Effect Of Distance Research Articles

Predictors of animal sponsorship to support zoo‐based conservation activities

AbstractPublic donations are an important form of fundraising for zoos and are used to support conservation activities. Understanding what influences zoo animal sponsorship by the public is crucial if zoos are to optimize strategies for increasing income from sponsors. Using sponsorship data obtained from seven diverse zoos within the UK, we used a phylogenetically informed approach to investigate predictors of the number of sponsors a species receives. We found no support for an effect of body mass, conservation status, solitary versus group housing, phylogenetic distance from humans, daily activity patterns, or the diet of the species on the number of sponsors a species attracts. However, we found strong phylogenetic signal, suggesting that particular groups of animals attract disproportionate sponsorship attention (but the specific species within these groups is of limited importance). Moreover, we found support for species with common names that are found toward the start of the alphabet having more sponsors. This is likely driven by the common practice of listing species that can be sponsored in alphabetical order when presenting them to potential sponsors (with people being more likely to choose species near the start of a list). Interestingly, the lack of effect of body mass, phylogenetic distance, and conservation status contrast with previous work on non‐zoo conservation preferences, suggesting possible differences between motivations of zoo and non‐zoo conservation donors, or between animal sponsorship and other forms of conservation involvement. We suggest two strategies for maximizing sponsorship for zoo animals. If zoos manage sponsorship income as a collective pool then allowing sponsorship of a range of species within particularly well‐sponsored animal groups should improve uptake. Alternatively, if zoos allocate sponsorship income to the specific species sponsored, then funding may be effectively diverted to priority species simply by altering the order of lists of animals which can be sponsored.

Surface modification of polylactide films and their hydrolytic degradation performances in artificial seawater

AbstractBenzophenone (BP) and N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) were used to modify the surface of polylactide (PLA) films by UV grafting method. The effects of light distance, temperature, reaction time, and modifier concentration on the structure and properties of PLA films were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and universal testing machine (UTM). With BP and NVP UV grafting, the hydrophilicity of PLA films is improved, but their thermal and mechanical properties are reduced under different surface modification condition. Base on the principle of good surface hydrophilicity, better mechanical and thermal properties, the hydrolytic degradation performance of modified PLA films in artificial seawater at 70°C was studied by scanning electron microscopy, XPS and DSC. The research results show that the degradation of modified PLA films mainly occurs in the amorphous region, and the degradation process conforms to surface hydrolysis mechanism. The grafting modification of NVP is better than BP to accelerate the degradation process of PLA films in artificial seawater. The degradation of modified PLA undergoes water molecule erosion and autocatalytic degradation reaction. The degradation of BP‐PLA obeys the first‐order kinetics in part, while the degradation of NVP‐PLA is more complex. Therefore, surface hydrophilicity modification is an effective technique for improving the degradability of PLA.

Optimization of electrocoagulation process parameters for the treatment of oil industry drill site wastewater.

The effluent from the oil drilling site is a complex mixture of hazardous chemicals that causes environmental impacts on its disposal. The treatment of oil drill-site wastewater has not been explored much, and understanding its characteristics and optimizing the treatment process are required. In the present study, we have optimized the electrocoagulation process with aluminum electrodes for drill-site wastewater treatment. A multi-level factorial center composite design using response surface methodology is applied to optimize the effect of current density (CD), pH, and inter-electrode distance (IED) on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The increasing current density shows a significant increase in COD removal, and a similar trend was observed with a decreased pH. It was found that with current density and inter-electrode distance, the maximum COD removal achieved was 70% at the CD of 19.04mAcm-2 and IED 2.6cm. By varying pH and current density, the COD removal reached up to 90% at pH 6 and CD 19.04mAcm-2. The study shows that the current density is the dominant factor for the process's energy consumption and operating cost, followed by pH. This study's findings could be effectively used to develop large-scale treatment processes through electrocoagulation.

