Effect Of Different Temperatures Research Articles

Effect of temperature on the rheological, textural, and sensory properties of butters from New Zealand market.

Texture and sensory studies at various temperatures are important in evaluating and improving the functionality of butter. While literature is scarce, we evaluated and compared the effect of temperature (5-25°C) on the texture, rheological and sensory properties of commercial butter samples (salted, unsalted, cultured, and spreadable) from the New Zealand market. In addition, the instrumental analyses were compared with the sensory evaluation, to understand the possibility of using instrumental analysis to evaluate consumer liking for different butters. Butter type, temperature, and their type-temperature interaction exhibited significant differences for all instrumental textural parameters. As expected, higher temperature produced softer butter that was more spreadable, liquid-like, less adhesive, less cohesive, had lower storage modulus (G') and lower loss modulus (G″) with the melting of milk fat crystals; however, the rate of change varied for the different butter samples. We have established meltability as the parameter for evaluating butter selection for different applications. The spreadable butter sample exhibited the lowest hardness and G', and highest spreadability (p < .05) at all temperatures, owing to its low solid fat content and the abundance of low-melting triglycerides. The cultured butter sample had the highest melting point, owing to compositional differences. The instrumental and sensory texture analyses were highly correlated, indicating the comparative effectiveness of both approaches for studying the effects of different temperatures on butter textural properties. Overall, our findings provide detailed reference to the dairy industry for butter manufacture, considering variation in fatty acid composition, texture analysis, rheology, and sensory analysis, over the range of storage/usage temperatures.

Development and evaluation of mechanistic model for standard SCR, fast SCR, and NO2 SCR of NH3-SCR over Cu-ZSM-5

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are an effective way of treating NOx emissions to meet increasingly stringent international emission standards. However, the difference of reaction temperature and catalyst location will restrict the reaction of SCR to some extent. Therefore, considering the different reaction conditions, it is necessary to analyze the relationship between them for the study of SCR reaction. In this paper, Cu-ZSM-5 is selected as the catalyst in the SCR reaction, and the effects of different temperatures and catalyst locations on NH3 molar concentration and NOx conversion under three different SCR are investigated. Firstly, a dynamic model of NH3-SCR is established and verified by the experimental data of fast SCR, standard SCR, and NO2-SCR in steady state. Then, the RSM (Response Surface Methodology) is used to further optimize NOx conversion rate. The optimal reaction conditions under the three SCR reactions were obtained by RSM optimization. The results indicate that both reaction temperature and catalyst location exert significant effects on NOx conversion under the three SCR reactions. Finally, the performance of NH3-SCR over Cu zeolite catalyst is predicted and further evaluated to provide combinations and frameworks for improved performance.

Exergy analysis in solid oxide fuel cells with different operating temperature and pore diameter

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) provide energy production at high temperatures. In this study, the effect of operating temperature (873 K–1673 K) and pore diameter (4 μm–16 μm), which are important parameters determining the performance of solid oxide fuel cells, are investigated by energy and exergy analysis. Quadrupling the pore diameter increases the activation loss by 0.280 V under constant current density. Thermal efficiency, exergy dissipated, entropy production and exergy efficiency are calculated using energy and exergy analysis. The power density increases with increasing temperature. For example, at a current density of 3000 A/m2, increasing the operating temperature by 45 % from 873 K increases the power density by 3.79 times compared to the initial case. At the same current density, when the pore diameter is 4 μm and 10 μm, the power densities are 2659.64 W/m2 and 2253.46 W/m2, respectively. This is explained by the high cell losses at low temperatures. At a current density of 1000 A/m2, the exergy dissipated is 719.85 kW at an operating temperature of 973 K and 1030.07 kW at 873 K. At 1073 K operating temperature and 7 μm pore diameter, the maximum thermal and exergy efficiencies are 67.77 % and 61.72 %, respectively. Increasing the operating temperature from 873 K to 1273 K increases the thermal and exergy efficiency by 31.55 % and 28.39 % respectively. Increasing the pore diameter decreases the power density and causes a decrease in thermal and exergy efficiency. Increasing the pore diameter by 30 % at a current density of 7000 A/m2 results in a decrease in thermal and exergy efficiency by 5.1 % and 4.64 %, respectively. This research examines the effects of different temperatures and pore diameters in detail by considering the exergy analysis of the solid oxide fuel cell with a thermodynamic approach, unlike the numerical analysis studies concentrated on in the current literature.

