Effect Of Dose Research Articles

M83 - Effects of Nicotine Dose in Cigarettes on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety

M83 - Effects of Nicotine Dose in Cigarettes on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety

CT109-SN-38, a Novel Antibody-drug Conjugate with Dual Specificity for CEACAM5 and 6, Elicits Potent Killing of Pancreatic Cancer Cells.

CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 are glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)- linked members of the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) family, which are frequently upregulated in epithelial cancers where they contribute to invasion, metastasis, immune evasion, and resistance to anoikis. CT109 is a novel antibody with dual specificity to both CEACAM5 and 6. In this study, we aimed to perform the preclinical characterization of CT109 and antibody- drug conjugate (ADCs) derivatives of CT109, focusing on CT109-SN-38. CT109's cognate epitope was characterized by scanning mutagenesis. CT109 specificity and internalization kinetics were assessed by immunoblot and flow cytometry, respectively. Cognate antigen expression prevalence in colorectal cancer and normal tissue arrays was determined by immunohistochemistry. CT109 conjugations were generated by the reaction of reduced CT109 cysteines with maleimide-functionalized payload linkers. In vitro cytotoxic activity of CT109 ADCs was characterized on antigen-positive and negative pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell (PDAC) lines using a luminometric viability assay. In vivo efficacy of CT109-SN-38 was assessed on a PDAC tumor xenograft model at 10 and 25 mg/kg concentrations. CT109 showed to bind a glycoepitope centered on N309. CT109 is internalized in the CEACAM5+/CEACAM6+ double-positive PDAC line, BxPC-3, with a t1/2 of 2.3 hours. CT109 ADCs elicit a dose and antigen-dependent cytotoxic effect, with CT109-SN-38 exhibiting an IC50 value of 21 nM in BxPC-3 cells. In a BxPC-3 tumor xenograft model, CT109-SN-38 reduced tumor growth and induced regression in 3/10 mice at 25 mg/kg concentration. These data suggest that further preclinical and clinical development of CT109-SN-38 is warranted.

A preliminary investigation of the acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on pain and opioid attentional bias among persons with opioid use disorder

IntroductionAttentional bias (AB) is believed to be an important factor in the development and maintenance of both opioid use disorder (OUD) and chronic pain. Cannabis and its main psychoactive constituent, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), produce analgesic effects via processes that are potentially relevant to AB and is commonly used by persons with OUD. This exploratory study investigated if THC influences AB towards pain and opioid cues individuals with OUD. MethodsUsing a within-subject, crossover design, 27 adults receiving methadone were randomly assigned to receive single doses of oral THC (10 mg, 20 mg administered as dronabinol) or placebo across three, 5-h sessions. During each session, a visual probe task was used to measure AB to pain and opioid cues at baseline and 120 min post-THC administration. ResultsMixed-effects models examined main effects of THC dose, time, and their interaction across all participants; findings were then stratified by methadone dose (low dose <90 mg/day and high dose ≥90 mg/day). Among individuals receiving high doses of methadone, a significant interaction was observed such that AB towards opioids increased following 10 mg THC administration and decreased following 20 mg THC administration. Additionally, participants receiving low doses of methadone showed significant increases in the variability of opioid-related AB post THC administration. ConclusionWe provide preliminary evidence showing that THC may cause dose-dependent effects on selective attention for opioid cues among methadone patients. These results underscore the need for further clinical investigation into the effects of cannabinoids and other substances with potential analgesic and addictive properties among persons with OUD.

Relationships between asbestos exposure and pleural plaques: dose and time effects using fractional polynomials

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to confirm the relationship between several parameters of exposure to asbestos and pleural plaques (PP) using data from a large cohort of retired workers...

The effect of incidental dose to pelvic nodes in bladder-only irradiation in the era of IMRT: adosimetric study.

