Effects Of Different Protocols Research Articles

Effectiveness of different protocols for slow freezing of human blastocysts

Background: Pregnancy rate after the transfer of frozen / thawed human blastocysts has been lower in comparison with the pregnancy rate in in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles with fresh embryos. There is a need for the optimization of freezing protocols. Conclusions: All freezing protocols using a simple freezing medium were more effective than protocol with a complex medium. Their application in IVF patients with frozen surplus blastocysts (these patients delivered in fresh cycles in 51.4 %) increases the cumulative delivery rate by an additional 15.2 % with every thawing cycle. The morphology of blastocysts and cycle preparation for transfer had the strongest influence on the success of freezing programme.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss treated with intratympanic dexamethasone injection

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of different protocols of intratympanic dexamethasone injection in patients with unilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss(SSNHL) who have failed to respond to typical medical treatment (including systemic steroid treatment). MethodsFrom January 2005 to January 2008, 71 patients who were diagnosed with unilateral SSNHL and failed typical medical treatment received intratympanic dexamethasone injection. Four injection protocols were employed: injection of 0.3ml dexamethasone(5mg/ml) three times a week for 3 weeks for a total dose of 13.5mg (Group I, n=16); injection of 0.6ml (5mg/ml) dexamethasone three times a week for 3 weeks for a total dose of 27mg (Group II, n=18); injection at 0.3ml(5mg/ml) week for 6 weeks for a total dose of 9mg (Group III, n=18); injection at 0.3ml (5mg/ml)/2 days for a total dose of 4.5mg (Group IV n=19). Hearing recovery was assessed by pure tone audiogram. ResultsThe total effective rate was 37.5%, 38.89%, 33.33% and 36.84% for each treatment protocol, respectively, with no statistical difference between them (P >0.05). The results suggest that a total dose of 4.5mg (injected once a week for 3 weeks) is the most adequate protocol, and increasing dose or injection frequency yields no additional benefits. ConclusionIntratympanic dexamethasone significantly improves the prognosis of SSNHL. Small dose at low injection frequency is sufficient. Further multicenter studies are needed to determine the standard treatment protocol.

Experimental orthotopic prostate tumor in nude mice: Techniques for local cell inoculation and three-dimensional ultrasound monitoring

ObjectivesOrthotopic prostate cancer models are of great importance for cancer research. Orthotopic models in mice have been described previously. However, these studies lack a detailed methodological description and fail to define standards for local cell inoculation. Herein, we studied the effect of different protocols on tumor growth and report for the first time the use of high resolution ultrasound for monitoring of tumor growth. Materials and methodsOrthotopic inoculation of DU 145 MN1 prostate cancer cells was performed in 30 nude mice varying (1) the amount of cells (5 × 105 vs. 5 × 104), (2) the number of puncture sites, and (3) the addition of matrigel. Surgical complications such as recoil of cells through the injection canal and rupture of the prostatic capsule were monitored. Animals were tracked by ultrasound imaging after 4, 5, and 6 weeks. Autopsy and histology confirmed local tumor growth. ResultsA take rate of 27/30 (90%) was observed. Growth of orthotopic prostate tumors was increased after inoculation of a large amount of cells under the capsule of 1 dorsal prostate lobe, but inoculation of small amounts of cells still induced local tumors. Noninvasive ultrasound examination allowed to identify orthotopic tumor formation and to monitor tumor growth in vivo. Addition of matrigel did not accelerate tumor growth. Complications like recoil (6.8%) or rupture of the prostate capsule (1.4%) were rare. ConclusionsInoculation of DU 145 MN1 cells under the prostate capsule with a defined procedure results in very high take rates. Ultrasound screening is feasible to repetitively monitor tumor growth.

