Effect Of Different Weather Conditions Research Articles

Studying the Hygrothermal Effects on the Impact Responses of Composite Materials Under Various Environmental Conditions

The current study focuses on the effects of different weather conditions, including temperature and humidity, on the impact energy properties of composite materials tested using a Charpy impact tester connected to a special hygro-thermal device. This is a unique device, handcrafted and equipped with sensors and control panels The composite materials, used in this study, combine polyester and reinforced with fiberglass in various shapes and loadings. Nanopowder materials including titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2) and aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3) were also added to the composite materials and their effects were assessed. The obtained results showed that all the different factors studied in this research have a positive effect on the impact test, except the nanomaterials in both cases (Al2O3 and TiO2 nanopowders) at 2 wt.% of the sample and at approximately 10 wt.%. Hence, at this percentage, there is not enough effect on the impact energy

Performance analysis and comparison of NRZ-DQPSK optical wireless system with different filters under different weather conditions

Abstract The extensive use of wireless communication in recent years is due to the requirement of huge data transfer. Nowadays the optical wireless communication (OWC) in which the light is used for wireless connectivity is extensively used. Huge spectral resource, low bandwidth requirements and high speed of operation are the main asset of OWC. The major challenge of OWC system is the effect of different weather conditions as the air is used as a transmission medium in OWC. The variations in different weather conditions have a significant impact on the effectiveness of OWC system as they degrade the performance of OWC system. This paper compares the performance of NRZ-DQPSK OWC system with different filters (Bessel filer, Gaussian Filter and Trapezoidal filter) and the effect of different weather conditions (rain, haze and clear weather) on NRZ-DQPSK system is analyzed over different transmission distances. The comparison is done in terms of quality factor or Q-factor.

Deformation prediction of large-span spatial structure considering adverse weather conditions

For exposed large-span spatial structures affected by solar radiation, the temperature field of the structure is time-varying and non-uniform. Currently, the research on the transient temperature field of the structure is based on the ideal sunny day, and the impact of adverse weather is usually not considered. Such simplification leads to inaccurate prediction results of temperature deformation of steel structures, especially during the construction process of the steel structure, when the structural deformation prediction needs to be employed to control the structural spatial configuration after completion. In this paper, a new method is proposed to predict the time-varying and non-uniform temperature field of large-span spatial structures using the limited information of weather forecasts. A large-span steel truss structure with inclined leg is employed to illustrate and discuss the parameters of the daily temperature model, and the temperature field of the structure under different weather conditions is calculated using a simulation program based on MATLAB and ANSYS. Finally, the accuracy of the simulation results is verified by the monitored data. The results show that the optimized daily temperature model is well predicted for the actual temperature change under different weather conditions. The structure temperature field and effect of different weather conditions have observable differences and the weather factors cannot be ignored. When the structural member reaches the highest temperature afternoon, all the temperature difference of the member exceeds 20% under different weather conditions.

Numerical simulation of Dissolved Oxygen as a water quality indicator in artificial lagoons—Case​ study El Gouna, Egypt

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most significant environmental indicators of water quality. Preservation of reasonable DO concentrations is essential for a healthy aquatic life. In this research, numerical simulations of DO concentrations were discussed using TELEMAC-WAQTEL-O2 model. Firstly, the model was verified by comparing its results to analytical solutions in different 1D and 2D cases considering pulse and constant DO injections. Based on the very good agreement between the model and analytical results in different simulation scenarios, the TELEMAC-WAQTEL-O2 model has proven its ability to be applied to more complex cases. Consequently, this model was applied to investigate El Gouna artificial lagoons in Egypt under the effect of different weather conditions including tide, mean and maximum wind and different water temperatures. Investigating the water quality of El Gouna lagoons is important to monitor negative anthropogenic impacts to protect the lagoons and the nearby Red Sea coast. Negative effects of effluents from a nearby desalination plant on DO concentration were discussed considering different brine discharges, DO concentrations of brine discharge, injection times and weather conditions. This study presents one of the few systematic DO studies on artificial lagoons considering hydrodynamics and water quality issues. The results show a decrease in DO concentrations affected by high water temperatures. Further, the lagoons’ hydrodynamic has a relevant impact on DO concentrations, e.g., tide wave induced DO concentrations to increase and decrease following a sinusoidal wave. Also, winds affect the DO propagation as low DO concentrations are obtained near the inflow boundaries. The outcomes demonstrate that DO concentrations depend on the lagoons’ hydrodynamics, DO’s production and consumption rate and tracer transport. The polluted water with low DO concentrations flowing from the desalination plant followed the wind direction. Besides, different quantities of binary and different injection times have minor effects on DO concentrations in the lagoons.