While three-dimensional radiotherapy (RT) causes high incidental nodal doses in bladder-only irradiation for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), the impact on pelvic lymphatics is unclear in the era of intensity-modulated RT (IMRT). This study evaluates incidental doses to pelvic lymphatics in MIBC patients treated with IMRT. The data of 40MIBC patients treated with bladder-only IMRT and concurrent chemotherapy were retrospectively evaluated. The pelvic lymphatics were contoured on initial simulation images and incidental nodal doses were evaluated. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version23.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistics. Median RT dose to the bladder was 60 Gy in 30fractions. In dosimetric analysis, median values of mean dose (Dmean) of the obturator, presacral, external iliac, internal iliac, and distal common iliac lymphatics were 33 Gy (range 4-50 Gy), 3 Gy (range 1-28 Gy), 9.5 Gy (range 3-41 Gy), 7.5 Gy (range 2-14 Gy), and 1 Gy (range 0-15 Gy), respectively. The Dmean of the obturator lymphatics was significantly higher (p < 0.001) and the Dmean of the distal common iliac lymphatics was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than all remaining lymphatic stations. The Dmean of the external iliac lymphatics was significantly higher than that of the presacral lymphatics (p < 0.001), but the difference with the internal iliac lymphatics was not statistically significant (p = 0.563). The incidental nodal doses with bladder-only IMRT are heterogeneous and remain below the generally accepted doses for microscopic disease eradication for bladder cancer.

Effects of cigarette smoking associated with sarcopenia in persons 60 years and older: a cross-sectional study in Zhejiang province

PurposeSmoking is a risk factor for sarcopenia. Nevertheless, few studies analyzed the independent effects of various smoking dimensions (duration, intensity, cumulative dose) on sarcopenia risk. This is a cross-sectional study based on an older population in Zhejiang Province to determine which smoking dimensions are mainly important for sarcopenia risk and to explore the dose–response relationship between them.MethodsOur study included 783 patients with sarcopenia and 4918 non-sarcopenic individuals. Logistic regression and restricted cubic with logistic regression (for nonlinear dose effects) were used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals as well as restricted cubic splines (RCS) curves.ResultsCompared with never-smokers, current smokers had an increased risk of sarcopenia (OR = 1.786; 95% CI 1.387–2.301) after adjusting for confounders such as age, sex, education, alcohol consumption, disease history, etc. There was no significant association between smoking intensity and sarcopenia after more than 20 cigarettes per day (OR = 1.484; 95% CI 0.886–2.487), whereas the risk of sarcopenia increased significantly with increasing duration of smoking after more than 40 years (OR = 1.733; 95% CI 1.214–2.473). Meanwhile, there was a significant non-linear dose–response relationship between smoking duration or intensity and the risk of sarcopenia. However, the risk of sarcopenia increased linearly with the number of pack-years of smoking, which is not a significant nonlinear dose–response relationship.ConclusionsThis study indicated the association between smoking and sarcopenia. Both smoking duration and cumulative dose were significantly and positively associated with sarcopenia. These findings reflect the important role of the number of years of smoking in increasing the risk of sarcopenia and provide scientific evidence that different smoking dimensions may influence the risk of the sarcopenia.

Skin dose investigations on a 0.5 T parallel rotating biplanar linac-MR using Monte Carlo simulations and measurements.