Methods to Standardize Dietary Intake Before Performance Testing

When testing is undertaken to monitor an athlete's progress toward competition goals or the effect of an intervention on athletic outcomes, sport scientists should aim to minimize extraneous variables that influence the reliability, sensitivity, or validity of performance measurement. Dietary preparation is known to influence metabolism and exercise performance. Few studies, however, systematically investigate the outcomes of protocols that acutely control or standardize dietary intake in the hours and days before a performance trial. This review discusses the nutrients and dietary components that should be standardized before performance testing and reviews current approaches to achieving this. The replication of habitual diet or dietary practices, using tools such as food diaries or dietary recalls to aid compliance and monitoring, is a common strategy, and the use of education aids to help athletes achieve dietary targets offers a similarly low burden on the researcher. However, examination of dietary intake from real-life examples of these protocols reveals large variability between and within participants. Providing participants with prepackaged diets reduces this variability but can increase the burden on participants, as well as the researcher. Until studies can better quantify the effect of different protocols of dietary standardization on performance testing, sport scientists can only use a crude cost-benefit analysis to choose the protocols they implement. At the least, study reports should provide a more comprehensive description of the dietary-standardization protocols used in the research and the effect of these on the dietary intake of participants during the period of interest.

Effects of eccentric and concentric training on capillarization and myosin heavy chain contents in rat skeletal muscles after hindlimb suspension

We studied the effects of different protocols of post-disuse rehabilitation on angiogenesis and myosin heavy chain (MHC) content in rat hindlimb muscles after caudal suspension. Thirty female Wistar rats were divided into five groups: (1) Control I, (2) Control II, (3) Suspended, (4) Suspended trained on declined treadmill, and (5) Suspended trained on flat treadmill. Fragments of the soleus and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were frozen and processed by electrophoresis and immunohistochemistry (CD31 antibody). Hindlimb suspension caused reduction of capillary/fiber (C/F) ratios and contents of MHC type I (MHCI) in the soleus in parallel to increased capillary density. Flat treadmill protocols increased the content of the MHCI isoform. The C/F ratio was increased by concentric training after hypokinesis, but was not modified by eccentric training, which caused a greater reduction of capillary density compared to the other protocols. In the TA muscle, hindlimb suspension caused a non-significant increase in capillary density and C/F ratio with limited changes in MHC. The present data demonstrate that the different training protocols adopted and the functional performance of the muscles analyzed caused specific changes in capillarization and in the content of the various MHC types.

A new method for induction and synchronization of oestrus and fertile ovulations in mice by using exogenous hormones

Four consecutive experiments were conducted to design and establish the effectiveness of different protocols for induction and synchronization of oestrus and ovulation in mice. Results showed that the highest synchronization degree and the highest fertility rates were obtained using two intraperitoneal doses of 0.5 microg of cloprostenol, three days apart, plus a single subcutaneous dose of 3 microg of progesterone coincidentally with the first injection of cloprostenol. Of the main advantages of the new method, we have to highlight the short time elapsed for appearance, and the high degree of synchronization of oestrus and ovulations (almost 100% of the animals responding to the treatment in 48 h; 78.4% with fertile mates at 24 h), plus the high fertility rate obtained after a programmed mating (100%). Overall, these yields are superior to those obtained by classical methods based on the use of male pheromones; hence the proposed protocol arises as an adequate alternative for reproductive management in mice.

Rituximab as maintenance therapy for patients with follicular lymphoma

Rituximab, a monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody, in combination with chemotherapy improves overall survival compared to chemotherapy alone when used for induction therapy for patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed indolent lymphoma. Randomised controlled trials have demonstrated that maintenance treatment with rituximab prolongs progression-free survival but evidence of effect on overall survival is lacking. To evaluate the effects of maintenance treatment with rituximab on overall survival in patients with follicular lymphoma. We electronically searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 2), PubMed (June 2007), EMBASE (June 2007), LILACS (June 2007), databases of ongoing trials, and relevant conference proceedings. References of identified trials were searched and the first author of each included trial was contacted. Randomised controlled trials that compared rituximab maintenance therapy to observation, treatment at relapse (no maintenance therapy), or other maintenance treatment. Two authors independently appraised the quality of each trial and extracted data from included trials. Hazard ratios (HR) and relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated and pooled using the fixed-effect model. Five trials including 1056 adult patients were included in the review. Four trials (895 patients) were included in the analysis of overall survival. Patients treated with rituximab as maintenance therapy had a significantly better overall survival compared to observation alone (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.73). Rituximab maintenance therapy should be added to standard therapy of patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma following a successful induction treatment. The drug should be given either as four weekly infusions every six months or as a single infusion every two to three months. Future randomised controlled trials should explore the effect of different protocols of rituximab maintenance therapy on overall survival.