The effect of taillight shapes and vehicle distance on rearward drivers’ hazard perception

Rear-end collisions are prevalent during night driving. Taillights are vital in conveying hazards between leading and following vehicles at night. Taillights highlight a vehicle’s presence, particularly for vehicles following from behind. Therefore, it is essential to design taillights that maximize the perception of hazards for drivers behind them. This study explored how different taillight shapes affect rear drivers’ hazard perceptions during nighttime driving. Two experiments were conducted using ERP measurements to study the effects of taillight shapes (three square types in Experiment 1: solid, array, and contour; two linear types in Experiment 2: through type and non-through type) and the distance to the leading vehicle on participants’ hazard perceptions. Participants responded to images of nighttime driving scenarios during the experiments while their ERP and behavioral data were recorded. The stimulus images showed the view from a driver looking at the vehicle ahead on a clear night. The neural process of hazard perception consists of two stages: automatic detection (early) and evaluation (later). In this study, P2 indicated attention bias to the stimulus during the detection stage, and LPP indicated the negative emotion triggered by the stimulus during the evaluation stage. Experiment 1 showed that solid-shaped taillights were perceived as more hazardous and processed faster than other square taillight shapes. Experiment 2 found that non-through-type and through-type linear taillights were perceived as more hazardous during the automatic detection and subjective evaluation stages, respectively. However, the behavioral data showed that through-type taillights were considered more hazardous and were associated with shorter response times. Thus, solid square taillights and through-type linear taillights can be optimal ergonomic solutions. These findings can serve as a reference for taillight designers, manufacturers, and potential car buyers regarding safety considerations.

Swelling characteristics of montmorillonite mineral particles in Gaomiaozi bentonite

Highly compacted bentonite is an ideal back-filling (buffer) material for the deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Montmorillonite is the main constituent mineral of it. The nanoscopic swelling characteristic of montmorillonite mineral particles greatly influences the macroscopic buffering performance of highly compacted bentonite blocks. Firstly, the montmorillonite suspension liquid was exfoliated by freeze-thaw cycles, the appropriate mineral particles were selected by atomic force microscope (AFM) for making colloidal probes. Then, the swelling pressure between mineral particles was measured by AFM, investigating the effects of interlayer distance, layer number, temperature, and interlayer cation type on the nanoscale swelling pressure. The experimental results showed that the swelling pressure of montmorillonite mineral particles peaks at about 0.7–0.8 nm interlayer distance. The swelling pressure of mineral particles with more layers is smaller. The higher the ambient temperature, the greater the swelling pressure. The swelling pressure of Ca-montmorillonite is significantly larger than that of Na-montmorillonite. The Laird model has a relatively good applicability with the interlayer distance of 0.6–1.2 nm; the DLVO theory has a good applicability with the interlayer distance greater than 1.5 nm. Finally, a predictive model was developed for the swelling pressure of nanoscopic mineral particles considering the effect of layer number. The research results provide data support and theoretical support for swelling pressure generation and cross-scale transmission mechanism of highly compacted bentonite hydration.

Interpillar distance effect in a two-step microneedle DRIE process and its transfer to polymeric microneedles

Interpillar distance effect in a two-step microneedle DRIE process and its transfer to polymeric microneedles

An Experimental Investigation Of Sweeping Jets Impinging Flow Field: Effects Of Nozzle-To-Plate Distance And Feedback Channel Minimum Cross-Sectional Area