The Alberta rotating biplanar linac-MR has a 0.5 T magnetic field parallel to the beamline. When developing a new linac-MR system, interactions of charged particles with the magnetic field necessitate careful consideration of skin dose and tissue interface effects. To investigate the effect of the magnetic field on skin dose using measurements and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. We develop an MC model of our linac-MR, which we validate by comparison with ion chamber measurements in a water tank. Additionally, MC simulation results are compared with radiochromic film surface dose measurements on solid water. Variations in surface dose as a function of field size are measured using a parallel plate ion chamber in solid water. Using an anthropomorphic computational phantom with a 2mm-thick skin layer, we investigate dose distributions resulting from three beam arrangements. Magnetic field on and off scenarios are considered for all measurements and simulations. For a 20×20cm2 field size, (the minimum dose to the hottest contiguous 0.2 cc volume) for the top 2mm of a simple water phantom is 72% when the magnetic field is on, compared to 34% with magnetic field off (values are normalized to the central axis dose maximum). Parallel plate ion chamber measurements demonstrate that the relative increase in surface dose due to the magnetic field decreases with increasing field size. For the anthropomorphic phantom, (minimum skin dose in the hottest 1×1×1 cm3 cube) shows relative increases of 20%-28% when the magnetic field is on compared to when it is off. With magnetic field off, skin is 71%, 56%, and 21% for medial-lateral tangents, anterior-posterior beams, and a five-field arrangement, respectively. For magnetic field on, the corresponding skin values are 91%, 67%, and 25%. Using a validated MC model of our linac-MR, surface doses are calculated in various scenarios. MC-calculated skin dose varies depending on field sizes, obliquity, and the number of beams. In general, the parallel linac-MR arrangement results in skin dose enhancement due to charged particles spiraling along magnetic field lines, which impedes lateral motion away from the central axis. Nonetheless, considering the results presented herein, treatment plans can be designed to minimize skin dose by, for example, avoiding oblique beams and using a larger number of fields.

Dose and Time Effects of Renin-Angiotensin Inhibitors on Patients With Advanced Stages 4 to 5 of Diabetic Kidney Disease.

Limited evidence exists regarding the cumulative dosing and duration impact of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASis) on cardiorenal and mortality outcomes in patients with advanced stages (predominantly in stage 5 and a minority in stage 4) of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). To retrospectively investigate whether there are dose- and time-dependent relationships between RASis and cardiorenal and mortality outcomes in this population. Using Taiwan's national health insurance data in 2000-2017, we analyzed 2196 RASi users and 2196 propensity-matched nonusers among 8738 patients living with diabetes and newly diagnosed with advanced chronic kidney disease (23% stage 4, 77% stage 5). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% CI. RASi use was significantly associated with reduced risks of all-cause mortality (aHR, 0.53; 95% CI 0.47-0.60) and cardiovascular mortality (0.68; 0.56-0.83) with the degree of benefit depending on therapeutic dosage and duration, despite a nonsignificant increase in acute kidney injury risk (1.16; 0.98-1.38) and a significant increase in hyperkalemia risk (1.45; 1.19-1.77). Significant differences in proteinuria risk (1.32; 1.21-1.43) were observed, while there were no significant differences in end-stage renal disease risk (1.01; 0.88-1.15) and no dose- or time-response relationships for either end-stage renal disease or proteinuria risks. Sensitivity analyses confirmed cardiovascular and survival benefits, even in patients with stage 5 DKD. This real-world study suggests that RASi use in advanced stages 4 to 5 DKD may provide dose- and time-dependent cardioprotection and improved survival, without excess renal harms.

Should antihypertensives be administrated at bedtime?

Ongoing monitoring and targeted treatment are important to ensure the best blood-pressure control and thus prevent cardiovascular risks. In this review, we evaluate the findings of four clinical studies investigating the effects of morning versus bedtime dosing of antihypertensives. In three out of four studies, overwhelming results were found favouring bedtime dosing. The same studies have been criticized for mechanistic implausible results and multiple study biases. No harmful effects were reported in relation to bedtime dosing. Thus, antihypertensives can be taken as it is most convenient for the patient.