Laser phototherapy as topical prophylaxis against head and neck cancer radiotherapy‐induced oral mucositis: Comparison between low and high/low power lasers

Oral mucositis is a dose-limiting and painful side effect of radiotherapy (RT) and/or chemotherapy in cancer patients. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effect of different protocols of laser phototherapy (LPT) on the grade of mucositis and degree of pain in patients under RT. Thirty-nine patients were divided into three groups: G1, where the irradiations were done three times a week using low power laser; G2, where combined high and low power lasers were used three time a week; and G3, where patients received low power laser irradiation once a week. The low power LPT was done using an InGaAlP laser (660 nm/40 mW/6 J cm(-2)/0.24 J per point). In the combined protocol, the high power LPT was done using a GaAlAs laser (808 nm, 1 W/cm(2)). Oral mucositis was assessed at each LPT session in accordance to the oral-mucositis scale of the National Institute of the Cancer-Common Toxicity criteria (NIC-CTC). The patient self-assessed pain was measured by means of the visual analogue scale. All protocols of LPT led to the maintenance of oral mucositis scores in the same levels until the last RT session. Moreover, LPT three times a week also maintained the pain levels. However, the patients submitted to the once a week LPT had significant pain increase; and the association of low/high LPT led to increased healing time. These findings are desired when dealing with oncologic patients under RT avoiding unplanned radiation treatment breaks and additional hospital costs.

Effect of different models of physical exercise on oxidative stress markers in mouse liver

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different protocols of physical exercise on oxidative stress markers in mouse liver. Twenty-eight male CF1 mice (30-35 g) were distributed into 4 groups (n = 7) - untrained (UT), continuous running (CR), downhill running (D-HR), and intermittent running (IR) - and underwent an 8-week training program. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the animals were killed, and their livers were removed. Blood lactate, creatine kinase, citrate synthase, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, carbonyl, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were assayed. Results show a decrease in the level of lipoperoxidation and protein carbonylation in the CR and D-HR groups. SOD activity was significantly increased and CAT activity was reduced in the CR and D-HR groups. Our findings indicate that CR and D-HR may be important for decreasing oxidative damage and in the regulation of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in the livers of trained mice.

The effects of different protocols of controlled varian hyperstimulation on pregnancy outcomes in the patients with diminished ovarian reserve

OBJECTIVE: Several approaches have been described for the patients who diminished with ovarian reserve. At the present, the standard long protocol and short down-regulation (flare up) protocol are mainly used. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of different protocols in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation using GnRH-a/HMG/rFSH long protocol, short protocols and GnRH-antagonist protocol for the patients who with diminished ovarian reserve.DESIGN: Prospective randomized study.MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty-three patients who diagnosed with diminished ovarian reserve were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent 123 fresh in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) cycles. The mean age was 34.4±4.5 years-old. All the patients were divided randomly into 3 groups. Group 1: Standard long protocol (GnRH-a/HMG/rFSH) (40 completed cycles); Group 2: Flare up protocol (GnRH-a/HMG/rFSH) (53 completed cycles); Group 3: GnRH-antagonist protocol (30 completed cycles). The number of oocytes retrieved, clinical pregnancy and implantation rates were compared among 3 groups.RESULTS: The number of oocytes retrieved was not different among 3 groups (9.2±4.4, 9.0±7.0, and 10.4±8.0, respectively). The clinical pregnancy rates were 20.0%, 30.2% and 30.0% in 3 groups, respectively, and in Group 1 was significantly lower (P<0.05) than other 2 groups. The implantation rate was significantly lower in Group 1 compared with other 2 Groups (10.3%, 16.4% and 21.2% respectively, P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates that GnRH-a short protocol is suitable for the patients with diminished ovarian reserve. GnRH-antagonist protocol is also an alternative method in the patients with diminished ovarian reserve. OBJECTIVE: Several approaches have been described for the patients who diminished with ovarian reserve. At the present, the standard long protocol and short down-regulation (flare up) protocol are mainly used. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of different protocols in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation using GnRH-a/HMG/rFSH long protocol, short protocols and GnRH-antagonist protocol for the patients who with diminished ovarian reserve. DESIGN: Prospective randomized study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty-three patients who diagnosed with diminished ovarian reserve were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent 123 fresh in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) cycles. The mean age was 34.4±4.5 years-old. All the patients were divided randomly into 3 groups. Group 1: Standard long protocol (GnRH-a/HMG/rFSH) (40 completed cycles); Group 2: Flare up protocol (GnRH-a/HMG/rFSH) (53 completed cycles); Group 3: GnRH-antagonist protocol (30 completed cycles). The number of oocytes retrieved, clinical pregnancy and implantation rates were compared among 3 groups. RESULTS: The number of oocytes retrieved was not different among 3 groups (9.2±4.4, 9.0±7.0, and 10.4±8.0, respectively). The clinical pregnancy rates were 20.0%, 30.2% and 30.0% in 3 groups, respectively, and in Group 1 was significantly lower (P<0.05) than other 2 groups. The implantation rate was significantly lower in Group 1 compared with other 2 Groups (10.3%, 16.4% and 21.2% respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates that GnRH-a short protocol is suitable for the patients with diminished ovarian reserve. GnRH-antagonist protocol is also an alternative method in the patients with diminished ovarian reserve.