Modeling Bus Dwell Time and Time Lost Serving Stop in China

The primary objective of this study was to develop a quantitative approach to estimate bus dwell time and time lost serving stop, which included acceleration and deceleration time, dead time, and time for serving boarding and alighting passengers. A polynomial model incorporating kinematics of a particle was derived for estimating bus acceleration and deceleration time. In addition, descriptive statistics methods were used to analyze dead time. A case study was conducted to show the applicability of the proposed model with data collected from the seven most common types of bus stops in China. R-square and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) were calculated to be 0.8840 and 13.20% for non-peak and 0.8387 and 13.46% for peak, indicating the method was well-validated and could be practically used in China. Further research can be conducted to investigate the effects of different weather conditions and locations on the performance of the proposed method.

Experimental Investigation of Range Measurement Error for Radar under Different Weather Conditions

In this paper, the effect of different weather conditions on radar distance measurements was investigated experimentally. In current radar applications, the speed of the EM wave in the environment is accepted as the speed of light for distance measurements by radar. However, this speed varies in different weather conditions and is essential for sensitive radar applications. A radar system followed the target at a fixed distance to examine the changes in the speed of the EM wave due to the changes in the dielectric constant and conductivity parameters in different weather conditions. While measuring the distance, temperature, apparent temperature, relative humidity, and pressure were also recorded. Thus, erroneous distance measurements caused by air change could be detected. MLR, SVM, ANN, KNN and ANFIS models were used to estimate erroneous distance measurements caused by weather change. The results showed that the error in distance measurements could be estimated with great accuracy.

Attenuation of EM Waves Emitted From Inset Feed Type Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna by Wet Snow

Microstrip patch antennas stand out because of their low cost, smaller size and easy fabrication. The study presents the design of a microstrip rectangular patch antenna operating at 2.6 GHz frequency and the effect of different weather conditions on the antenna. During the antenna design on CST program and manufacturing in the laboratory, it is aimed to perform the measurement at the desired frequency and decibel level. The study includes experiments and results made on different types of snow, apart from the normal measurement with the VNA. A good S11 scattering value was obtained at the desired frequency in the designed microstrip patch antenna as -18.48 dB. This value decreased to around -5 dB when there was wet snow on the antenna due to attenuation and thermal effects. If the snow was removed from the antenna, the old S11 value could not be returned because of the wetness left by the snow, and it remained at approximately -14 dB. Consequently, the attenuation of the electromagnetic waves have been confirmed by the literature under different conditions as wet snow with nano VNA for the first time. Attenuation by wet snow and water is greater than dry snow with voids.

The Effects Of Different Weather Conditions On 5G Millimeter Waves Propagations at 38 GHz and 73 GHz For Kut-City in Iraq

It is critical to utilize a good model for predicting acceptable and optimum frequencies while designing and planning for the future generation wireless communications system's channel. This paper explains how the weather conditions affect the strength of the transmitted signal in various environments and circumstances, as well as how the mmWave behaves as it passes through free space and the atmosphere. An NYUSIM simulator package is used for predicting the performance of the channel for two months (January and July). Two frequencies were used, 38 GHz and 73 GHz to test the channel performance and which frequency is the best suited for the Kut city environment. The simulation results shown that an agreement with the 38 GHz for its lower path loss and acceptable received power. The weather database was real and actual obtained from the Iraqi meteorological organization and seismology reports consist of (rain, fog and temperature). The result for both directional and omnidirectional power delay profile showed a great agreement at 38 GHz for the two months (January and July), where the path loss and received power at 38 GHz for January is 127 dB and -47.2 dBm respectively, where for 73 GHz the path loss is 135.4 dB and with a received power of -55.7 dBm. At July the path loss and received power for 38 GHz and 73 GHz is (123 dB, -43.2 dBm) and (130 dB, -43.2 dBm) respectively.