Performance of magnetic nanocomposite based on xanthan gum-grafted-poly(acrylamide) crosslinked by borax for the effective elimination of amoxicillin from aquatic environments

This study evaluated the effectiveness of using nanocomposite (NCs) of xanthan gum grafted polyacrylamide crosslinked Borax - iron oxide nanoparticle (XG-g-pAAm-CL-Borax-IONP) to remove the amoxicillin antibiotic (AMX) from an aquatic environment. To confirm the structural characteristics of the prepared XG-g-pAAm-CL-Borax-IONP NCs, unique characterization methods (XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX, BET, TGA, Zeta, and VSM) were used. Adsorption experimental setups were performed with the influence of solution pH (4–9), the effect of adsorbent dose (0.003–0.02 g), the effect of contact time (5–45 min), and the effect of initial AMX concentration (50–400 mg/L) to achieve the most efficient adsorption conditions. Based on the Freundlich isotherm model, XG-g-pAAm-CL-Borax-IONP NCs provided the maximum AMX adsorption capacity of 1183.639 mg/g. This research on adsorption kinetics also established that the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.991) is outstanding compatibility with the experimental results. AMX adsorption on the NCs may occur through intermolecular hydrogen bonding, diffusion, and trapping into the polymer network. Even after five cycles, these NCs still displayed the best performance. Based on these results, XG-g-pAAm-CL-Borax-IONP NCs may be a viable material for the purification of AMX from contaminated water.

Effect of Gamma Irradiation Dose on the Interface and Tribological Properties of Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene

Effect of Gamma Irradiation Dose on the Interface and Tribological Properties of Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene

Genetic ablation of the isoform γ of PI3K decreases antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in male mice

About one-third of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients demonstrate unresponsiveness to classic antidepressants, and even the clinical efficacy of fast-acting drugs such as ketamine varies significantly among patients with treatment-resistant depression. Nevertheless, the lack of suitable animal models that mimic a possible ketamine-resistant phenotype challenges the understanding of resistance to drug treatment. In this study, we showed that PI3Kγ knock-out (KO) mice do not respond to classical doses of ketamine and classical antidepressants. PI3Kγ KO mice were unresponsive to both the rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects of a single dose of ketamine in the forced swimming test. Additionally, they were unresponsive to the antidepressant-like effects induced by the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. However, acute pharmacological inhibition of PI3Kγ did not block the antidepressant-like effect of ketamine, showing that a chronic deficiency of the PI3Kγ-mediated pathway is necessary for the effects of classic doses of ketamine and antidepressants. Therefore, we propose that PI3Kγ participates in the antidepressant activity and is likely implicated in the neurobiology and phenotype observed in patients with MDD who demonstrate treatment resistance.

Regional-specific changes in rat brain BDNF in a model of methamphetamine abuse

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophin family, plays key roles in neuronal protection and synaptic plasticity. Changes in BDNF are associated with various pathological conditions, including methamphetamine (meth) addiction, although the effects of meth on BDNF expression are not always consistent. We have previously demonstrated region-specific effects of a chronic meth regime on BDNF methylation and expression in the rat brain. This study aims to determine the effect of chronic meth administration on the expression of BDNF protein using immunohistochemistry in the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus. Novel object recognition (NOR) as a measure of cognitive function was also determined. Male Sprague Dawley rats were administered a chronic escalating dose (0.1–4 mg/kg over 14 days) (ED) of meth or vehicle; a subgroup of animals receiving meth were also given an acute “binge” (4x6mg) dose on the final day before NOR testing. The results showed that hippocampal CA1 BDNF protein was significantly increased by 72 % above control values in the ED-binge rats, while other hippocampal regions and frontal cortex were not significantly affected. Meth-administered animals also demonstrated deficits in NOR after 24 h delay. No significant effect of the additional binge dose on BDNF protein or NOR findings was apparent. This finding is consistent with our previous results of reduced DNA methylation and increased expression of the BDNF gene in this region. The hippocampal BDNF increase may reflect an initial increase in a protective factor produced in response to elevated glutamate release resulting in neurodegenerative excitotoxicity.