Experimental study on the effect of PVP, NaCl and EG on the methane hydrates formation and dissociation kinetics

The problem of hydrate plug, low efficiency of hydrate dissociation and short production time in hydrate exploitation processes have significantly hindered the commercial viability of gas hydrate extraction. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of ethylene glycol (EG), EG + polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and EG + PVP + sodium chloride (NaCl) on methane hydrate formation through experiment. The hydrate inhibitory performance is evaluated by using differential of pressure curve, the amount of hydrate, and pressure drop values, and the effects of different temperatures, pressures, inhibitors, and injection time on hydrate dissociation are further studied. The experiment results indicate that the rank of inhibitors combination in terms of effectiveness is 5%EG + 0.5 wt%PVP + 3 wt%Nacl > 10%EG + 1 wt%PVP > 30% EG. At low-temperature conditions, 30% EG exhibits good inhibition of hydrate synthesis but poor dissociation efficiency. As temperature increases, the hydrates dissociation rate with 30% EG also increases. For the combination inhibitor system of EG, PVP, and NaCl, PVP will reduce the dissociation efficiency of hydrates, while EG and Nacl will improve the hydrate dissociation performance. For low production pressure, it is found that 10% EG + 10% NaCl have a good promotion effect on hydrate dissociation, whereas under high production pressure, 20% EG + 10% NaCl is more effective. Furthermore, injecting the inhibitors earlier enhances the dissociation of hydrates more effectively.

Effect of Temperature and Salinity on Survival of Protoscoleces of Hydatid Cyst in Liver In Vitro.

Hydatid cyst is the metacestode stage of Echinococcus granulosus that occurs in herbivores and humans as intermediate hosts by consuming parasite eggs through forage and vegetables. Carnivores, as definitive hosts, become infected by consuming infected vesicles of herbivores. The most effective treatment for a hydatid cyst is surgical operation. Inactivating E. granulosus protoscoleces through heating, cooling, or chemicals such as sodium chloride can be considered an effective method for controlling hydatidosis in both humans and animals. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different temperatures and salinity conditions on the survival of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. For this purpose, 50 g of infected liver (in triplicate) was separately treated with different temperatures (+10°C, +50°C, +60°C, +72°C, and -20°C) and concentrations of sodium chloride (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Additionally, 50 g of infected liver was stored separately in the refrigerator (+4°C) as a control group. The survival rate of the protoscoleces was evaluated by staining with 1% eosin under a light microscope. The results showed that the protoscoleces were significantly affected, with 100% mortality at -20°C after 0.5 h, and complete death at +72°C, +60°C, +50°C, and +10°C after 1, 1.5, 3, and 24 h, respectively (p < 0.005). Similarly, the protoscoleces in the liver mass survived at 5% NaCl after 3 h but died at 10% after 24 h, at 15% after 12 h, and at 20% after 6 h. It is concluded that exposing the liver infected with protoscoleces hydatid cyst to a temperature of -20°C and a sodium chloride concentration of 10% for 24 h is suitable for inactivating the protoscoleces.