Final Heights of Boys with Normal Growth Hormone Responses to Provocative Tests Following Priming

Priming with sex steroids prior to growth hormone (GH) stimulation tests for the diagnosis of GH deficiency is still debatable. We analyzed the auxological data of boys with growth retardation who had normal GH responses to stimulation tests only after priming to establish the validity of priming in the diagnosis of GH deficiency. We also analyzed the effect of different protocols for priming and their efficiency in the diagnosis of GH deficiency. Fifty boys with growth retardation who failed to respond to unprimed GH stimulation tests but responded normally to primed tests were included in the study. Thirty-one of 50 boys responded to GH stimulation tests after single low dose testosterone, 11/50 boys after single conventional dose, and 8/50 boys with multiple-dose testosterone. The study group was followed till final height; height velocity, final height and height SDS were compared to parental and mid-parental heights to determine whether or not the children achieved their height potential. Mean final height SDS of the study group (-1.27 +/- 0.72 SDS) was similar to mid-parental (-1.38 +/- 0.72 SDS) (p = 0.249) and maternal height SDS (-1.26 +/- 1.05 SDS) (p = 0.941), whereas it was greater than the paternal height SDS (-1.7 +/- 0.86) (p = 0.001). The final height SDS of the study group was correlated to maternal, paternal and mid-parental height SDS. Height velocity after the test was greater than the previous height velocity. Final height SDS of the boys who responded to the GH stimulation tests with different priming protocols were compared and found to be similar. Normal responders in primed GH tests grow normally to their target height, suggesting that priming might be a valuable method in the assessment of GH status. Use of priming in the GH stimulation tests of peripubertal boys with decreased growth rate may help avoid unnecessary GH therapy. Multiple-dose testing might exclude GHD in a patient population who failed to respond to a single dose of testosterone. This finding suggests that multiple-dose testosterone might be a more valuable method for priming in the differentiation of normal from abnormal GH secretion.

A model to predict patient temperature during cardiac surgery

A core temperature drop after cardiac surgery slows down the patient's recuperation process. In order to minimize the amount of the so-called afterdrop, more knowledge is needed about the impaired thermoregulatory system during anesthesia and the effect of different protocols on temperature distribution. Therefore, a computer model has been developed that describes heat transfer during cardiac surgery. The model consists of three parts: (1) a passive part, which gives a simplified description of the human geometry and the passive heat transfer processes, (2) an active part that takes into account the thermoregulatory system as a function of the amount of anesthesia and (3) submodels, through which it is possible to adjust the boundary conditions. The validity of the new model was tested by comparing the model results to the measurement results of three surgical procedures. A good resemblance was found between simulation results and the experiments. Next, a model application was shown. A parameter study was performed to study the effect of different temperature protocols on afterdrop. It was shown that the effectiveness of forced-air heating is larger than the benefits resulting from increased environmental temperature or usage of a circulating water mattress. Ultimately, the model could be used to develop a monitoring decision system that advises clinicians what temperature protocol will be best for the patient.