Without requiring any moving part or piezoelectrical elements, fluidic oscillators are actuators able to convert a steady jet into an oscillating one, only due to internal fluid dynamic mechanisms. Since the oscillations of such jets are self-induced and self-sustained, the interest in fluidic oscillators has grown over the last years, especially for film cooling, flow control and heat transfer applications. The oscillation frequency, the sweeping angle and the flow field characteristics of sweeping jets greatly depend on various geometric and fluid dynamic parameters. Therefore, in the current work, through the application of the planar PIV technique, the effects of nozzle-to-plate distance and feedback channel minimum cross-sectional area on the external flow field of impinging sweeping jets are investigated. Non-dimensional nozzle-to-plate distances H/w equal to 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 are taken into account, being w the exit nozzle throat section width. To analyze the effects of the feedback channel minimum cross-sectional area, a fluidic oscillator having a mixing chamber length Lf/w = 4.5 is provided with threaded holes in correspondence of the feedback channels, in which a micrometric screw is fastened to vary the parameter g/w, being g the feedback channel minimum passage width; values of g/w equal to 0.17, 0.33, 0.50, 0.67 and 1 are considered. Time-averaged and phase-averaged analyses are performed; indeed, the pressure signal measured between the inlet and outlet sections of one feedback channel is used to identify the phase of each velocity snapshot, despite the velocity measurements are not time-resolved. Firstly, the configuration with g/w=1 is taken as reference case, thus analyzing the nozzle-to-plate distance effect. The phase-averaged velocity and fluctuating kinetic energy fields show that the jet sweeps in the external flow field, with a sweeping angle approximately equal to 25° and a frequency of 50 Hz. Due to this behavior, the time-averaged velocity field exhibits a twin-jet pattern, which can also be identified from the time-averaged Phase-correlated Kinetic Energy (PKE) distributions (see Figure 1, left). Indeed, the extreme positions of the oscillating motion are the zones in which the coherent oscillation of the velocity values is greater and, therefore, the PKE values are the greatest. Furthermore, while at H/w=2 the jet sweeps in an almost rigid-like way between the two extreme positions reached during its oscillating motion, at greater nozzle-to-plate distances a phase delay between the motion of the jet near the impinging plate and near the exit nozzle section can be observed. Considering the effects of the feedback channel minimum cross-sectional area, by reducing g/w the sweeping angle of the jet decreases, while the oscillation frequency increases. Still, a twin-jet pattern can be identified for g/w≥0.33, as it can be seen from the crosswise profiles of the dimensionless time-averaged axial velocity (see Figure 1, right), while for g/w=0.17 a single-jet velocity structure can be identified. Nevertheless, as g/w decreases the maximum values of the velocity increase while the oscillation intensity decreases, resulting in a decrease of the PKE values.

Experimental Study On Bubble Pairs And Induced Flow Fields Using Tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry

Gas-liquid two-phase flows, such as bubbly flows, are widely used across various engineering and military applications due to their distinctive fluid dynamics. This study utilizes advanced imaging techniques, including shadowgraphy and laser-induced fluorescence tomographic particle image velocimetry (LIF-TPIV), to provide a quantitative analysis of bubble motions and the resulting flow fields. We systematically investigate the effects of orifice distances (s) set at 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm to assess the impact of spacing on bubble behavior and interactions. Our findings indicate that at orifice distances of 20 mm or less, the proximity of bubbles facilitates interactions, promoting dynamic bubble behaviors. In contrast, at distances greater than 25 mm, interactions become markedly weaker, leading to increased separation between bubbles during their free oscillation stages. This weak interaction directly influences the characteristics of bubble-induced flow fields. As orifice spacing increases, there is a noticeable decrease in the velocity of the flow field between bubbles, particularly noticeable at spacings of 20 mm and above. At these larger spacings, a low-velocity zone develops between the bubbles at higher heights, which, according to Bernoulli's principle, corresponds to a high-pressure area. This high pressure contributes to a reduction in bubble volume with increasing orifice spacing. Furthermore, the intensity of wake vortices between two bubbles is observed to be highest at the smallest spacing of 10 mm, closely resembling the flow structure characteristic of a single rising bubble. For spacings of 15 and 20 mm, the induced flow fields of the bubbles continue to interact significantly. However, at a spacing of 25 mm, the flow fields appear to function independently, suggesting a threshold beyond which bubble interactions stop to significantly affect their surrounding fluid environments. These findings are helpful for comprehending the two-phase flow dynamics, particularly in multi-orifices bubbly flow.

Effects of a physical exercise programme on bodyweight, body condition score and chest, abdominal and thigh circumferences in dogs