Comparison of anaerobic co-digestion of vacuum toilet blackwater and kitchen waste under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions: Reactor performance, microbial response and metabolic pathway

Co-digestion of kitchen waste (KW) and black water (BW) can be considered as an attractive method to efficiently achieve the clean energy from waste. To find the optimal operation parameters for the co-digestion, the effects of different temperatures (35 and 55 °C) and BW:KW ratios on the reactor performances, microbial communities and metabolic pathways were studied. The results showed that the optimum BW:KW ratio was 1:3.6 and 1:4.5 for mesophilic and thermophilic optimal reactors, with methane production of 449.04 mL/g VS and 411.90 mL/g VS, respectively. Microbial communities showed significant differences between the reactors under different temperatures. For bacteria, increasing BW:KW ratio significantly promoted Defluviitoga enrichment (1.1%–9.5%) under thermophilic condition. For Archaea, the increase in BW:KW ratio promoted the enrichment of Methanosaeta (8.6%–56.4%) in the mesophilic reactor and Methanothermobacter (62.0%–89.2%) in the thermophilic reactor. The analysis of the key enzymes showed that, acetoclastic methanogenic pathway performed as the dominant under mesophilic condition, with high abundance of Acetate-CoA ligase (EC:6.2.1.1) and Pyruvate synthase (EC:1.2.7.1). Hydrogenotrophic methanogenic pathway was the main pathway in the thermophilic reactors, with high abundance of Formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase (EC:1.2.99.5).

Effect of different temperature–time combinations on the quality and protein digestive properties of stewed beef tendons

This study investigated the effects of sous vide cooking and traditional high-temperature cooking on the texture, microstructure, protein structure and digestive properties of home made beef tendon using transmission electron microscopy, in vitro digestion and peptidomics. The adverse effects of heating on the muscle fiber structure and protein conformation of beef tendon gradually expanded with increasing temperature. In general, the degree of muscle fiber contraction, protein denaturation, and protein aggregation increases with temperature and time, with a concomitant decrease in protease action. The extent of protein digestion, and the yield of small fragments such as amino acids also decreased with increasing heating temperature and time. However, the solubilization of collagen makes the beef collagen more digestible after heating at 80°C, which indirectly leads to higher digestibility at 80°C. The combined peptide release and bioactive peptide results showed that the beef tendon heated at 60°C for 8h produced the most peptides after digestion, and also produced four specific bioactive peptides, which were advantageous in terms of the number of digested products and bioactivity. The higher proportion of antioxidant amino acids in the product also gave the tendon heated at 60°C for 8h a greater potential antioxidant capacity. As a result, beef tendon heated at 60°C for 8h is more favorable for human digestion. This work may provide guidance for home cooking and dietary health.

Development of sustainable sugarcane bagasse biorefinery using a greener deep eutectic solvent from hemicellulose-derived acids

Acid-based deep eutectic solvents (ADES) have recently been tested as an emerging technology in biomass deconstruction. In particular, the use of hemicellulose-derived carboxylic acids has attracted great interest as this type of ADES can enable a sustainable closed-loop biorefinery, due to their efficiency and recyclability. Therefore, this study proposed the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with acetic acid, as a biomass-derived chemical, and choline chloride [ChCl]:AA to perform a complete biomass fractionation to enhance enzymatic digestibility. Thus, this work analyzed the effect of different temperatures and reaction time during pretreatment, studying the impact on biomass composition and digestibility during enzymatic hydrolysis. In addition, the reuse of ADES to produce an environmentally friendly and low-cost SCB biorefinery was explored by studying the physicochemical modifications in polysaccharide-rich material (PRM) and lignin-rich material (LRM) by ATR-FTIR and SEM photography. Furthermore, the ADES content was also characterized by HPLC after each recycling cycle. The results demonstrated efficient polysaccharide conversion, promoting an enrichment in glucan (>60%) and xylan (>20%) content under mild operating conditions (130°C and 90 min) supported by ATR-FTIR and SEM. Furthermore, SCB pretreated under these selected conditions achieved higher digestibility, increasing by 89% for glucan and 73% for xylan, using a simple and competitive process. In contrast, increasing the temperature above 130°C did not improve the enzymatic digestibility of SCB. Thus, ChCl:AA could be recycled and reused. Therefore, this study demonstrated the potential of AA in DES pretreatments as an environmentally friendly and efficient method for the valorization of SCB components.