Whole body 16-row multislice CT in emergency room: effects of different protocols on scanning time, image quality and radiation exposure

The objective of this study was to compare two different scanning protocols in patients suspected to have multiple trauma using multidetector 16-row computed tomography (CT) to better define scanning time, imaging quality and radiation exposure. Forty-six patients, between March 2004 and March 2005, with suspected multiple trauma (cerebral, spine, chest, abdominal and pelvis) were evaluated with two different protocols: Protocol "A" 26 patients; Protocol "B" 20 patients. Protocol A consists of a single-pass continuous whole-body acquisition (from vertex to pubic symphysis), whereas Protocol B of conventional segmented acquisition with scanning of body segments individually. Both protocols were performed using a multidetector 16-rows CT (Light-Speed 16, General Electric Medical System, Milwaukee, WI, USA) with the same technical factors. Radiation dose was evaluated in two ways: computer tomography dose index (CTDI) = dose measured in central and peripheral region of the subjects as a direct result of a CT section acquisition of T millimeters thick (independent from the two protocols) and dose length product (DLP) = total dose deposited over the length of the acquisition (dependent from the two protocols). Image quality was rated according to the following scores: 1, excellent; 2, good; 3, satisfactory; 4, moderate and 5, poor. The results were compared using Wilcoxon's test to identify significant difference in terms of image quality, scanning time, radiation exposure and presence of artifacts, assuming significance at a p value of <0.05. In the single-pass scanning, DLP was 2.671 mGy x cm and a total scan time of 35 s. In whole-body protocols, we have seen artifacts due to arm adduction in thorax and less image quality in brain. In the conventional segmented study, DLP was 3.217 mGy x cm and a total scan time of 65 s; this protocol offered less extraction capabilities of off-axial on focused images of the entire spine, aorta, facial bones or hip without rescanning. Protocol A revealed a significant decrease in scan time (35 vs 65 min, p < 0.05), time in the CT examination room (21.7 vs 31.6 min.; p < 0.05), and final image analysis (83.7 vs 102.9 min; p < 0.05) and radiation dose compared to protocol B (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found for patient transport time, image reconstruction time and imaging quality. Reconstruction and isotropic reformation of axial image acquired by whole-body, single-pass protocols due to entire spine evaluation, aortic and splanchnic CT angiography eliminate additional studies. The whole-body, single-pass protocols, compared with segmented acquisitions protocols, resulted in a reduced total radiation dose without relevant loss of diagnostic image information.

The role of hormone replacement therapy in endometrial polyp formation

Objective: To evaluate the iatrogenic effect of different protocols of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on endometrial polyp formation adjusting for the confounding effects of other factors such as age, parity, weight and menopausal status at menopause. Methods: Out of 2685 menopause patients 375 (13.9%) eligible patients were enrolled. Patients were randomized to three HRT types and three equal groups were formed. The first group received Premelle 2.5 mg (Group-I) (0.625 mg conjugated estrogen + 2.5 mg medroxyprogestorone), the second received Kliogest (Group-II) (2 mg estradiol + 1 mg norethisterone) and the last received Livial (Group-III) (2.5 mg tibolone) at least for 36 months without giving a break. After the first 18 months patients had their first office hysteroscopy and it was repeated in every 6 months until the end of third year to find out new and recurrent endometrial polyps. Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that the type of HRT, late menopause and obesity increased the occurrence of endometrial polyps. In Group-I five polyps, in Group-II ten polyps and in Group-III two polyps were detected. There were significant differences between G-II and G-I and G-II and G-III ( P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between G-I and G-III ( P > 0.05). 82.3% of the polyps were detected in the third and fourth hysteroscopic examinations. Endometrial polyp recurrence was encountered in 4 (23.5%) patients, 1 in G-I and 3 in G-II without a significant difference ( P > 0.05). No malignancy was detected in any of the specimen. Conclusion: We observed that endometrial polyp formation may be dependent on the type and dosage of the estrogen and progestogen. Especially a progestogen with high antiestrogenic activity may play an important preventive role in the development of endometrial polyps.

Immune tolerance induction in patients with haemophilia A with inhibitors: a systematic review.