Behind the efficiency of border irrigation: Lesson learned in Northern Italy

Border irrigation is one of the most ancient but, at the same time, still widely applied irrigation methods across the world. Due to the intrinsic characteristics of the method, the water volumes involved are often difficult to measure and this implies a large uncertainty in the estimation of water use efficiency. In this study, we analyze the results of an extensive monitoring campaign, which was carried out over the agricultural season 2021 and was aimed at detecting the actual performance of border irrigation in different experimental fields located in the Padana plain (i.e. the largest irrigated plain in the EU). In particular, three maize fields characterized by different soil textures, irrigation scheduling and rainfall conditions were considered. The number of irrigation events, their duration, and the water amounts applied were examined and compared with the actual crop water requirements assessed by using the AquaCrop-OS agro-hydrological model. The performance of border irrigation, evaluated through a water use efficiency indicator, was assessed for the monitored agricultural season, as well as simulated over the last 28 years (1993–2020) to detect potential effects of different weather conditions. The main results show that the flow rate applied during each irrigation event ranges from 11 to 18 l s−1 per unit width (m) of the irrigated strip, whereas the irrigation event duration varies between 80 and 130 min ha−1 and substantially reflects the irrigation flow rate and the plot slope, the latter being variable between 2‰ and 7‰. The water use efficiency is highly dependent on the irrigation management, namely the flowrate and the scheduling of the irrigation events, with a minimum value of 16% and a maximum of 56%. The same range of efficiency was obtained for the last 28 years, mainly as a consequence of the application of a rigid irrigation scheduling determined by the rotation period. These findings provide useful information for improving the management of border irrigation in practice, and, more specifically, to understand what margin of improvement can be obtained in terms of water use efficiency, both under current conditions and in view of future increasing freshwater scarcity.

Effects of weather conditions on concrete work task productivity – a questionnaire survey

PurposeThis paper aims to study the effects of different weather conditions on typical concrete work tasks’ productivity. Weather is one important factor that has a negative impact on construction productivity. Knowledge about how weather affects construction works is therefore important for the construction industry, e.g. during planning and execution of construction projects.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire survey method is used involving means to perform pairwise comparisons of different weather factors according to the analytical hierarchical process (AHP). The survey also contains means to enable assessment of the loss in productivity for typical work tasks exposed to different weather types. The survey targets practitioners involved in Swedish concrete construction projects, and the results are compared with previous research findings.FindingsThe survey covers responses from 232 practitioners with long experience of concrete construction. The pairwise comparisons reveal that practitioners rank precipitation as the most important followed by wind and temperature. The loss in productivity varies significantly (from 0 to 100%) depending on the type of work and the type of weather factor considered. The results partly confirm findings reported in previous research but also reveal a more complex relationship between weather and productivity indicating several underlying influencing factors such as type of work, type of weather (e.g. rain or snow) and the intensity of each weather factor.Originality/valueThis paper presents new data about how 232 practitioners assess the effects of weather on construction productivity involving novel means to perform objective rankings such as the AHP methodology.

An Overview of Autonomous Vehicles Sensors and Their Vulnerability to Weather Conditions.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely on various types of sensor technologies to perceive the environment and to make logical decisions based on the gathered information similar to humans. Under ideal operating conditions, the perception systems (sensors onboard AVs) provide enough information to enable autonomous transportation and mobility. In practice, there are still several challenges that can impede the AV sensors’ operability and, in turn, degrade their performance under more realistic conditions that actually occur in the physical world. This paper specifically addresses the effects of different weather conditions (precipitation, fog, lightning, etc.) on the perception systems of AVs. In this work, the most common types of AV sensors and communication modules are included, namely: RADAR, LiDAR, ultrasonic, camera, and global navigation satellite system (GNSS). A comprehensive overview of their physical fundamentals, electromagnetic spectrum, and principle of operation is used to quantify the effects of various weather conditions on the performance of the selected AV sensors. This quantification will lead to several advantages in the simulation world by creating more realistic scenarios and by properly fusing responses from AV sensors in any object identification model used in AVs in the physical world. Moreover, it will assist in selecting the appropriate fading or attenuation models to be used in any X-in-the-loop (XIL, e.g., hardware-in-the-loop, software-in-the-loop, etc.) type of experiments to test and validate the manner AVs perceive the surrounding environment under certain conditions.