Factors underlying the long-term efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for patients with irritable bowel syndrome

The long-term effects of the transplant dose, its administration route and repeated faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on the outcomes of FMT for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are unknown. This study included 171 patients (125 females and 46 males): 90 g of donor feces was administered into the large intestine (LI) in 58, into the small intestine (SI) in 57, and into the SI twice (repeated SI) in 56. The patients provided a fecal sample and completed five questionnaires at the baseline and at 2 years after FMT. Fecal bacteria and the dysbiosis index were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene PCR DNA amplification/probe. The response rates at 2 years after FMT were 47.2%, 80.9%, and 76.6% in the LI, SI, and repeated-SI groups, respectively. The response rate was significantly higher in the SI and repeated SI groups than in the LI group. IBS symptoms at 2 years after FMT were less severe in the SI and repeated-SI groups than in the LI group. Fluorescent signals of several bacteria were significantly correlated with IBS symptoms and fatigue after FMT. No long-term adverse events were observed. In conclusion, administering the transplant to the SI increased the long-term response rate and reduced IBS symptom severity compared with administering it to the LI, and led to the long-term colonization of beneficial bacteria. There was no long-term difference between one and two FMT procedures (www.clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04236843).

Appropriate thromboprophylaxis strategy for COVID-19 patients on dosage, antiplatelet therapy, outpatient and post-discharge prophylaxis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

There was controversy surrounding the optimal thromboprophylaxis strategy for COVID-19 patients. This included debates on the dosage of anticoagulants for thromboembolism prophylaxis, the requirement for additional antiplatelet therapy, and the necessity of prophylaxis for outpatients and post-discharge. To explore this, we performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science were last searched on 26 July 2023 for studies comparing the effect of different dose of anticoagulation, additional antiplatelet and post-discharge prophylaxis for COVID-19 patients. The results of eligible studies were analyzed in terms of thromboembolism events, major bleeding and all-cause mortality during follow-up. Our study included a total of 25 randomized controlled trials, involving 17,911 patients. Our results revealed that, compared to prophylactic dose, therapeutic dose showed lower thrombotic risk (RR, 0.66; 95%CI, 0.45 to 0.96) but had similar major bleeding risk for critically ill patients with COVID-19. On the other hand, intermediate dose and prophylactic dose demonstrated similar thromboembolism risk and major bleeding risk. For non-critically ill patients with COVID-19, therapeutic dose of anticoagulants was associated with lower thrombotic risk (RR, 0.50; 95%CI 0.34 to 0.72) but, at the same time, increased the risk of major bleeding (RR, 2.01; 95%CI 1.22 to 3.33). However, intermediate dose showed lower thromboembolism risk (RR, 0.38; 95%CI 0.21 to 0.69) while maintaining a similar major bleeding risk. In critically ill patients, additional antiplatelet therapy showed similar thromboembolism, major bleeding risk, and mortality when compared to no treatment. For outpatients, additional prophylactic anticoagulation showed similar thromboembolism, major bleeding risk, and mortality when compared to no treatment. For post-discharge patients, post-discharge prophylaxis reduced thromboembolism risk (RR, 0.49; 95%CI 0.31 to 0.76) but increased major bleeding risk (RR, 2.63; 95%CI, 1.13 to 6.14). For non-critically ill patients, therapeutic dose prophylactic anticoagulation significantly reduced venous thromboembolism but increases major bleeding risk. Intermediate dose effectively lowered venous thromboembolism without raising major bleeding risk. The optimal dose and need for additional antiplatelet therapy in critically ill patients, as well as the necessity of prophylactic anticoagulation in outpatient and post-discharge patients, required further investigation and confirmation through rigorous evidence studies.