Coupling field optimization to improve the thermal transport of Gr/h-BN heterostructure

We perform a numerical evaluation on the multi-physical field coupling effect to improve the interfacial thermal conductivity (ITC) of Gr/h-BN (Graphene/Hexagonal boron nitride) planar heterostructure. The model of Gr/h-BN planar heterostructure (C-BN bonded configuration) is built to investigate the effect of the multifactor coupling effect of different temperatures, N-doping concentration, and single vacancy concentration on the ITC. Finally, the Box-Behnken orthogonal model is established to determine the optimal value of ITC under the coupling effect of multi-physical fields by response surface analysis, and the optimal value of ITC is 14.456 GW m−2 K−1 when the temperature is 673 K, the single vacancy is 2.57 %, and the N-doping is 18.9 %. It implies that the proper coupling configuration is found effective in improving the interfacial thermal conductivity of the Gr/h-BN heterostructure. This work is hoped to help promote the thermal reliability design of graphene heterogeneous interface for related micro/nano semiconductor devices.

The Effect of Different Temperatures on the Viability and Senescence of Plum Ovules (Prunus domestica L.).

This paper reports on a study investigating the viability and senescence of plum ovules when exposed to different constant temperatures over two years. The research was conducted on the primary and secondary ovules of four plum cultivars: 'Mallard', 'Edda', 'Jubileum', and 'Reeves'. The results show that the first indication of ovule viability loss was callose accumulation, which was detected using the fluorescent dye aniline blue. All cultivars had viable ovules, in different percentages, at 8 °C on the twelfth day after anthesis. However, at higher temperatures, distinct patterns emerged, indicating the adaptability of each cultivar at certain temperatures. The first indication of callose accumulation became visible at the chalazal pole. After anthesis, the ovule's ability to remain viable gradually reduced, followed by callose deposition throughout the ovary. The cultivars 'Edda' and 'Reeves', from 6 days after anthesis onward, in both years, showed the highest percentage of nonviable ovules. In contrast, the 'Jubileum' cultivar demonstrated the highest percentage of viable ovules. The loss of viability of secondary ovules followed a similar pattern to that of the primary ovules in all cultivars. This research provides valuable insights into embryological processes, which can help in the following breeding programs, and to cultivate plum cultivars in Western Norway's climate conditions.

Effect analysis on passive and active regeneration performance of catalytic diesel particulate filters at the equilibrium point in the presence of ash layer

AbstractCatalytic diesel particulate filters (CDPF) form the main post‐processing devices for the diesel engines. Particulates trapped by CDPF can be oxidized by nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxygen (O2). The CDPF passive and active regeneration model on platinum‐based catalyst in the presence of ash layer, including the mass, momentum, and enthalpy balances of the gas and the solid phase, the gas diffusion, and the kinetic of the soot oxidation reaction is performed and validated by the bench test. The effects of different temperatures on CDPF passive and active regeneration at the equilibrium point are analyzed. Further, the effective analysis of ash loading and ash layer distribution on the equilibrium state is conducted. The research on CDPF passive and active regeneration at the equilibrium point in the presence of ash layer provides a theoretical basis for CDPF application.

Temperature Effect on the Growth and Development of Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Reared on Ephestia elutella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae.