BackgroundResearch on the effects of physical exercise on canine body composition is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a physical exercise programme on bodyweight, body condition score (BCS) and chest, abdominal and thigh circumferences in dogs. Twenty-one healthy dogs of different breeds exercised together with their owners during an eight-week programme consisting of jogging and strength exercises. Standardised measurements were performed in triplicates with a measuring tape on standing dogs. Chest circumference was measured at three anatomical locations, abdomen at two and thigh at one. Data on bodyweight, BCS (9-point scale) and circumferences were analysed with mixed model repeated measures analyses to evaluate changes after the programme and effects of target distance.ResultsSeven dog owners choose a target distance of 2 km and 14 owners choose 5–10 km. Mean BCS decreased (P = 0.007) after the programme (5.1 ± 0.9 vs. 4.7 ± 0.6) but there was no effect of target distance. Almost all chest and abdominal circumference measurements decreased (P ≤ 0.007) with the 2 km group driving the reduction in chest circumference and the 5–10 km group driving the reduction in abdominal circumference. In contrast, thigh circumference (28.8 ± 0.4 vs. 30.2 ± 0.4) increased (P = 0.007) while bodyweight was maintained. There were positive correlations between BCS and abdominal/chest ratios before and after the programme (Pearson correlation; R square ≤ 0.43, P ≤ 0.0012) but the mean ratio remained constant.ConclusionsResults indicated a redistribution between total body fat and muscle mass in body composition of normal weight to slightly overweight dogs after the physical exercise programme. The use of bodyweight alone was not a reliable evaluation method to complement the BCS assessment. However, repeated measurements of chest, abdominal and thigh circumference might aid in the assessment of body composition in dogs performing physical exercise. Further research should include a control group and objective evaluations of total body fat and lean mass, in order to investigate the effectiveness of physical exercise as a freestanding method for decreasing BCS and increasing muscle mass in overweight dogs.

Improving Pedestrian Dynamics Predictions Using Neighboring Factors

Predicting pedestrian dynamics is a complex task as pedestrian speed is influenced by various external factors. This study investigates neighboring factors that can be used to improve pedestrian walking speed prediction accuracy in both low- and high-density scenarios. Different factors are proposed, including Mean Distance, Time-to-Collision, and Front Effect, and data for each factor is extracted from different public datasets. The collected data at time t is used to train a neural network to predict the pedestrian walking speed at time t + ∆t. Predictions are evaluated using the Mean Absolute Error. Our results demonstrate that incorporating the Front Effect significantly improves prediction accuracy in both low- and high-density scenarios, whereas the Mean Distance factor only proves effective in high-density cases. On the other hand, no significant improvement is observed when considering the Time-to-Collision factor. These preliminary findings can be utilized to enhance the accuracy of pedestrian dynamics predictions by incorporating these factors as additional features within the model.

Effect of boundary layer thickness and dimensionless wall distance y+ on numerical simulation of heat pipes

Effect of boundary layer thickness and dimensionless wall distance y+ on numerical simulation of heat pipes

Semantic distance of icons: Impact on user cognitive performance and a new model for semantic distance classification

With the continuous development of human-computer interaction technologies and the widespread use of graphical interfaces, icons that represent various objects and functions have a particularly important role. This study investigates the effect of semantic distance of icons on cognitive performance through an eye-movement-based experiment which involves a visual search for icons. The findings show that the semantic distance of icons has a significant effect on cognitive performance. A higher cognitive performance is found with semantically close icons which can better capture user attention. In addition, we use eye-movement indicators that are highly correlated with semantic distance, including mean pupil diameter, mean gaze duration and initial gaze time of an AOI, and analyze the objective relationship between these three eye-movement indicators and the semantic distance of icons to establish a dataset. The dataset is used as input for a Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), which is a machine learning-based method for classifying the semantic distance of the icons in this study. The output of the GBDT model is classifying the semantic distance as far and close, and the experimental results show that the accuracy of the model reaches 84.28% after a comparison with other types of classifiers, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. Therefore, the model can address the relevant application requirements and simplify the evaluation process of icons to a certain extent, which has great significance in the field of icon design.

The impact of travel distance in patient outcomes following revascularization for chronic limb-threatening ischemia