Safety and efficacy of low dose versus high dose corticosteroid for graft versus host disease (GVHD): A systematic review.

e24047 Background: Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is an immune-mediated complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations. Current standard dose of corticosteroids used by the most hospitals for GVHD patients is 1-2 mg/kg/day. The prednisone dose used in the treatment of a GVHD has been a matter of debate. In this systematic review, we aimed to compare low dose prednisone to high/standard dose prednisone in terms of multiple prognostic outcomes of the patients undergoing allogenic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantations. Methods: We searched the databases PubMed, Cochrane library, and clinicaltrials.gov for all studies investigating the efficacy and safety of low dose and high dose steroid for GVHD. We set the search strategy incorporating the search terms, Graft-versus-host disease," "low dose cortico-steroid," and "high dose corticosteroid", and operated using the Boolean operators ‘AND’, and ‘OR’. Thus, retrieved articles were then exported on an Excel sheet, and duplicates were removed. After selecting the study based on inclusion criteria, data on study characteristics and biomarker description was extracted on a pre-determined data extraction table on the Microsoft Excel. Results: The search revealed 547 studies and 3 studies that met the eligibility criteria of this review have been included.During relapse, chronic GVHD, mortality, and malignancy outcomes were generally similar between doses, low-dose prednisone showed benefits for leukemia-free, relapse-free, and overall survival. Overall, the randomized trial by Chang et al. found lower risks of HZV and pulmonary infections with low-dose prednisone compared to standard-dose. (Table 1) Other infections were similar between groups. Conclusions: Low-dose prednisone showed similar efficacy to standard-dose for most GVHD outcomes (relapse risk, mortality), with potential benefits on survival, reduced HZV/pulmonary infections, and reduced adverse effect of higher cumulative dose of corticosteroids. [Table: see text]

Study on irradiation effect and damage mechanism in cascode GaN HEMT irradiated by 10 MeV electron

This study investigated the irradiation effect of cascode-structure GaN HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) devices, employing high-energy electrons with an energy of 10 MeV and irradiation doses ranging from 5 to 80 Mrad(Si). The variation of electrical properties of the device under annealing condition was analyzed. Geant4 and TCAD simulations were used to analyze the irradiation effect and damage mechanisms. The results show that the threshold voltage has obvious negative drift and the drain current increases after irradiation. The threshold voltage deviation amplitude of the device increases with the increase of irradiation dose, and the maximum deviation is 1.41V. Annealing at high temperatures (80 °C, 120 °C and 145 °C) partially restores the electrical properties, with a 0.49 V restoration in threshold voltage at 145 °C. Geant4 simulations reveal that enhanced Si MOSFET is more susceptible to total dose effects. TCAD simulations of enhanced Si MOSFET devices demonstrate an increase in electric field intensity, trapped electron concentration, and hole concentration in Si and SiO2 layers with the increase of irradiation dose. These findings can provide support for the space application and irradiation hardening of cascode GaN HEMT devices.

AcEXPA1, an α-expansin gene, participates in the aluminum tolerance of carpetgrass (Axonopus compressus) through root growth regulation.

AcEXPA1, an aluminum (Al)-inducible expansin gene, is demonstrated to be involved in carpetgrass (Axonopus compressus) root elongation under Al toxicity through analyzing composite carpetgrass plants overexpressing AcEXPA1. Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major mineral toxicity that limits plant productivity in acidic soils by inhibiting root growth. Carpetgrass (Axonopus compressus), a dominant warm-season turfgrass widely grown in acidic tropical soils, exhibits superior adaptability to Al toxicity. However, the mechanisms underlying its Al tolerance are largely unclear, and knowledge of the functional genes involved in Al detoxification in this turfgrass is limited. In this study, phenotypic variation in Al tolerance, as indicated by relative root elongation, was observed among seventeen carpetgrass genotypes. Al-responsive genes related to cell wall modification were identified in the roots of the Al-tolerant genotype 'A58' via transcriptome analysis. Among them, a gene encoding α-expansin was cloned and designated AcEXPA1 for functional characterization. Observed Al dose effects and temporal responses revealed that Al induced AcEXPA1 expression in carpetgrass roots. Subsequently, an efficient and convenient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation method was established to generate composite carpetgrass plants with transgenic hairy roots for investigating AcEXPA1 involvement in carpetgrass root growth under Al toxicity. AcEXPA1 was successfully overexpressed in the transgenic hairy roots, and AcEXPA1 overexpression enhanced Al tolerance in composite carpetgrass plants through a decrease in Al-induced root growth inhibition. Taken together, these findings suggest that AcEXPA1 contributes to Al tolerance in carpetgrass via root growth regulation.