Potential health impacts from sulphur dioxide and sulphate exposure in the UK resulting from an Icelandic effusive volcanic eruption

Ash, gases and particles emitted from volcanic eruptions cause disruption to air transport, but also have negative impacts on respiratory and cardiovascular health. Exposure to sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphate (SO4) aerosols increases the risk of mortality, and respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions. Ash and gases can be transported over large distances and are a potential public health risk. In 2014–15, the Bárðarbunga fissure eruption at Holuhraun, Iceland was associated with high emissions of SO2 and SO4, detected at UK monitoring stations.We estimated the potential impacts on the UK population from SO2 and SO4 associated with a hypothetical large fissure eruption in Iceland for mortality and emergency hospital admissions. To simulate the effects of different weather conditions, we used an ensemble of 80 runs from an atmospheric dispersion model to simulate SO2 and SO4 concentrations on a background of varying meteorology. We weighted the simulated exposure data by population, and quantified the potential health impacts that may result in the UK over a 6-week period following the start of an eruption.We found in the majority of cases, the expected number of deaths resulting from SO2 over a 6-week period total fewer than ~100 for each model run, and for SO4, in the majority of cases, the number totals fewer than ~200. However, the 6-week simulated period with the highest SO2 was associated with 313 deaths, and the period with the highest SO4 was associated with 826 deaths. The single 6-week period relating to the highest combined SO2 and SO4 was associated with 925 deaths. Over a 5-month extended exposure period, upper estimates are for 3350 deaths, 4030 emergency cardiovascular and 6493 emergency respiratory hospitalizations. These figures represent a worst-case scenario and can inform health protection planning for effusive volcanic eruptions which may affect the UK in the future.

Experimental analysis of thermal performance for flat plate solar water collector in the climate conditions of Yekaterinburg, Russia

Abstract Current experimental work studies the thermal performance of a flat plate solar water collector according to the weather conditions of the city of Ekaterinburg in Russia. All tests were carried within four months and four typical clear days were chosen for each month. Thermal efficiency, useful energy, and water temperatures at the inlet and outlet of the flat plate solar collector have been investigated in this study. The results were collected during summer and autumn have been analyzed to find out the effect of different weather conditions on the performance of the proposed flat solar water collector. The highest efficiency of the solar collector was recorded during midday when the collector receives the highest solar energy intensity and thus the highest rate of useful heat gained. The maximum efficiency observed by 66% in July compared to the other months included in the current study. The results showed good agreement between the previous studies and the current proposed solar water collector in terms of thermal efficiency.

Effects of Different Weather Conditions on the Performance of Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger Systems

Effects of Different Weather Conditions on the Performance of Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger Systems

Performance analysis of NRZ and RZ variants for FSO communication system under different weather conditions

Abstract The evolving 5G technology is currently facing some huge challenges such as cost, bandwidth, network flexibility, deployment and capacity. Free space optics (FSO) is an emerging technology and viable approach to address the challenges of upcoming networks. This paper presents the performance comparison of advance variants of Return to zero (RZ) and Non-return to zero (NRZ) modulation formats in FSO communication. Detailed analysis of FSO link is carried out under various weather conditions by means of numerical simulations in which different data rates and distances are tested to evaluate the performance. The effects of different weather conditions over the performance, efficiency and availability of FSO link are analyzed on the basis of quality factor (Q-factor) of received signal. The work is performed on the licensed version of Optisystem v14.0.

Analysis of Free Space Optics Link Performance Considering the Effect of Different Weather Conditions and Modulation Formats for Terrestrial Communication

AbstractFree space optics (FSO) links provide an effectual and efficient way of transmission of data throughout free channels due to its higher bandwidth and inbuilt capability of security. In this research analysis, the FSO link is evaluated on the basis of Q value for different modulation formats and weather conditions. Gamma–Gamma and log-normal scintillation models have been analyzed for different index of refraction in terms of Q factor versus a range of a proposed FSO link. Attenuation increases during the occurrence of different fog conditions, and there might be complete link failure in the case of dense fog and for some of the cloud conditions.