In some patients with haemophilia A, therapeutically administered factor VIII (FVIII) comes to stimulate the production of antibodies (inhibitors) which react with FVIII to render it ineffective. As a result, FVIII cannot be used prophylactically and patients become liable to recurrent bleeds. There are two elements to the management of patients with inhibitors: the treatment of bleeding episodes, and attempts to abolish inhibitor production through the induction of immune tolerance. This paper reports a systematic review of the best available evidence of clinical effectiveness in relation to immune tolerance induction (ITI) in patients with haemophilia A with inhibitors. Owing to the lack of randomized controlled trials on this topic, broad inclusion criteria with regard to study design were applied in order to assess the best available evidence for each intervention. As a result of the clinical and methodological heterogeneity of the evidence, it was not appropriate to pool data across studies; instead, data were synthesized using tabulation and qualitative narrative assessment. The International Registry provides the most reliable estimate of the proportion of successful cases of ITI [48.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 42.6-52.7%]. The duration of effect is unclear, but relapses appear to be infrequent. The International Registry shows a rate of relapse of 15% at 15 years. The comparative effectiveness of different protocols is uncertain, as no trials have been undertaken which compare them directly. However, the evidence suggests that the Bonn protocol may be more effective than the Malmö or low-dose protocols. There is no good evidence that immunosuppressive drug regimens are effective.

Optimized lymphocyte isolation methods for analysis of chemokine receptor expression

Manipulations typically used to isolate enriched lymphocyte populations from peripheral blood can impact on the measured levels of chemokine receptors. Optimum sensitivity and accurate discrimination of receptor-expressing cell subsets therefore requires cell isolation methods that minimally affect expression levels. We used flow cytometry to examine the effects of different protocols for processing and staining T lymphocytes on chemokine receptor expression. Our results confirm that FACS analysis of some chemokine receptors is compromised after standard methods (such as Ficoll density separation). While the optimal method was typically to stain cells prior to lysing whole blood, this may not be practical in many experimental conditions. In general, we found that staining cells at 37C following Ficoll separation yielded excellent results. However, the precise method used will depend on which receptor is being measured. We used the optimal methods to compare the expression of chemokine receptors on naive and memory T-cell subsets using 8-color flow cytometry.

Effects of amphetamine on the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task in mice.

The contradictory amphetamine effects on memory could be due to different protocols of amphetamine administration or the well-known anxiogenic effect of the drug. The effects of different protocols of administration of amphetamine were investigated on mice tested in the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task (DAT), which provides simultaneous information about memory and anxiety. Acutely pre- or post-training, 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg amphetamine-treated, 10-day chronically 3.0 mg/kg amphetamine-treated, 0.3 mg/kg amphetamine plus 0.25 mg/kg scopolamine and 3.0 mg/kg amphetamine plus 3.0 mg/kg tacrine-treated mice were conditioned to choose between two enclosed arms (one of which was aversive) while avoiding two open arms. Learning/memory was evaluated by the percentage time in the aversive enclosed arm (PTAV), and anxiety by the percentage time in the open arms (PTO). Given acutely before conditioning, amphetamine significantly decreased PTO in training, suggesting an anxiogenic effect, and significantly increased PTAV in the test, suggesting an amnestic action. Given acutely after the conditioning, no action of this drug on memory was found. After repeated treatment, the anxiogenic effect disappeared, while the amnestic effect remained. While no effects of subeffective doses of amphetamine and scopolamine co-administration were detected, tacrine attenuated the amnestic effect of amphetamine. Amphetamine has different effects on DAT when given pre- or post-training. While acute pre-training amnestic action is temporally correlated with an anxiogenic effect, there is tolerance to the anxiogenic but not to the amnestic effect after repeated administration. Because this acute amnestic effect of amphetamine is attenuated by tacrine, a possible relationship with cholinergic system cannot be discarded as a mechanism to amphetamine-induced amnesia in DAT.

Report of the Working Party Group on Determining the Radionuclide of Choice

There are a variety of radiopharmaceuticals that can be used to perform captopril renography effectively. We examined a number of technetium and iodine compounds and the circumstances under which each radiopharmaceutical compound is the compound of choice. Considerations of cost, ease of use, reliability, dosage, and the effects of different protocols were all examined.