Augmentative release of parasitoids has been an important component of integrated insect management for stored product protection. Understanding the effect of different temperatures on the growth and development of parasitoids is in favor of mass rearing of parasitoids. Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a highly cosmopolitan, gregarious ecto-parasitoid of a variety of Lepidopterous larvae. Thus, the growth and development of H. hebetor reared on Ephestia elutella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae were investigated at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C. Habrobracon hebetor could complete growth and development, and the developmental duration decreased with increasing temperature at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C. The development threshold temperatures of H. hebetor eggs, larvae, pupae, and egg-to-adult stages were 13.89, 6.39, 9.24, and 9.29 °C, and the effective accumulated temperatures were 23.33, 46.40, 142.68, and 240.31 °C·d, respectively. The total number of eggs laid by H. hebetor, the hatching rate of H. hebetor eggs, and the percentage of female offspring reached the maximum of 192.39, 83.89%, and 74.04% at 30 °C, respectively. There was no significant difference in pupal survival rate in the temperature range of 15 °C to 35 °C. At 30 °C, the pre-oviposition duration of H. hebetor was the shortest (0.87 d). Therefore, the optimal rearing temperature of H. hebetor was 30 °C. The present results are useful for the large-scale rearing of H. hebetor using E. elutella larvae as hosts and effectively implementing the biological control of stored-product insects.

Multiomics study on co-fermentation of chemically enhanced sludge and waste activated sludge to produce volatile fatty acids under different temperatures and pHs

This study examined the effects of different temperatures (37°C and 45°C) and pH (uncontrolled, 8 and 10) on the co-fermentation of FeCl3, anionic polyacrylamide (a-PAM) settling chemical enhanced primary sedimentation (CEPS), and waste activated sludge (WAS) to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which analyzed through characterization, microbial community, and untargeted metabolic pathways. Further, to investigate the interacting effects, temperatures of 37°C, 45°C, and pHs of 8 and 10 were chosen, with a sludge ratio of 7.5. The hydrolysis of sludge was aided by the concentration of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) rising as temperature and pH rose. Nevertheless, elevated SCOD concentrations failed to materialize into benefits for acid production. Therefore, considering practical applications, the optimal conditions for acid production were determined to be 37°C and pH 10, with a concentration of 3411.17 ± 119.92 mg COD/L. A thorough investigation of correlations between microbial communities, differential metabolites, and environmental factors was carried out, highlighting the significance of pH in relation to microbial and acid production performance. That instance, the pH affects acid generation efficiency more so than temperature parameters. Within the microbial community, there is a considerable positive correlation between several distinct metabolites and Steptococcus, Trichococcus, and Tepidimimicrobium. These metabolites are intimately associated with the materials and energy needed for biological cell production and metabolism. This could be as a result of how environmental influences alter the distribution of microbial populations, which influences various metabolites and ultimately the process of producing acid.

GD23132-PISTACIA TEREBINTHUS L. PISTACIA TEREBINTHUS L. OIL EXTRACTION BY LIQUID and SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE MODIFIED WITH A CO-SOLVENT AND EVALUATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, FATTY ACIDS PROFILE AND TOCOPHEROLSEXTRACTION BY SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE MODIFIED WITH A CO-SOLVENT AND EVALUATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, FATTY ACIDS PROFILE AND TOCOPHEROLS

The Pistacia terebinthus L was extracted using liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide together with a co-solvent (ethanol). The effect of different temperatures (30 and 50°C), pressure (250, 300, and 350 bar), extraction time (60 and 120 min), and different percentages of co-solvent (0, 5, and 10%) was investigated. The amount of phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and fatty acid composition was determined. HPLC, UHPLC and GC were used for analysis of phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and fatty acid composition respectively. Quercetin was the main phenolic compound. The oil was rich in unsaturated fatty acids which were between 69.68 – 75.47%. Oleic acid was the predominant unsaturated fatty acid, and the main saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid. Total tocopherol content of the oil was between 13.07-245.3 ppm and the main tocopherol was β-tocopherol. The study showed that the amount of phenolic compounds, fatty acid composition, and tocopherol content were changed according to the parameters.