On the Performance Analysis of Decode-and-Forward Multi-Hop Hybrid FSO/RF Systems With Hard-Switching Configuration

In this paper, we introduce a decode-and-forward multi-hop hybrid free-space optical/radio frequency (FSO/RF) system. The FSO link is assumed to follow Gamma-Gamma distribution with the combined effects of pointing errors and path loss under intensity modulation with direct detection technique, and the RF link is assumed to follow Nakagami-m distribution. In particular, we derive closed-form expressions for the outage probability and ergodic capacity and analyze the system performance under the effect of different weather conditions in addition to the effect of pointing errors. The results show that the multi-hop hybrid system improves the performance even under adverse weather conditions and strong pointing errors. Furthermore, Monto Carlo simulations are provided for validation.

Network planning of uplink all-optical passive FSO/OF C-RAN fronthaul

Though the cloud radio access network (C-RAN) architecture is promising to allow for the necessary densification of radio networks in future systems, their utility relies on the availability of high-bandwidth reliable fronthaul links. In this paper, we propose a new all-optical fronthaul architecture in which user signals are forwarded over radio-over-free-space-optics (RoFSO) fronthaul that is passively coupled to an optical fiber (OF) for transport to a central office. We develop tools to plan such a network to optimize the outage probability while considering the coverage area, the density of the radio units (RUs), and the signal gain at the RUs. Each of these parameters can be designed to maintain an upperbound of the outage probability. Analytical expressions of the outage probability of the fronthaul network as well as the optimum RU gain are obtained. For a realistic design, clipping noise, atmospheric scintillation, and the effect of different weather conditions are considered for the RoFSO links, while nonlinear interference is modeled in the OF link. Given a required outage probability and density of RUs, the tools developed here can give the coverage area as well as optimum values for transmitted optical power and gain to balance the impact of all impairments.

Performance Improvement of FSO Communication System using MIMO Technique

In proposed simulation model, the effect of different MIMO system has been analyzed on performance of free space optical (FSO) system concealed by various climatic conditions like clear, haze and fog. FSO is a free space communication system where space acts as medium between transceivers which provides a strong and efficient method for transmission and reception of information. The effect of different weather conditions has been investigated for range of 1 and 2 km at frequency 193.1 GHz. The proposed MIMO-FSO simulation system has been analyzed for different parameters like Q factor, height of eye, power received and bit error rate. The designed 4X4 MIMO-FSO system provides better results as compared to the 2X2MIMO and SISO-FSO system.

An experimental study of the effects of climate conditions on thermography and pavement assessment

ABSTRACT This paper presents a testing set-up that helps to observe and quantify the effects of different weather conditions on the thermal profiles related to the surface crack on concrete infrastructures. The temperature data for this research are generated using infrared thermography (IRT). IRT is prominently used to monitor surface and close-to-surface defects on pavements. However, the method is more prone to adverse effects of weather conditions compared to other types of nondestructive tests. This is because IRT relies on the temperature profile of the surface of the target. In this research, a full laboratory study is conducted to experimentally quantify the effects of weather conditions and surface coating on the ability of IRT to assess surface cracks on concrete pavements. The goal is to determine the significance of these effects on IRT under each weather condition. IRT technology can be affected by critical environmental conditions, such as sunlight, ambient temperature variation, wind speed and humidity. Many research studies have mentioned the importance of the effect of weather conditions, but no research is dedicated to experimentally quantifying the effect. Around 90 different tests have been conducted from which 1050 unique data points have been extracted. Eventually, around 1,260,000 temperature data have been gathered which gives a huge dataset will give us the opportunity to do several statistical analyses. It is found that wind has a higher effect on the temperature of the crack on concrete pavements compared to humidity in the air. Even though both wind and humidity can affect the temperature of the crack, the different wind speeds and humidity levels have roughly the same amount of effect on the temperature.