BackgroundPatient travel distance to the hospital is a key metric of individual and social disadvantage and its impact on the management and outcomes following intervention for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is likely underestimated. We sought to evaluate the effect of travel distance on outcomes in patients undergoing first-time lower extremity revascularization at our institution. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all consecutive patients undergoing first-time lower extremity revascularization, both endovascular and open, for CLTI from 2005 to 2014. Patients were stratified into 2 groups based on travel distance from home to hospital greater than or less than 30 miles. Outcomes included reintervention, major amputation, restenosis, primary patency, wound healing, length of stay, length of follow-up and mortality. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to determine event rates. Logistic and cox regression was used to evaluate for an independent association between travel distance and these outcomes. ResultsOf the 1293 patients were identified, 38% traveled >30 miles. Patients with longer travel distances were younger (70 years vs 73 years; P = .001), more likely to undergo open revascularization (65% vs 41%; P < .001), and had similar Wound, Ischemia, foot Infection stages (P = .404). Longer distance travelled was associated with an increase in total hospital length of stay (9.6 days vs 8.6 days; P = .031) and shorter total duration of postoperative follow-up (2.1 years vs 3.0 years; P = .001). At 5 years, there was no definitive difference in the rate of restenosis (hzard ratio [HR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91-1.9; P = .155) or reintervention (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.96-2.1; P = .065), but longer travel distance was associated with an increased rate of major amputation (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.7; P = .011), and death (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.2; P = .002). Longer travel distance was also associated with higher rate of nonhealing wounds (HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.5-3.5; P = .001). ConclusionsLonger patient travel distance was found to be associated with a lower likelihood of limb salvage and survival in patients undergoing first-time lower extremity revascularization for CLTI. Understanding and addressing the barriers to discharge, need for multidisciplinary follow-up, and appropriate postoperative wound care management will be key in improving outcomes at tertiary care regional specialty centers.

Turnover of bird species along the Nullarbor Plain: Insights from taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional beta diversity

AbstractThe Nullarbor Plain constitutes one of the main biogeographic barriers of Australia, and it has been suggested to have played a key role in the disjunct distribution of numerous southern Australian species. Although previous research has shown that the origin of this barrier coincides with the timing of the speciation events in some plant lineages, it is not clear whether the uplift of this barrier promoted divergence events in vertebrates. We addressed the role of the Nullarbor barrier and its fringing semiarid habitats as drivers of beta diversity in bird assemblages. Specifically, we determined the effect of distance from the Nullarbor barrier, environmental conditions, and isolation by distance on the composition of local communities on both sides of the plain. We measured beta diversity using taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional metrics of composition. The influence of precipitation, geographic distance, and distance to the Nullarbor barrier on these metrics was addressed using generalized dissimilarity models and a moving‐window approach. We also tested for differences in local extinction, dispersal and speciation rates, and lineage diversity between two regions, southeastern (SE) and southwestern (SW) Australia. Geological and orogenetic dynamics linked to the appearance of the Nullarbor Plain may have spurred speciation events in SE. However, evidence suggests that subsequent periods in which this region was wetter and forested favored dispersal, mainly from SE to SW. Accordingly, observed dissimilarity in species composition was lower than expected at random, suggesting the existence of considerable turnover between regions. Our results suggest that precipitation deficit (and the xeric vegetation that it promotes) was the most important predictor of beta diversity, whereas the distance to the barrier explained some variation in terms of phylogenetic composition. This study shows that the uplift of the Nullarbor barrier played a minor role in shaping present‐day bird diversity in southern Australia. Recent speciation events coupled with historical connectivity can explain the observed patterns.

Impact of tourism destination image on perceived usefulness of online reviews: Psychological distance effect and two methodologies

AbstractThis study aimed to empirically verify the impact of tourism destination image on perceived usefulness from the perspective of construal‐level theory. It also attempted to compare the results of the survey and data mining techniques regarding methodology. An online survey was initially conducted, and statistical analysis was performed using the R program. Concurrently, 25,952 reviews from TripAdvisor were gathered using a web crawler, Octoparse, and analyzed using the Tidyverse approach. The results indicated that, in the probabilistically distant group, affective destination image had a significant effect on perceived usefulness, whereas cognitive image did not affect perceived usefulness. Contrastingly, in the probabilistically close group, cognitive images had a stronger effect on perceived usefulness than affective images. Both the influential relationship between affective and cognitive images and the comparison of the two research methods were partially supported. These findings have theoretical and practical implications.

Familiar Sequences Are Processed Faster Than Unfamiliar Sequences, Even When They Do Not Match the Count-List.