A generalized mathematical modeling and performance analysis of GaAs, m-Si and Ge single - junction solar PV cells

Earlier theoretical approaches have analyzed the performance of semiconductor materials for the influence of temperature and band gap which is implemented in solar photovoltaic systems. This paper investigates the detailed mathematical analysis of single junction semiconductor materials such as Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), mono-crystalline Silicon (m-Si) and Germanium (Ge) solar cells parameters namely, Band gap (Eg), reverse saturation current (Io), shunt resistance (Rsh), Short circuit current (Isc), open circuit voltage (Voc), Fill factor (FF), Maximum Power (Pmax) and Efficiency (Ƞ) for temperature ranging from 273K (≈0°C) to 373K (≈100°C). The optimized cell parameters values are obtained under Air Mass 1.5 Global spectrum (Area = 100cm2 and Irradiance = 100 mW/cm2 for the semiconductor materials (GaAs, m-Si and Ge)) at 300K (≈25°C) are compared to identify the higher efficiency and open circuit voltage. Among the semiconductor materials, the single junction GaAs compound semiconductor material is identified with better efficiency and optimized open circuit voltage. A generalized mathematical model of semiconductor materials is developed using single diode equivalent circuit model under SIMULINK platform and it is used to observe the effect of different temperature, irradiance levels, series resistance and shunt resistance values on the performance of solar cells. The discussion is extended for a 2KW PV array for the semiconductor materials (GaAs, m-Si and Ge) under different temperature and irradiance levels. Evaluating the performance of a PV array, rather than individual cells, provides a more comprehensive understanding of how the chosen semiconductor materials function as part of a larger solar energy system.

The effect of different temperature in membrane-less microbial fuel cell under series and parallel circuit mode for power generation and bioremediation

Demand for energy resources is increasing rapidly, leading to excessive exploitation of fossil fuels. The production of chicken, which is a popular source of protein, generates a huge amount of waste. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) have the potential to generate clean, sustainable, and environmentally benign electricity by utilizing electrogenic bacteria present in chicken manure (CM), while also decreasing the amount of waste. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of different temperatures and numbers of chambers in series and parallel circuits on the performance of membrane-less MFCs (ML-MFCs). The central composite design (CCD) based on response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the performance of ML-MFCs in series and parallel circuits, with a focus on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency (R2 = 0.958 and 0.967), biomass (R2 = 0.995 and 0.836), and power density (R2 = 0.958 and 0.825). The study revealed that the highest COD removal (series: 89.554%, parallel: 84.994%), biomass (series: 1.095 mg/L, parallel: 2.267 mg/L), and power density (series: 0.551 W/m2, parallel: 0.360 W/m2) were achieved when the pre-treatment temperature was 40 °C. The best ML-MFC condition was plotted on the polarization curve in order to analyze the nature of ML-MFC. Findings of this study suggest that ML-MFCs have great potential for electricity generation and waste reduction, and the optimization of operating conditions can enhance their performance.

Seasonal population fluctuation and life history in different temperatures of Myzus cerasi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cherry trees: a field and laboratory study.

This study determined the seasonal population fluctuation of Myzus cerasi (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in cherry orchards and the effect of different temperatures on the life-history parameters of these aphids under laboratory conditions. Our field results showed that the population fluctuations and densities of M. cerasi on cherry trees were positively affected by the temperature increase between seasons. Also, our laboratory results showed that M. cerasi survived and reproduced at all temperatures tested under laboratory conditions. Female longevity was observed as 19.00 ± 2.38, 18.72 ± 0.49, and 12.59 ± 0.74 days, and fecundity was 10.14 ± 2.26, 9.36 ± 0.59, and 7.27 ± 0.84 offspring/female at 20, 25, and 30 °C, respectively. Although the highest net reproductive rate (R0) was observed numerically at 25 °C (7.80 offspring/female), there was no significant difference compared to 20 °C (7.10 offspring/female). The highest intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the highest finite rate of increase (λ) were calculated at 30 °C (0.15 ± 0.01 and 1.16 ± 0.01 day-1, respectively), and there was no significant difference compared to 25 °C. The mean generation time (T) of M. cerasi showed a significant difference at all temperatures tested and decreased from 22.59 ± 0.33 days at 20 °C to 12.78 ± 0.37 days at 30 °C. Consequently, our results revealed that the seasonal population fluctuation and the life history of M. cerasi in the field and laboratory conditions were affected significantly by different temperatures. Our data obtained in the field and the laboratory will contribute to the understanding of M. cerasi biology and to the management of the pest.