Removal of Fluoride from Water by using Natural Adsorbent

Abstract: Access to safe drinking water is not only the elementary need of human being but also honored as an mortal right .For overall development of the country , as acceptable nutrition, education, gender equivalency, and particularly the eradication of poverty in developing countries are required , along with that furnishing safe drinkable water is equally important . Fluoride one of the water quality parameters of concern, with redundant( beyond1.5 mg/ l, World Health Organization( WHO) guideline value of what contaminates groundwater coffers in numerous corridors of the world, and renders it not drinkable for mortal consumption, due to affiliated adverse health goods thus, knowledge of its junking, using the stylish fashion with optimum effectiveness demanded . Taking the inflexibility of the problem into consideration, the present paper aims to give a retrospective approach to the use of effective low- cost adsorbents for the junking of fluoride from water . The defluoridation capacity of certain low- cost natural adsorbents like Groundnut shell powder and Soya chunk powder were added in the list and discussed. The effect of pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration , and contact time also delved . It's set up that the junking of Fluoride ions at optimum parameters like pH, adsorbent dose ,initial concentration and contact time is at 7, 2gm, 5mg/ l, and 100 minutes respectively for groundnut shell powder and 6, 2gm, 5mg/ l, and 100 minutes respectively for Soya chunk powder. For all optimum parameters, the maximum reduction in Fluoride ions observed in the range of 55 to 65% for groundnut shell powder whereas for soya chunk powder it's 40 to 50%

Eco-friendly engineering of micro composite-based hydroxyapatite bio crystal and polyaniline for high removal of OG dye from wastewater: Adsorption mechanism and RSM@BBD optimization

The presence of harmful substances such as dyes in water systems poses a direct threat to the quality of people's lives and other organisms living in the ecosystem. Orange G (OG) is considered a hazardous dye. The existing paper attempts to evaluate a low-cost adsorbent for the effective removal of OG dye. The developed adsorbent Polyaniline@Hydroxyapatite extracted from Cilus Gilberti fish Scale (PANI@FHAP) was elaborated through the application of the in situ chemical polymerization method to incorporate PANI on the surface of naturally extracted hydroxyapatite FHAP. The good synthesis of PANI@FHAP was evaluated through multiple techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS), Fourier Transforms Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with thermal differential analysis (DTA) analysis. The results reveal a highly ordered disposition of PANI chains on FHAP, resulting in a well-coated FHAP in the PANI matrix. Furthermore, the presence of functional groups on the surface of PANI such as amine (-NH2) and imine (=NH) groups would facilitate the removal of OG dye from contaminated water. The adsorption of OG onto PANI@FHAP was conducted in batch mode and optimized through response surface methodology coupled with box-Behnken design (RSM/BBD) to investigate the effect of time, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration. The outcomes proved that OG adsorption follows a quadratic model (R2 = 0.989). The kinetic study revealed that the adsorption of OG fits the pseudo-second-order model. On the other hand, the isotherm study declared that the Freundlich model is best suited to the description of OG adsorption. For thermodynamic study, the adsorption of OG is spontaneous in nature and exothermic. Furthermore, the regeneration-reusability study indicates that PANI@FHAP could be regenerated and reused up to five successive cycles. Based on the FTIR spectrum of PANI@FHAP after OG adsorption, the mechanism governing OG adsorption is predominantly driven by π-π interaction, electrostatic interaction, and hydrogen bonding interactions. The obtained results suppose that PANI@FHAP adsorbent can be a competitive material in large-scale applications.