In order processing, consecutive sequences (e.g., 1-2-3) are generally processed faster than nonconsecutive sequences (e.g., 1-3-5) (also referred to as the reverse distance effect). A common explanation for this effect is that order processing operates via a memory-based associative mechanism whereby consecutive sequences are processed faster because they are more familiar and thus more easily retrieved from memory. Conflicting with this proposal, however, is the finding that this effect is often absent. A possible explanation for these absences is that familiarity may vary both within and across sequence types; therefore, not all consecutive sequences are necessarily more familiar than all nonconsecutive sequences. Accordingly, under this familiarity perspective, familiar sequences should always be processed faster than unfamiliar sequences, but consecutive sequences may not always be processed faster than nonconsecutive sequences. To test this hypothesis in an adult population, we used a comparative judgment approach to measure familiarity at the individual sequence level. Using this measure, we found that although not all participants showed a reverse distance effect, all participants displayed a familiarity effect. Notably, this familiarity effect appeared stronger than the reverse distance effect at both the group and individual level; thus, suggesting the reverse distance effect may be better conceptualized as a specific instance of a more general familiarity effect.

ProxMetrics: modular proxemic similarity toolkit to generate domain-adaptable indicators from social media

In this paper, we introduce ProxMetrics, a novel toolkit designed to evaluate similarity among social media entities through proxemic dimensions. Proxemics is the science that studies the organization of space and the effects of distances on behavior and interactions. It encompasses 5 core dimensions: Distance, Identity, Location, Movement, and Orientation. Adapting the principles of traditional physical proxemics to the digital world of social media, we present a method and a modular similarity function to determine proxemic similarity scores across heterogeneous social media entities (users, groups, places, themes and times) based on these dimensions. The approach used is intended to be modular and generic, ensuring adaptability across various application domains and requirements. The calculated scores act as indicators and offer valuable insights for stakeholders, aligning with distinct domain requirements. Empirical testing in the tourism domain highlights the toolkit’s extensive applicability across a variety of requirements.

On the Nusselt number correlations of tandem surrogate firebrands on a flat surface

Through the heat-mass transfer analogy, naphthalene sublimation experiments were conducted in a heated-air wind tunnel to study the effects of aspect ratio and dimensionless separation distance on the convective heat transfer coefficients of three tandem naphthalene cylinders. Nusselt number correlations were presented for the individual naphthalene cylinders and the full configuration of three cylinders. In all the cases studied, the Reynolds number had the strongest effect on the Nusselt number followed by the aspect ratio and the dimensionless separation distance. Nusselt numbers were higher for the smaller aspect ratios. For a given Reynolds number and aspect ratio, the Nusselt number increases with the dimensionless separation distance.

Expression of Concern for article entitled “Numerical investigation of the effect of inlet dimensions air duct and distance of battery packs for thermal management of three lithium-ion battery packs”

Expression of Concern for article entitled “Numerical investigation of the effect of inlet dimensions air duct and distance of battery packs for thermal management of three lithium-ion battery packs”

3D Printing and Implementation of Engineered Cementitious Composites - A Review

While 3D printing of concrete (3DCP) has gained increasing interest in the construction industry, steel reinforcement remains a significant obstacle to 3D printing (3DP) construction. To address this concern, Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC), also recognized as Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC), can provide structural performance and integrity, safety, durability, and strength without steel reinforcement. The article reviews scientific works on 3DCP using ECC and proposes further investigations to lead to better development. As a result, generally, Poly-Ethylene (PE) fibers are used more frequently because of their strength. Mix design parameters have been extensively examined in relation to fresh ECC rheological characteristics. Due to the printing process, fiber orientation may affect ultimate tensile strain. As compared to casted ones with random fiber orientation, fiber orientation aligned with tensile stress resulted in a higher ultimate tensile strain. Additionally, research showed that ECC including up to 2 % fiber can be mixed, extruded, and built. Morovere, results highlighted the comparison between printed ECC containing PVA and PE fibers, the influence of mix design parameters on extrudability, and the impact of fiber length and volume fraction on strain-hardening properties. The text also covers the effects of fiber orientation and nozzle distance on tensile performance and ultimate tensile strain, as well as the anisotropic properties of 3DP-ECC. As well as this, there are some areas that require further research, such as durability and response to a variety of loading conditions, such as seismic loading.