Seed priming by cold scarification and Moringa-based bio-stimulant on the germination of Artemisia afra

Artemisia afra is a frequently utilized medicinal plant in diverse cultural traditions for the management of various health conditions. Despite its natural habitat, limited efforts have been dedicated to its systematic cultivation, resulting in a paucity of documented information concerning its seed biology and germination characteristics. This study aimed to determine the effect of different temperatures, scarification, light conditions and priming with biostimulant on the seed germination of Artemisia afra. The seeds were exposed to different scarification methods including rubbing (sandpaper), hot and cold-water soaking, acid (H2SO4) and fermentation (EM) and compared with untreated seeds (control). Photoperiods included constant light, alternating light (16/8 hours) and continuous darkness at 15 °C, 25 °C and 35 °C. Results revealed that 25 °C temperature significantly improved germination while no germination was obtained at 15°C and 35°C. Hot and cold-water scarification resulted in improved germination. There was no germination observed for fermented seeds in all the experiments. In photoperiod, the highest germination percentage of 70 % was observed under alternating light. Using Moringa based biostimulant under alternating light conditions at 25 °C resulted in improved MGT. The information generated from this study will contribute to bridging the scientific gap by generating information on optimum requirements for propagating A. afra through seeds.

Effects of different temperatures on the physicochemical characteristics, microstructure and protein structure of preserved egg yolk

To clarify the mechanism of lower temperatures promoted the solidification of preserved egg yolk, the effects of temperature (4 °C, 10 °C and 25 °C) on the physicochemical properties, microstructure and protein structure of preserved egg yolk were studied. Results showed that the exterior egg yolk (EEY) exhibited higher pH, hardness and free sulfhydryl content at low-temperature pickling. The microstructure showed that the EEY gradually formed a denser gel network structure at lower temperatures. Electrophoresis results and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that there were different degrees of protein degradation and cross-linking of proteins in the IEY (the interior egg yolk) and EEY and the decrease of β-sheets in the secondary structure was accompanied by an increase of β-turns during the formation of egg yolk gels. These results indicated that egg yolk solidification was faster and denser gel structure at 4 °C and 10 °C.

Effect of Fe and its oxides on steam gasification mechanism of lignin using ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations

Lignin is an important biomass component and its gasification process has been extensively studied. Iron is widely found in nature, and the corresponding iron-based catalysts have been heavily used in the study of various systems. The advantages are that it is inexpensive and not easy to pollute the environment, and it can also be extracted from the system and reused. However, studies on the effect of iron and its oxides on the steam gasification of lignin are limited, most studies have focused on supercritical water gasification. In this study, the effects of Fe and its oxides on the steam gasification process of lignin dimers were simulated using reactive force field (Reaxff) molecular dynamics (MD). By analyzing the gas products and the evolution of the structures. It was found that low valence Fe greatly improved the efficiency of lignin steam gasification, while higher valence iron oxides were significantly less effective. There were also significant differences in the distribution of gas products for different valence states of Fe. Low-valent Fe greatly improves the yield of combustible gases such as H2 and CO, while high-valent Fe is better at generating CO2. Carbon accumulation occurs on the surface of the catalyst, which reduces the catalytic effect. By comparing the effects of different temperatures on the steam gasification of lignin, it was found that increasing the temperature accelerates the decomposition process of lignin, and that the steam gasification of lignin has a critical temperature at which the yield of the main gaseous products of lignin is the highest.