. This problem is tried to be solved by reducing the amount of energy consumed by vehicles while they are in motion. To reduce fuel consumption, it is necessary to reduce the effect of aerodynamic drag force, which is the resistance on the solid surface in motion. It is known that high aerodynamic drag force increases fuel consumption. Reducing aerodynamic drag force is important not only for fuel consumption but also for wind noise and roadholding. Heavy vehicles such as trucks have high drag forces due to the width of their surface areas. However, this situation can be minimized with changes to be made in vehicle designs. In this study, the effect of the use of top deflectors on the drag force for trucks has been investigated. In this theoretical study, separate calculations have been made for different vehicle velocities and the results have been compared among themselves. In this study, which has been carried out using the computational fluid dynamics method, k-e has been preferred as the turbulence method. As a result, it has been concluded that the use of top deflectors reduces drag force, which in turn reduces fuel consumption.